Overview
Disposable wipes for infant skin (polyester, polypropylene, cotton, bamboo). No within-row split per Step 0 lock. Panel-scope note: the dominant heavy-metal finding for baby wipes documented in the Cat 2 Step 0 lock review is antimony (Sb) from polyester catalyst residues, a metal that is NOT in the HMTc 8-metal panel. HMTc Cat 2 standards recommend panel expansion to include Sb based on this finding. The specific antimony levels documented in the lock review require source ingest before being cited on this page;
This page is a Step 0 lock scaffold for Cat 2 Row 6. Literature evidence will be populated as routed source pages accumulate per the synthesis workflow. The Step 0 lock document at Category2_Clean_vs_Contaminated_Splits.md is the canonical reference for the row’s clean-vs-contaminated framing and platform attribution.
Who this page is for
Brand legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification for the Baby Wipes row need to know what the cited literature reports per panel metal, what the applicable regulatory caps are, and how this row relates to its clean-contaminated pair (when applicable). Retailer compliance teams stocking the children’s personal care aisle need the row-level assortment-eligibility view. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in the Baby Wipes row. Speciation is non-substitutable (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold). Non-detect handling follows each source’s convention. Pooling avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The non-ingestion exposure pathways relevant to this row (dermal, inhalation, accidental-ingestion, and trans-placental) are documented at Cat 2 (Children Personal Care) non-ingestion exposure pathways.
Literature Evidence Summary
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Baby Wipes. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Baby Wipes (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Baby Wipes (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
Hand-curated section. Populated by the synthesis pass as Cat 2 sources are ingested and route to this row. Initial scaffold state: zero contributing sources.
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Pending: regenerated by tools/evidence/apply-product-broad-context.mjs once broad-scope Cat 2 sources route to this page.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending. Cat 2 regulatory landscape is fragmented: cosmetics under FDA FD&C Act adulteration provisions (no binding finished-product heavy-metal limits); sunscreens under FDA OTC drug monograph; toothpaste under FDA cosmetic + OTC drug regulation; state-level cosmetic heavy-metal laws (Washington TFCA 2025, New York TCCP). EU 1223/2009 Annex II/III addresses cosmetic ingredient restrictions but not finished-product action levels. Awaiting agency-page ingest.
Levers to reduce contamination
The Cat 2 Step 0 lock framework distinguishes clean-formulation rows from contaminated-platform rows. For this row, the levers below are ordered by impact magnitude based on the literature evidence base and per the Step 0 lock attribution of platform-level metal load. Brand-legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification eligibility for this row should treat the formulation/sourcing levers as the dominant compliance pathway.
- Sourcing levers on platform ingredients. Even without a clean alternative within the row, supplier-grade differences within the platform are material.
- Refining levers.
- Testing/QC levers: lot-level ICP-MS on raw materials and finished product.
- Regulatory levers.
How standards math uses this page
This page reports what the peer-reviewed and government literature says about heavy-metal concentrations in this product category; it publishes no certification thresholds of its own. Certification criteria are set separately under the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified program at heavymetaltested.com, which reads this page as its literature baseline. The two are kept apart by design, so this page remains an independent record of the evidence rather than a justification for any threshold.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Cat 2 (children’s personal care) regulatory enforcement is fragmented: cosmetics fall under FDA FD&C Act adulteration provisions without binding finished-product heavy-metal action levels; sunscreens fall under FDA OTC drug monograph; toothpaste falls under FDA cosmetic + OTC drug regulation. State-level enforcement is more active: Washington State Toxic-Free Cosmetics Act 2025 sets heavy-metal limits for cosmetic products sold in Washington; New York Toxic Children’s Cosmetic Products Act sets limits for children’s makeup. California Prop 65 enforcement actions on cosmetics (lip balm, lipstick, eye products) have established practical compliance thresholds via settlement agreements. EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009 Annex II/III addresses cosmetic-ingredient restrictions but not finished-product action levels. Individual brand recall actions are not enumerated here; the recalls are framed as regulatory events that establish the operative compliance landscape.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The "Used on this page for" column is populated by the orchestrator's POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | authors 2026. ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations * Supporting Information, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 2 | authors 2026. but also leads to the continual infiltration of illegal products into the market, posing serious health, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 3 | authors 2026. Exposure and Health (2026) 18:14, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 4 | authors 2026. heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and other contaminants. This review explains, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 5 | authors 2026. Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 6 | authors 2025. Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Essential Minerals in the Hair, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 7 | authors 2025. SETAC EUROPE 35 TH ANNUAL MEETING, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 8 | authors 2024. ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations * Supporting Information, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 9 | authors 2024. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi 1, Cristina Fayad-Martinez 2,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 10 | authors 2024. FINDING THE ACHILLES HEEL: INVESTIGATING HOW TO, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 11 | authors 2024. Prenatal exposure to trace elements impacts, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 12 | Issues et al. 2024. Environmental Contaminants in Fish Products: Food Safety, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 13 | authors 2023. Assessing lead exposure in U.S. pregnant women using biological and, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 14 | authors 2023. centre dust and the exposure risk for young, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 15 | authors 2023. consistent with existing literature data. The analysis of the Re-Os systematics of minute sample powders revealed, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 16 | authors 2023. Justine Briard, Sophie Ayrault, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Louise Bordier, Maxime, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 17 | authors 2023. The paper provides an overview of biocosmetics, which has tremendous potential for growth and is attracting huge business, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 18 | authors 2023. Time Patterns in Internal Human Exposure Data to Bisphenols,, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 19 | authors 2023. Wipe sampling is a commonly used method for testing a surface for beryllium or other metal particle, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 20 | ECHA 2023. Investigation report to support the Commission on the preparation of a restriction proposal for the use and presence of CMR 1A or 1B substances in childcare articles based on REACH Article 68(2), European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland. Investigation report version 2.0 (Final), 31 October 2023, prepared at the request of the European Commission under REACH Article 68(2). | 2023 | Regulatory agency report | EU Pb, Cd, Cr-VI, Co, tAs, tHg, Sn, Li, V occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The report aggregates 1,559 entries reporting measurements of CMR 1A or 1B substances in… |
| 21 | Committee of Ministers of 2023. Safe cosmetics for young children: a guide for manufacturers and safety assessors (2nd edition). Council of Europe Resolution CM/ResAP (2012) 1 on safety criteria for cosmetic products intended for infants., European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. 2nd edition. ISBN 978-92-871-9360-5. 56 pages. | 2023 | Government guidance | EU Pb, tHg occurrence in Not applicable. This is a Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Resolution (CM/ResAP (2012) 1) supplemented by the… |
| 22 | User manual: EU Ecolabel 2023. Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 23 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2023. The SCCS Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 12th Revision (SCCS/1647/22), European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety | 2023 | Government report | EU Pb, Cd, As, tHg, Ni, Cr, Sb occurrence in Regulatory guidance document; no original sampling. Synthesises default exposure parameters from prior SCCS/SCCNFP opinions (notably SCCNFP/0321/00 retention factors,… |
| 24 | Shawahna et al. 2023. Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 25 | authors 2022. A Low-Cost Method Shows Potentially Toxic Element Levels, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 26 | authors 2022. Assessment of Children’s Metal Exposure via Hand Wipe,, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 27 | authors 2022. Characterizing Behaviors Associated with Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Infants in Rural, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 28 | authors 2022. HBM4EU Chromates Study: Determinants of Exposure to, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 29 | authors 2022. Keywords: ants: (i) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia; (ii) heavy metals; (iii) sewage-associated organic pollutants, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 30 | authors 2022. Lead and other toxic metals in plastic play foods: Results from testing, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 31 | authors 2022. Mineral, trace element, and toxic metal concentration, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 32 | authors 2022. patch testing. We will review updates on the pathophysiology of contact dermatitis, discuss new contact allergens, explore, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 33 | Rahma et al. 2022. Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and Outlook, Pharmaceutics 14: 433 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | This Pharmaceutics narrative review (Rahma at ITB Bandung / UCL School of Pharmacy; Lane at UCL School of Pharmacy) surveys… |
| 34 | authors 2021. aGlobal Product Stewardship & Toxicology, Phillips 66, Bartlesville, OK 74003, USA, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 35 | authors 2021. Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 36 | authors 2021. Ariane Krause 1 & Franziska Häfner & Florian Augustin & Kai M. Udert, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 37 | authors 2021. Collecting Hand Wipe Samples to, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 38 | authors 2021. Ileana Ielo 5 , Dario Drommi 6 , Elisabetta Scali 7 , Maria Rosaria Plutino 5 , Giuseppe Rosace 8, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 39 | authors 2021. reported facts about high loads of lead, mercury, copper, and others hazardous and cancerous, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 40 | Rothstein et al. 2021. Vulnerable families and costly formula: a, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 41 | Stone 2021. Metals in Children’s and Consumer Products and Packaging, Washington State Department of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, Publication 14-04-014 (Revised June 2021) | 2021 | Regulatory | US Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, tHg, Mo, Zn occurrence in 150 component samples submitted for laboratory metals analysis, sub-sampled from 101 children’s products purchased from local Washington stores… (n=150) |
| 42 | authors 2020. Face masks massive research effort has been launched to understand, characterize, and estimate the exposure risks of PPE, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 43 | authors 2020. it can continue providing a valuable service. Many successful busi- allow customers to rent prams and other baby equipment as a ser-, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 44 | convenience et al. 2020. The toxicity associated with a product loaded with chemicals and a conscious choice that is to, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 45 | Article. 2019. distinct size-dependent properties led to the development of, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 46 | authors 2019. Agnese Araja * , Maris Bertins , Gunita Celma , Lauma Busa and Arturs Viksna, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 47 | authors 2019. approach to speciation analysis. As in previous years, As speciation continues to dominate the, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, iAs, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 48 | authors 2019. catabolism in order to restore skin continuity. Within these processes, elements such as metallic ions are involved due to their, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 49 | authors 2019. gradually getting close to that of developed ones, in which AD affects 20% of the paediatric population. Such an increment,, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 50 | authors 2019. Infant Skin Care Products, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 51 | authors 2019. Integrating environmental health and genomics research in, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 52 | authors 2019. Lead exposure in young children over a 5-year period from, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 53 | authors 2019. occupational and nonoccupational settings. Because, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 54 | authors 2019. Spatial contamination and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 55 | authors 2018. Influence of heavy metals on nematode community structure in deteriorated T, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 56 | authors 2018. Information on elements, such as potentially toxic trace elements, and on concentrations of, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | ES tHg, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 57 | Buffalo et al. 2018. Policies to Reduce Lead Exposure: Lessons from, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 58 | manuscript et al. 2018. Remediation of Manufactured Methamphetamine in Clandestine, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 59 | authors 2017. exposures to harmful metals, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 60 | authors 2017. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2017) 27, 47–55, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 61 | authors 2017. Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 62 | authors 2017. Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Arsenic, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, iAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 63 | authors 2017. their exposure assessment sampling strategies in a wide range of workplaces. This article discusses, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 64 | Rio et al. 2017. A comparison of arsenic exposure in young, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 65 | authors 2016. Comparison of Lead and Tin Concentrations in Air at a Solder, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 66 | authors 2016. nm l Shahidehnia, J Environ Anal Toxicol 2016, 6:4, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 67 | authors 2016. Residual metal impurities in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide a means to distinguish CNT from non-CNT sources of elemental, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 68 | authors 2015. Adverse effects of nanoparticles to infants and children, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 69 | authors 2015. Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 70 | authors 2015. Immediate screening of lead exposure in the, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | KR Pb, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 71 | authors 2014. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2014) 24, 185–191, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 72 | authors 2014. Potential Health Effects Associated with Dermal Exposure to Occupational, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 73 | Gosens et al. 2014. Aggregate exposure approaches for parabens in personal care products: a case assessment for children between 0 and 3 years old, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 24: 208-214 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | This Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology paper compares deterministic (tier 1) and person-oriented probabilistic (tier 2) approaches for… |
| 74 | Agwaramgbo et al. 2012. There is a growing global concern for the environmental and health hazards posed by heavy metal contaminants, espe-, Peer-reviewed article | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 75 | Surface 2012. When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper, Peer-reviewed article | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 76 | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition — Chapter 17, Consumer Products, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-09/052F | 2011 | Government report | Chapter 17 of the U.S. EPA’s 2011 Exposure Factors Handbook (EFH) compiles consumer-product use and exposure data — frequency of… |
| 77 | authors 2010. 3Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 4Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s, Peer-reviewed article | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Pb, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 78 | Skin 2010. significant risks for dermal-oral lead exposures, despite their attempts to, Peer-reviewed article | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 79 | authors 2007. weathers naturally, human exposure to ACQ might occur through dermal contact or incidental, Peer-reviewed article | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 80 | authors 2002. Ettinger, Adrienne S., Robert L. Bornschein, Mark Farfel, Carla Campbell, N. Beth Ragan,, Peer-reviewed article | 2002 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 81 | authors 1993. of lead exposure in utero and in early childhood. Blood lead levels in the children ranged from 10 to showed that 6% of children 1–4 years old had, Peer-reviewed article | 1993 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Change | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| e317189 | 2026-08-11 | correction | 13 sections added; narrative text revised |