Heavy Metal Index

Arsenic, Total

28 min read

Total arsenic (tAs) denotes the sum of inorganic and organic arsenic species in a sample. Organic arsenic species, including arsenobetaine (the principal form in most seafood) and arsenosugars (principal form in seaweed), are substantially less toxic to humans than the inorganic forms. Total arsenic is a meaningful analytical quantity, particularly in contexts where speciation is not performed, but it does not by itself support a health-based interpretation; for that purpose see arsenic, inorganic.

Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 is attached to this analytical-quantity page only as arsenic-species context. The chapter reinforces why the wiki cannot treat total arsenic as a health-equivalent substitute for inorganic arsenic.

Status

This page is a stub. Substantive content awaits corpus ingest. See methodology for the current state of the project.

Planned sections

Analytical definition, typical distributions of species across matrices (linked to ingredients and products), regulatory context where total arsenic is the measurement instrument of record (linked to regulations), testing methods (linked to testing), and sources.

Sources

Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.

#CitationYearTypeUsed on this page for
1Albishi et al. 2026. In vitro evaluation of bio-fortification effects on the nutritional quality, toxicological safety, and antioxidant of cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour, and environmental safety of processing water, using natural additives, Frontiers in Nutrition2026Peer-reviewedtAs data: Albishi and colleagues measured Pb, Cd, As (total), and Cr in cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour samples from Nigeria under different natural biofortification treatments, finding…
2Balzani et al. 2026. Metals and Metalloids Accumulation and Biomagnification in Three Commercially Important Fishes from a Turkish Brackish Lake, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2026Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fish muscle (n=27)
3Ccopi et al. 2026. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research2026Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in quinoa (n=218)
4Chaura et al. 2026. Nutritional and Biochemical Diversity in Beans Accessions from Three Phaseolus Species Using Multiomics Characterization, ACS Nutrition Science2026Peer-reviewedtAs data: A comprehensive multiomics study of 46 Phaseolus bean accessions (three species, 19 countries of origin) finds that overall heavy metal concentrations in dry bean seeds are belo…
5D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods2026Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in rice and rice products
6FDA 2026. Analytical Results for Toxic Elements in Infant Formula, FY2023-FY2025 Special Survey, FDA analytical results table2026Government datasetFDA 2026 special survey: tAs concentrations across commercial infant formula products
7Kundu et al. 2026. Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing of Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) in Groundwater2026Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor for tAs detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context
8Lawluvi et al. 2026. Maternal geophagy in Ghana: heavy metal exposure and health risks during pregnancy, Frontiers in Public Health2026Peer-reviewedtAs exposure from maternal geophagy: soil ingestion pathway and fetal/infant exposure implications
9Marcelino et al. 2026. Monitoring trace minerals and heavy metals in liver of free-living large herbivores in the Netherlands, Frontiers in Veterinary Science2026Peer-reviewedtAs data: A twenty-year post-mortem monitoring programme at the Oostvaardersplassen (OVP) nature reserve in the Netherlands measured 13 trace elements and heavy metals by ICP-MS in the li…
10Porwollik et al. 2026. The quality and safety of Rhodiola rosea supplements on the U.S. market: An analysis of biomarkers, heavy metals, and pesticide residues, PLoS One2026Peer-reviewedState-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: tAs measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment
11Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al. 2026. Trace Element Content in Tomato Fruit Grown with Sargassum-Based Biofertilizer, Agronomy2026Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fruit by ICP-MS
12Rusko et al. 2026. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Inland Fish from Latvian Lakes, Foods2026Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in freshwater fish (n=460)
13WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme2026Government datasetWHO GEMS/Food contaminants database: global tAs occurrence monitoring data across food commodities
14Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports2026Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products (n=54)
15Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports2026Peer-reviewedtAs data: Zhang and colleagues measured nine trace metals (Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Sb) in roots, stems, leaves, shells, and edible grain/tuber portions of five crops (rice, maize,…
16Asadi et al. 2025. Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast Iran, PLoS ONE2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in bread (n=270)
17Asmoay et al. 2025. Geochemical characterization and health risk assessment of groundwater in Wadi Ranyah, Saudi Arabia, using statistical and GIS-based models, Applied Water Science2025Peer-reviewedtAs data: Seventy-seven groundwater samples from Wadi Ranyah, the primary water source for communities in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for physicochemical properties,…
18CFIA 2025. Toxic metals in selected foods – April 1, 2022 to March 31, 2023: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency2025Government reportHealth Canada/CFIA 2022-23 market surveillance: tAs concentrations in selected Canadian foods
19Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in infant formula
20Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2025Peer-reviewedtAs microbial methylation/demethylation: gut microbiota roles in speciation and bioaccessibility
21Erol et al. 2025. Safety and Nutritional Profile of Traditional Turkish Cheeses: A Comprehensive Study on Their Mineral Content, Heavy Metal Contamination, and Health Risks of Aho, Golot, and Telli, Food Science & Nutrition2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in cheese (n=30) by ICP-MS
22Fan et al. 2025. Occurrence, exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metals in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, Scientific Reports2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=120) by ICP-MS
23FDA 2025. Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic (Program 7304.019), US Food and Drug Administration2025Government reportFDA Compliance Program 7304.019: tAs surveillance in food and foodware, analytical methods and enforcement thresholds
24Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health2025Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
25Hassan et al. 2025. Cornflakes as a source of dietary metal exposure in Lebanon: Risk assessment and regulatory compliance, RSC Advances2025Peer-reviewedtAs human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators
26Hu et al. 2025. Bacillus megaterium CMOS Biosensor for Arsenic Detection Below EPA 10 ppb in Soil and Food2025Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor for tAs detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context
27Ibrahim et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic and Essential Metals in Various Flavored Dairy Products, Biological Trace Element Research2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in milk (n=180) by ICP-MS
28Naccari et al. 2025. Study of Toxic Metals and Microelements in Honey as a Tool to Support Beekeeping Production and Consumer Safety, Foods 2025, 14, 19862025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in honey (n=38) by ICP-MS
29Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:4112025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products by ICP-MS
30Ngok et al. 2025. ZnO Nanorods/α-Fe2O3/Au Nanoparticles Electrochemical Sensor for As(V) in Drinking Water, RSC Advances2025Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor for tAs detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context
31Nour et al. 2025. Nutritional and heavy metal composition of seaweeds from the coast of Djibouti, Food Science and Nutrition2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in seaweed (n=6) by ICP-MS
32Paul et al. 2025. Arsenic bioaccumulation in fish of the lower meghna river: Seasonal dynamics, species sensitivity, and public health implications, PLoS One2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fish muscle (n=300)
33Ray et al. 2025. ICP-MS-based quantitative analysis and risk assessment of metal(loid)s in fish species from Chennai, India, Frontiers in Public Health2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in fish muscle (n=18) by ICP-MS
34Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice bran (n=6)
35Taylor et al. 2025. Seafood Benefits and Contaminants: A Comprehensive Review of Health Impacts, Safety Concerns, and Risk Mitigation Strategies, Foods2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fish and seafood
36Thoerig et al. 2025. Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 122, pp. 1006-10262025Peer-reviewedSystematic review of tAs in infant formula: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
37Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2025Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
38Ventura et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study Approach, Foods2025Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates
39Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science2025Peer-reviewedtAs contamination in rice and rice products from agricultural/mining areas: food-chain transfer assessment
40Wysok et al. 2025. Heavy Metal Contamination in Natural Sheep Casings, Foods2025Peer-reviewedtAs data: Wysok et al.
41Yazdanian et al. 2025. Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milk, Veterinary Medicine and Science2025Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in milk and dairy (n=49) by AAS
42Adelusi et al. 2024. Heavy Metal Contamination of Dairy Cattle Feed in the Free State and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, Food Science & Nutrition2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in dairy products (n=70) by ICP-MS
43Alinezhad et al. 2024. Heavy metals contamination in pasteurized and sterilized cow’s milk: a systematic review, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewedSystematic review of tAs in milk: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
44Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
45Bao 2024. Single-particle ICP-MS characterisation of metal nanoparticles in mussels, unknown2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in seafood by ICP-MS
46Barquero et al. 2024. A preliminary assessment of mercury, methylmercury and other potentially toxic elements in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from the Almadén mining district, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
47Bruno et al. 2024. Mineral composition in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and clam Tapes decussatus from Faro Lake of Messina: risk assessment for human health, Frontiers in Toxicology2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
48Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2024. T-4-93 – Safety standards for fertilizers and supplements, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)2024RegulationCanadian fertilizer heavy metal standards (T-4-93): maximum tAs in fertilizer inputs and agronomic contamination controls
49Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission2024Government reportCodex CCCF 2024 deliberations: tAs maximum level amendments and new commodity inclusions
50Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
51Eccles et al. 2024. Non-invasive biomonitoring of polar bear feces can be used to estimate concentrations of metals of concern in traditional food, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
52EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal2024Government reportEFSA 2024 updated tAs risk assessment: revised BMDL01 of 0.06 µg/kg bw/day, chronic exposure, and EU occurrence data
53FDA 2024. Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024), FDA analytical results table2024Government datasetFDA compliance history 2009-2024: tAs in baby foods, enforcement trends across product categories
54Hands et al. 2024. A multi-year heavy metal analysis of 72 dark chocolate and cocoa products in the USA, Frontiers in Nutrition2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
55Hands et al. 2024. A multi-year heavy metal analysis of 72 dark chocolate and cocoa products in the USA, Frontiers in Nutrition2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in dark chocolate (n=72) by ICP-MS
56Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in canned fish products (n=100) by AAS
57Ibrahim et al. 2024. Heavy metals in raw milk and Egyptian cheese types, Open Veterinary Journal2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in cheese (n=200) by AAS
58Katebe et al. 2024. Application of soil amendments to reduce the transfer of trace metal elements from contaminated soils of Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo) to vegetables, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
59Kim 2024. Potential migration of heavy metals from food containers and health risk assessment, unknown2024Peer-reviewedtAs data: A migration study measured heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Sb, Sn, Ge, Co, Mn) leaching from 120 disposable food containers (paper and plastic) collected from South Korean markets…
60Kim et al. 2024. Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot study, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in leafy vegetables (n=42)
61Kovacik et al. 2024. Microelements, Fatty Acid Profile, and Selected Biomarkers in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Muscle Tissue: Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment, Research (journal not specified in text; published online 9 May 2024)2024Peer-reviewedState-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: tAs measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment
62Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1)2024Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
63Laoye et al. 2024. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in fish, fruits, and vegetables in Southwest Nigeria: A systematic review, F1000Research2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
64Li 2024. Colorimetric sensor for As3+ detection in water, unknown2024Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor method for tAs detection, cited for analytical-methods context
65Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
66Meli et al. 2024. Chemical characterization of baby food consumed in Italy, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in baby food
67Moussa et al. 2024. Impact of source, packaging and presence of food safety management system on heavy metals levels in spices and herbs, PLoS ONE2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
68Najem et al. 2024. Bioaccumulation of lead, arsenic, and mercury in vital organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Assessment of pathological effects and possible hazards associated with human consumption, Open Veterinary Journal2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
69Naspolini et al. 2024. Lead contamination in human milk affects infants’ language trajectory: results from a prospective cohort study, Frontiers in Public Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
70Osei-Safo et al. 2024. Trace and Heavy Metals in Locally and Imported Spices Sold on Markets in Accra Metropolis, Ghana, The Scientific World Journal2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
71Pikounis et al. 2024. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential elements: A comparison of infants fed with human milk or formula, Environmental Epidemiology2024Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
72Sadee et al. 2024. Recent developments in speciation and determination of arsenic in marine organisms using different analytical techniques. A review, RSC Advances2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
73Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):3812024Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant rice cereal (n=18)
74Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
75Wang 2024. Arsenic contamination in cemetery soils and remediation approaches, unknown2024Peer-reviewedtAs data: A study of arsenic contamination in cemetery soils, investigating concentrations and remediation approaches.
76Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown2024Peer-reviewedRapid analytical sensor for tAs detection in rice and rice products, cited for analytical-methods context
77Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
78Alharbi et al. 2023. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals in Baby Foods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Food Science & Nutrition2023Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in baby food
79Aljohani 2023. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review, Frontiers in Veterinary Science2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
80Amarh et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of some selected heavy metals in infant food sold in Wa, Ghana, Heliyon2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant/baby food (n=22)
81Bakhshalizadeh et al. 2023. Bioaccumulation of rare earth elements and trace elements in different tissues of the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) in the southern Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
82Bedoya-Perales et al. 2023. Dataset of metals and metalloids in food crops and soils sampled across the mining region of Moquegua in Peru, Scientific Data2023Peer-reviewedtAs in food crops and soils from Moquegua mining region, Peru: open-access dataset for crop-soil transfer and regional dietary exposure
83EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union2023RegulationEU Regulation 2023/915: updated maximum levels for tAs across food categories, with enforcement provisions
84Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023. Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish Market, Nutrients 15(14):32512023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in ready-to-eat baby purees (n=159) by ICP-MS
85Hu et al. 2023. Current Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Tea across China, Toxics2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=4803)
86Hussein et al. 2023. Risk assessment of toxic residues among some freshwater and marine water fish species, Frontiers in Veterinary Science2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
87Liu et al. 2023. Characterization, source identification, risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water and sediment of the Beibu Gulf, China, Marine Pollution Bulletin2023Peer-reviewedtAs in Beibu Gulf coastal seawater: source characterisation, distribution, and risk assessment for aquatic food-chain transfer
88Marriott et al. 2023. Considerations for environmental biogeochemistry and food security for aquaculture around Lake Victoria, Kenya, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
89Milani et al. 2023. Trace Elements in Soy-Based Beverages: A Comprehensive Study of Total Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2023Peer-reviewedtAs data: This A-tier peer-reviewed paper is the first promoted Category 5 occurrence source for the soy-based plant-milk row.
90Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
91Patel et al. 2023. A review on arsenic in the environment: contamination, mobility, sources, and exposure, RSC Advances2023Peer-reviewedSystematic review of tAs: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
92Rosales-Huamani et al. 2023. Determination of Potentially Toxic Elements in Quinoa Crops Located in the Huacaybamba-Huanuco-Peru Area, International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in quinoa (n=50)
93Salmani et al. 2023. Comparison of Essential and Toxic Metals Levels in some Herbal Teas: a Systematic Review, Biological Trace Element Research2023ReviewSystematic review of tAs in black tea: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
94Sirisangarunroj et al. 2023. Toxic Heavy Metals and Their Risk Assessment of Exposure in Selected Freshwater and Marine Fish in Thailand, Foods 2023, 12, 39672023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in fish muscle (n=45) by ICP-MS
95Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:12095742023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products
96Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
97Ulusoy 2023. Determination of toxic metals in canned tuna sold in developed and developing countries: Health risk assessment associated with human consumption, Marine Pollution Bulletin2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in tuna (n=222) by ICP-MS
98Valizadeh et al. 2023. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Canned Pinto Beans and Fava Beans Distributed in Gilan Province of Iran, Scientific Reports (published 2023; open access)2023Peer-reviewedtAs data: Valizadeh et al.
99Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in grain crops (n=509)
100Wang et al. 2023. Spatial distribution, sources, and risks of heavy metals in soil from industrial areas of Hangzhou, eastern China, Environmental Earth Sciences2023Peer-reviewedtAs exposure in industrial settings: occupational biomonitoring and community health context
101Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023)2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=30) by ICP-MS
102Xie et al. 2023. Quantitative source identification, risk assessment and pollution of heavy metals in soils around a typical Sb smelter in central and southern China, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment2023Peer-reviewedtAs contamination in agricultural soils around a Hunan hydrometallurgical smelter: co-occurrence with Sb and health risk context
103Yuan et al. 2023. A Novel Fluorescent Aptasensor for Arsenic(III) Detection Based on a Triple-Helix Molecular Switch, Molecules2023Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor for tAs detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context
104Zergui et al. 2023. Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by ICP-MS: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessment, Biological Trace Element Research2023Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in coffee (n=44) by ICP-MS
105Almeida et al. 2022. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(18):111782022Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula
106Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition 9:9199132022Peer-reviewedSystematic review of tAs in infant cereal: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
107FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program2022Government reportFDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: tAs concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories
108FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation2022Government reportFDA TDS FY2018-2020 analytical key: tAs measurement LODs and QA/QC parameters by food category
109FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study2022Government datasetFDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: tAs concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories
110García et al. 2022. Comparative Biomonitoring of Arsenic Exposure in Mothers and Their Neonates in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(23):162322022Peer-reviewedtAs human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators
111Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2022Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products (n=220)
112Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports2022Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in baby food
113Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):23252022Peer-reviewedtAs in 397 ready-to-eat products for Polish children aged 0.5-3 years: risk assessment by food category and compliance with EU limits
114Astolfi et al. 2021. Determination of 40 Elements in Powdered Infant Formulas and Related Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=22)
115Balali-Mood et al. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic, Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:6439722021Peer-reviewedMulti-metal toxicology review covering tAs: oxidative stress, DNA damage, enzyme inhibition, and carcinogenic mechanisms
116Chung et al. 2021. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market, Foods 9(12):18392021Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in infant formula
117EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal2021Government reportEFSA 2021 chronic dietary exposure assessment for tAs: updated occurrence data and MOE estimates across European population groups
118Li et al. 2021. Occurrence, accumulation, and risk assessment of trace metals in tea (Camellia sinensis): A national reconnaissance, Science of the Total Environment2021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=225)
119Reksten et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Contamination in 24 Fish Species from the Bay of Bengal: Risk Assessment for Human Health, Foods2021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in fish and seafood (n=1111)
120Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere2021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in quinoa (n=53) by ICP-MS
121Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry 99(8):742-7502021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice-based infant cereal (n=3)
122Uzomah et al. 2021. Chemical Contaminants in Nigerian Fresh and Marine Fish: A Review, Foods2021Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fish and seafood
123Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health2020Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in grain crops (n=1180)
124Elsheikh et al. 2020. Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OES, Asian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-12782020Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in powdered infant formula (n=57)
125Gu et al. 2020. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(2):4152020Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in rice-based infant cereal
126Igweze et al. 2020. Public Health and Paediatric Risk Assessment of Aluminium, Arsenic and Mercury in Infant Formulas Marketed in Nigeria, Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 20(1):e63-e702020Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=26)
127Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology2020Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=191)
128Reksten et al. 2020. Nutrient and Contaminant Analyses of Five Commercially Important Fish Species from the Angolan Coast, Foods2020Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in fish and seafood (n=25) by ICP-MS
129Su et al. 2020. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market, Foods 9(12):18392020Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in infant formula
130Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis2019Peer-reviewedtAs occurrence data from a Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers: concentrations across food categories
131Coryell et al. 2019. The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity, Current Pharmacology Reports, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 491-5042019Peer-reviewedtAs gut microbiome interactions: microbial modulation of arsenic toxicity and biotransformation
132Coryell et al. 2019. The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity, Current Pharmacology Reports 5(6):491-5042019Peer-reviewedtAs gut microbiome interactions: microbial modulation of arsenic toxicity and biotransformation
133Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand2019Government reportFood Standards Australia New Zealand: tAs occurrence and dietary exposure from the 25th Total Diet Study
134Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications2019Peer-reviewedtAs contamination in rice and rice products from agricultural/mining areas: food-chain transfer assessment
135Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE2018Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in grain crops (n=106)
136FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration2018Government reportFDA analytical data on tAs in infant formula: measured concentrations and compliance context
137Meyer et al. 2018. Inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed rice formulas for infants, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2018Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in infant formula (n=5)
138Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):71142018Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice-based infant cereal (n=15) by ICP-MS
139Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports2018Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure during infant weaning to solid foods: longitudinal biomarker study linking food transition to arsenic exposure
140Zhang et al. 2018. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2018Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=26) by ICP-MS
141JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 732017Government reportJECFA 82nd arsenic evaluation: BMDL0.5 for tAs, dietary exposure from rice and staples, withdrawal of prior PTWI
142Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Urinary Arsenic Speciation in Children and Pregnant Women from Spain, Exposure and Health, Vol. 9, pp. 105-1112017Peer-reviewedtAs human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators
143Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 12016Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice-based infant cereal
144Carignan et al. 2016. Contribution of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during the first year of life in a U.S. prospective cohort, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 452-4572016Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
145FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration2016Government reportFDA monitoring of tAs in rice and rice-based products: analytical results and regulatory context
146FDA 2016. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and Toddlers, U.S. Food and Drug Administration2016Government datasetFDA analytical data on tAs in infant formula: measured concentrations and compliance context
147FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS1020482016Government reportUK Food Standards Agency 2016 survey: tAs concentrations in infant foods and formula
148Kelishadi et al. 2016. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Jujube Fruit on the Concentrations of Some Toxic Trace Elements in Human Milk, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 21(1):942016Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
149Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy2016Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products
150Pacquette et al. 2016. Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Raw Ingredients, Nutritional Products, and Infant Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 766-7792016Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in powdered infant formula by ICP-MS
151Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry2016Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=164) by ICP-MS
152Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry2016Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products
153Carey et al. 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of filters and cooking procedures for reducing inorganic arsenic (iAs) in rice in the context of providing healthy food for infants, PLOS ONE2015Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=41)
154Carignan et al. 2015. Estimated Exposure to Arsenic in Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants in a United States Cohort, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 123, No. 5, pp. 500-5062015Peer-reviewedProtective effect of breastfeeding on infant tAs exposure: biomonitoring comparison vs formula-fed infants
155Carignan et al. 2015. Arsenic Exposure in Infancy: Estimating the Contributions of Well Water and Human Milk, Environmental Health Perspectives 123(12):1281–12872015Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
156CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center2014IndustryConsumer Reports analytical testing: tAs concentrations in infant cereal, with brand-range context and public-health commentary
157Islam et al. 2014. Availability of Arsenic in Human Milk in Women and Its Correlation with Arsenic in Urine of Breastfed Children Living in Arsenic Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh, Environmental Health 13(1):1012014Peer-reviewedtAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure
158FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration2013RegulationFDA monitoring of tAs in rice and rice-based products: analytical results and regulatory context
159Lasky et al. 2013. Arsenic Levels in Chicken (correspondence: Lasky letter and Nachman et al. response), Environmental Health Perspectives2013Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in meat
160Li et al. 2013. Determination for major chemical contaminants in tea (Camellia sinensis) matrices: A review, Food Research International2013ReviewtAs concentrations in green tea by ICP-MS
161Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives2012Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in brown rice syrup
162Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-2232012Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in powdered infant formula by ICP-MS
163Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–6262012Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in brown rice syrup (n=29) by ICP-MS
164Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives2011Peer-reviewedNHANES tAs biomonitoring in Asian-American subpopulations: blood/urinary concentrations and dietary intake associations
165FDA 2011. Results of Arsenic Analysis in Single-Strength Apple Juice 2011 (ORA Sampling Assignment 2011102701), U.S. Food and Drug Administration2011Government datasetFDA analytical results for tAs in apple juice: survey data and guidance context
166FDA 2011. Arsenic in Apple Juice: Analytical Results from the 2005–2011 Toxic Elements Food and Foodware Program, US Food and Drug Administration2011Government datasetFDA analytical results for tAs in apple juice: survey data and guidance context
167EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):13512009Government reportEFSA 2009 scientific opinion on arsenic in food: BMDL01 derivation and dietary exposure assessment, context for tAs on this page
168Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology2009Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=901)
169Fångström et al. 2008. Breast-Feeding Protects against Arsenic Exposure in Bangladeshi Infants, Environmental Health Perspectives 116(7):963–9692008Peer-reviewedtAs: breastfeeding protective against arsenic exposure in Bangladesh infants; urinary biomarker comparison of breastfed vs weaned cohort
170Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology2008Peer-reviewedtAs concentrations in grain crops (n=105)
171ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry2007Government reportATSDR toxicological profile for arsenic2007 cited for comparative context on the total arsenic page
172Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology2007Peer-reviewedtAs dietary exposure estimates in rice and rice products
173EPA 2001. EPA Drinking Water Arsenic MCL Rule (10 ppb), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency2001Government reportEPA drinking water MCL for arsenic (10 µg/L): regulatory standard and risk basis for tAs dietary exposure comparisons