compared to the chemical fertilizer. In organic fertilizer applications, heavy metal contents such as arsenic, chrome, cobalt, and nickel were found to

Overview

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Key numbers

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manure application. It was observed that cattle manure increased the yield by 88.08% compared to the control and increased the yield by 41.16%
artırmıştır. En yüksek verim sığır gübresi uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir. Sığır gübresinin verimi kontrole göre %88.08, kimyasal gübreye göre ise
%41.16 artırdığı gözlenmiştir. Organik gübre uygulamalarında arsenik, kobalt, krom ve nikel gibi ağır metal içerikleri kontrole göre, alüminyum ve
agricultural production, and it alone can increase the yield close to 50%. Chemical (inorganic) fertilizers are
in the experiment was clayey, pH value of 7.3, organic matter content of 4.81%, lime ratio of 15.30% and
EC value of 0.82 dS m-1. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the soil were 0.18%, 4.50 mg
turkey, sheep, cattle and vermicompost) used in the experiment are shown in Table 1. It was determined
Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of organic fertilizers used in the study.
Organic matter (%) 59.33 55.24 53.48 50.17 31.28
Nitrogen (N) (%) 2.67 2.43 1.57 1.12 1.89
Potassium (K) (%) 3.05 2.72 1.69 1.25 1.98
oven at 65 °C until they reach a constant weight. The number of marketable leaves (number plant-1) was
determined by counting the marketable leaves. In order to determine the yield (g m-2), all of the plants in
(Apogee Chlorophyll Concentration Meter, MC-100). The dry matter content (%) was determined by using
(Thermo Scientific, Orion Star A111). Total soluble solid content (%) was measured with a hand-held
(ANOVA) using SPSS statistical software (Version 23.0). The means showing statistical significance were
the control, cattle manure application increased plant height by 15.73%, plant diameter by 15.48% and yield
by 88.08%. Furthermore, cattle manure application increased yield by 41.16% compared to the chemical
fertilizer. It was determined that turkey manure application increased plant fresh weight by 24.66% and
plant height by 15.73% compared to the control. Vermicompost application increased plant dry weight by
20.48% compared with the control. In addition, the higher values in terms of plant height, plant fresh
with chemical fertilizer (Table 2).
As seen in Table 3, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of root dry weight among the
were observed in the control. Leaf stalk length and number of marketable leaves varied from 3.76 to 4.82
cm and 7.81 to 8.57, respectively. Although the lowest leaf stalk length and number of marketable leaves
fertilizer. When compared to the control, turkey manure application increased leaf blade length by 27.69%.
It was found that chicken manure application increased leaf blade width by 27.54% and number of
Table 4. Effects of different fertilizer applications on leaf blade length, leaf blade width, leaf blade thickness, leaf stalk
The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were obtained from cattle manure (5.89%) and control
in the plants applied vermicompost fertilizer. The total soluble solid content varied between 1.51 and 2.28%
control. Chicken manure application increased the chlorophyll content in the plant by 25.99% compared to
content of the plants applied sheep manure was 77.40% lower than the plants applied chemical fertilizer
Table 5. Effects of different fertilizer applications on chlorophyll content, dry matter content, pH, total soluble solid
colour properties of spinach was not observed (Table 6).
application increased potassium content by 20.95% and nitrogen content by 72.30%. Furthermore,
the control. It was found that turkey manure application increased calcium content by 35.26% and
magnesium content by 31.36% compared to the control. In addition to this, the higher values in terms of
comparison with chemical fertilizer (Table 7).
control, cattle manure application increased selenium content by 60.00%, zinc content by 31.06% and
manganese content by 17.79%. It was observed that turkey manure application increased iron content by
58.62% compared with the control. Additionally, the higher values in terms of selenium content were
obtained from all organic fertilizer applications in comparison with chemical fertilizer (Table 7).

Methods (brief)

composting organic wastes during digestion by earthworms, is an organic product with high economic
in the study. Before the experiment was established, soil samples were taken from different parts of the
root dry weight (g) were determined by weighing with a precision balance the samples after drying in an
the procedures of AOAC (1990). The pH values of the samples were measured using a digital pH meter
using a colorimeter (3NH NR60CP). The nitrate and phosphorus contents of the samples (mg kg-1) were
contents of the samples (%) were detected using Elemental Analyzer CHNS-O (Thermo Scientific, Flash
and zinc) contents of the samples (mg kg-1), dried samples were firstly ground by using a grinder (MC23200,
Siemens, Germany) and then prepared for analysis according to the microwave digestion method. Element
contents of the samples were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-MS X
L*, a*, b* and C* (Chroma) colour values. The h° colour values of the spinach samples varied from 117.88

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised