Overview
Tin (Sn, atomic number 50) is a soft silvery metal that is overwhelmingly encountered in the modern food system through tinplated steel cans, where the elemental tin lining contacts the food and dissolves into it as inorganic tin in proportion to the food’s acidity, the can’s lacquering status, and the storage time and temperature. Tin’s relevance as a food-safety analyte is dominated by this canned-food-and-beverage pathway and by a structurally separate organotin pathway that derives principally from seafood (legacy tributyltin antifouling paint contamination of marine sediments), from PVC food-contact materials and drinking-water pipes, and from historic organotin pesticide and biocide use.
The wiki maintains the inorganic-tin and organotin species split throughout, because the toxicology of the two classes differs by approximately three orders of magnitude in derived oral MRLs (inorganic tin MRL 0.3 mg/kg/day intermediate; tributyltin oxide MRL 0.0003 mg/kg/day chronic; ATSDR 2005). Total tin reported by an occurrence survey in canned food matrices is treated as inorganic tin context; total tin in seafood, drinking water from PVC distribution, or food in PVC food-contact materials is treated as a mixed signal that requires speciation evidence before any toxicological interpretation. The species pages Tin, Inorganic and Organotins carry the species-specific toxicology, occurrence, regulatory, and testing synthesis. This parent page covers tin as element and the cross-species framing.
Toxicology
The toxicology of tin is split fundamentally along the inorganic-versus-organotin line. Inorganic tin (the form ingested from canned food) is poorly absorbed (around 5 percent absorption from typical exposures, more than 90 percent excreted in feces) and produces toxicity primarily through local gastrointestinal irritation rather than systemic accumulation. The threshold for symptomatic effects from ingested inorganic tin is approximately 1,000 to 1,400 ppm in fruit juices in controlled human single-dose challenges (Benoy 1971), well above the canned-product regulatory caps in any major jurisdiction. Organotin compounds, by contrast, are lipophilic and well-absorbed, distribute systemically, and produce immune-system, central nervous system, and reproductive endpoints at exposures three orders of magnitude lower than the inorganic tin symptomatic threshold (ATSDR 2005).
The species-distinction principle was established in the European regulatory toxicology literature by Schafer and Femfert 1984 and is the basis of the wiki’s separate-species-page architecture. Tin shares this dual-species pattern with chromium (where Cr-VI and Cr-III differ by orders of magnitude in toxicity) and with arsenic (where iAs and the various organic species differ by orders of magnitude in carcinogenicity). For all three elements, total-element measurement without speciation produces values that cannot be honestly mapped to toxicity-derived guidance.
Typical exposure routes
Ingestion of canned acidic foods (fruit juices, fruit cocktails, tomato products, pickled foods, some vegetables, alcoholic beverages in cans) is the dominant inorganic-tin dietary route; see Tin, Inorganic for full detail. Ingestion of seafood from coastal waters with historic tributyltin-paint loading is the dominant dietary organotin route, with bivalve molluscs and crustaceans the highest-organotin categories; see Organotins. Drinking water from PVC distribution can carry organotin from pipe stabilizers; food in PVC food-contact materials can carry migrating organotin stabilizers; vegetable oils have been flagged in some legacy datasets as organotin-bearing. Inhalation exposure is occupational (smelting, electronics, PVC manufacturing) and outside dietary scope.
Food sources and occurrence
Canned acidic foods are the dominant high-tin matrix in dietary surveillance. The FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-FY2020 dataset includes canned-corn, canned-fruit-cocktail, canned-green-beans, canned-mushrooms, canned-tomatoes, ketchup, tomato-soup, and similar acidic canned matrices in its ingredient roster; per-ingredient tin values are integrated on the corresponding ingredient pages. Tarigan 2016 reports Indonesian canned-beverage tin between 2.5 and 5.8 mg/kg with the expected acidity-and-storage-time release pattern. ATSDR 2005 Tables 6-2 and 6-3 (Biego et al. 1999 source data) report canned-vegetable category means in the high tens of mg/kg versus non-canned dietary staples at or below 0.003 mg/kg, a three-order-of-magnitude separation.
Organotin food-occurrence data is thinner in the loaded corpus. ATSDR Table 6-4 summarizes tributyltin levels in seafood across multiple geographic surveys with central tendencies in nanograms per gram wet weight; primary sample-level organotin datasets are not yet loaded on the wiki and are a documented evidence gap.
Regulatory limits
The single loaded regulatory framework with binding inorganic-tin maximum levels is EU 2023/915: 200 mg/kg in canned food other than canned beverages; 100 mg/kg in canned beverages; 50 mg/kg in canned infant formula, follow-on formula, and young-child formula; 50 mg/kg in canned baby food and processed cereal-based food; 50 mg/kg in canned infant and young-child medical foods. The U.S. has no equivalent FDA action level for tin in food; FDA addresses tin through Total Diet Study surveillance and contact-material guidance. Codex CXS 193-1995 sets a 250 mg/kg general food maximum for inorganic tin in canned foods other than canned beverages and 150 mg/kg for canned beverages, looser than EU 2023/915.
Finished-food regulatory limits for organotin compounds are not loaded in the wiki corpus. Organotins are addressed through plastic food-contact-material migration limits (EU 10/2011) and through the IMO global ban on TBT antifouling paints (in force 2008) rather than through finished-food caps. See Organotins for the regulatory discussion.
Testing methods
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) at 286.3 nm with air-acetylene flame is the historical method for total tin; ICP-MS after microwave digestion is the routine modern multi-element method and produces total-tin values. Speciation-preserving methods using gas chromatography or HPLC with element-specific detection are required to distinguish inorganic tin from organotin. The species pages Tin, Inorganic and Organotins cover the methodological detail and tradeoffs.
Microbiome effects
The current corpus is largely silent on tin-microbiome interactions. Inorganic tin is poorly absorbed and would interact mostly with the gastrointestinal mucosa and gut microbiota during transit. Organotins are documented antimicrobial agents at sub-toxic concentrations and would plausibly perturb microbial communities at chronic dietary exposures. Both are candidate gaps for WikiBiome crosswalk when source material is identified.
Vulnerable populations
Infants and young children fed canned baby food are the principal vulnerable group for inorganic tin, recognized in EU 2023/915 by the 50 mg/kg infant-and-young-child cap (one-quarter of the general canned-food cap). Frequent seafood consumers are the principal vulnerable group for organotins, particularly populations with high reliance on bivalves and crustaceans from coastal waters with legacy TBT contamination. Body-weight-normalized intake makes both populations more vulnerable than absolute concentrations alone suggest.
Frequently asked questions
How does tin get into the food I eat?
In the modern food system tin is encountered overwhelmingly through tinplated steel cans, where the elemental tin lining dissolves into the food as inorganic tin in proportion to the food’s acidity, the can’s lacquering status, and storage time and temperature. Canned acidic foods such as fruit juices, fruit cocktails, tomato products, and pickled foods are the dominant dietary source of inorganic tin. A structurally separate organotin pathway comes mainly from seafood (legacy tributyltin antifouling paint), PVC food-contact materials and pipes, and historic organotin pesticide use (ATSDR 2005).
Is the tin in canned food dangerous to eat?
Inorganic tin, the form ingested from cans, is poorly absorbed (around 5 percent, with more than 90 percent excreted in feces) and causes toxicity mainly through local gastrointestinal irritation rather than systemic accumulation. In controlled human single-dose challenges, symptomatic effects appeared at roughly 1,000 to 1,400 ppm in fruit juices, which is well above the canned-product regulatory caps in any major jurisdiction (Benoy 1971).
Why does the wiki treat inorganic tin and organotins so differently?
The two classes differ in toxicity by approximately three orders of magnitude: the inorganic tin oral MRL is 0.3 mg/kg/day (intermediate) while the tributyltin oxide MRL is 0.0003 mg/kg/day (chronic). Organotins are lipophilic and well-absorbed, distribute systemically, and produce immune-system, central nervous system, and reproductive effects at exposures far below the inorganic tin symptomatic threshold (ATSDR 2005). This species-distinction principle was established by Schafer and Femfert 1984, and total-tin measurement without speciation cannot be honestly mapped to toxicity-derived guidance.
What are the legal limits for tin in canned food?
The EU sets binding inorganic-tin maximum levels under EU 2023/915: 200 mg/kg in canned food other than beverages, 100 mg/kg in canned beverages, and 50 mg/kg in canned infant formula and baby food. Codex CXS 193-1995 sets looser limits of 250 mg/kg for general canned foods and 150 mg/kg for canned beverages. The U.S. has no equivalent FDA action level for tin in food and addresses it through Total Diet Study surveillance and contact-material guidance.
Who is most at risk from dietary tin?
Infants and young children fed canned baby food are the principal vulnerable group for inorganic tin, which the EU recognizes with a 50 mg/kg cap set at one-quarter of the general canned-food limit. Frequent seafood consumers, particularly populations relying heavily on bivalves and crustaceans from coastal waters with legacy tributyltin contamination, are the principal group for organotins. Body-weight-normalized intake makes both groups more vulnerable than absolute concentrations alone suggest.
How is tin measured in food, and can testing tell the two forms apart?
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry at 286.3 nm is the historical method for total tin, while ICP-MS after microwave digestion is the routine modern method; both produce total-tin values. Distinguishing inorganic tin from organotin requires speciation-preserving methods using gas chromatography or HPLC with element-specific detection, so a total-tin number alone does not identify which form is present.
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. This is not the full corpus for this page; it is only what the prose above draws on. The complete set of sources is listed under Sources below. Each title links to its source record, which carries the ingest receipt, the extracted values, and the file hash of the document it was built from.
- Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin CompoundsGovernment
- The Toxicity of Tin in Canned Fruit Juices and Solid FoodsReview
- Tin — A Toxic Heavy Metal? A Review of the LiteratureReview
- Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned BeveragesReview
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The "Used on this page for" column is populated by the orchestrator's POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | authors 2026. ПИЩЕВЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ | Том 9 № 1 | 2026 FOOD SYSTEMS | Volume 9 № 1 | 2026, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 2 | authors 2026. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2026) 90:15, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 3 | authors 2026. Biomonitoring of Occupational Exposure to Mercury, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 4 | authors 2026. Chromium tolerance mechanisms in Cosmos, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 5 | authors 2026. Craig T. Martin, Department Head, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 6 | authors 2026. Departamento de Investigación en Toxicología y Medicina Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 7 | authors 2026. Distribution and Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Fine-Grained, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 8 | authors 2026. draws on data retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and functional foods fortified with health-promoting ingredi-, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 9 | authors 2026. Glacier Melt as a Source of Mercury: Implications for Ecosystem, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 10 | authors 2026. heavy metal tolerant microalgae, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 11 | authors 2026. Pollutant Exposure Shapes Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in a Wild, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 12 | authors 2026. Preconception exposures of, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 13 | authors 2026. toxicity of methylmercury, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 14 | authors 2026. When citing, please reference the published version., Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 15 | Jiang et al. 2026. Health risks of exposure to organotin compounds via seafood consumption after their legal ban, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Twenty-three Hong Kong marine species collected in 2023, including molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes; extracted PDF is a ScienceDirect… (n=23) |
| 16 | Occurrence et al. 2026. Heavy Metals in Infant Formula:, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 17 | Rüstemli et al. 2026. Mineral and heavy metal content in canned tuna: Implications for veterinary public health and consumer safety, Veterinary Research Communications | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | TR Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, tAs, Sn, Ba, tHg, Pb occurrence in 105 canned tuna samples (35 water-packed, 35 oil-packed, 35 sauce-packed) from seven domestic Turkish brands, collected in Van… (n=105) |
| 18 | Singapore Food Agency 2026. Food Regulations: regulation 31 heavy metals, arsenic and lead, Singapore Statutes Online | 2026 | Government report | SG tAs, iAs, Pb, tHg, Sn, Cd, Sb concentrations |
| 19 | Swiss Federal Department of 2026. Swiss VHK 817.022.15 consolidated 25 February 2026: metal and metalloid maximum levels, Kontaminantenverordnung (VHK), SR 817.022.15 | 2026 | Government report | CH iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr-total, Ni, tHg, Sn concentrations |
| 20 | WHO 2026. WHO GEMS/Food contaminants database (Global Environment Monitoring System — Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme), WHO GEMS/Food | 2026 | Agency database | global Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn concentrations |
| 21 | WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme | 2026 | Government dataset | WHO/Global Al, Cd, Cr, DMA, Hg_unspecified, MMA, MeHg, Ni, Pb, Sn, iAs, iHg, oAs, tAs, tHg concentrations |
| 22 | Ye et al. 2026. Occurrence of Tin in Foods and Dietary Exposure Assessment in Zhejiang Province, China, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in 2014 food samples from Zhejiang Province, China, collected 2018–2019 using multistage stratified random sampling: fresh vegetables (n=673), tea… (n=2014) |
| 23 | authors 2025. antagonism in mercury coordination and reactivity toward, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IT MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 24 | authors 2025. ating solar exposure [7]. These quality instabilities stem Red pepper sauce preparation, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 25 | authors 2025. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Heavy Metals in, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 26 | authors 2025. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals (17 Elements) in the Liver and, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 27 | authors 2025. Complementary foods in infants: an in vitro study, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 28 | authors 2025. Distinct demethylation pathways of rice- and fish-derived methylmercury, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 29 | authors 2025. Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals Using, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 30 | authors 2025. Exploring mercury and selenium dynamics in Amazonian, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 31 | authors 2025. Global drivers of variation in blood mercury of seabirds, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 32 | authors 2025. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Clinical and Environmental Health:, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 33 | authors 2025. IMPACT OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 34 | authors 2025. In the periodic table, the metalloids boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te), Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Ni, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 35 | authors 2025. Marine Pollution Bulletin 217 (2025) 118080, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 36 | authors 2025. nutrients in commercial fish species, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 37 | authors 2025. SETAC EUROPE 35 TH ANNUAL MEETING, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 38 | authors 2025. soluble phosphate concentration, while treatments at 350 ◦ C lead to greater phosphorus recovery in the solid, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PE tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 39 | authors 2025. Species-specific mercury speciation in billfishes and its, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 40 | authors 2025. Sulfate Reduction Drives Elevated Methylmercury Formation in the, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 41 | authors 2025. Testing for heavy metals in drinking water collected from Dog, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 42 | authors 2025. The ICP-MS Study on the Release of Toxic Trace Elements from, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 43 | authors 2025. Toxic Metals in a Green, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 44 | authors 2025. Wu Y, Liu W and Zhu P (2025) Environmental aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 45 | Dobrzyńska et al. 2025. Analysis of the Elemental Composition of Milk Formulae: Impact on the Nutritional Status of Infants From Birth to 1 Year of Age, Biological Trace Element Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU tAs, Cd, tHg, Ni, Sn, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn occurrence in All powdered milk formulae available on the Polish market 2019-2023 for infants up to 12 months of age:… (n=149) |
| 46 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Pb, tHg, Cd, Sn, Cr, Ni, U occurrence in Infants under 1 year of age with reflux or oropharyngeal dysphagia seen at Boston Children’s Hospital aerodigestive clinic,… (n=56) |
| 47 | Elabiad 2025. and Cord Blood Levels of Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Mercury,, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 48 | Fan et al. 2025. Occurrence, exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metals in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg, Al, Ni, Cu, Mn, Sn, Sb, Zn concentrations (n=120) |
| 49 | FDA 2025. Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic (Program 7304.019), US Food and Drug Administration | 2025 | Government report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Cr, Sn, Sb, U concentrations |
| 50 | Huan et al. 2025. Research on the Content of Minerals and Heavy Metals, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | BR Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 51 | Maćkiewicz et al. 2025. Application of the ICP-OES and SEM-EDS Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Various Types of Cosmetic Products with Antiperspirant and Deodorant Properties Available on the EU Market, Molecules | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Zr occurrence in 72 deodorant and antiperspirant products purchased from Polish-market commercial outlets between 2022 and 2025: 57 antiperspirants and 15… (n=72) |
| 52 | Marcelis et al. 2025. Chemical characterization of menstrual and intimate care products: An extractables & leachables investigation, Environment International | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in 64 menstrual and intimate care products originating from the EU, US, and China: tampons n=9, menstrual pads n=6,… (n=64) |
| 53 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | EU/US/RO Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Sn occurrence in Narrative review; no primary sample collection. Synthesizes published literature and regulatory data across multiple countries. |
| 54 | Moriceau et al. 2025. Measurement of traces of heavy metals in cosmetic raw materials and finished products according to ISO/DIS 21392:2021 using triple quadrupole ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific Application Note 003602 | 2025 | Industry | EU/FR Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Sb, Al, Sn, Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Be, Se, Tl, Ti, W, Pt occurrence in 17 finished cosmetic products sold on the French and European market (creams, gels, pastes, liquids, varnishes, solids) plus… (n=27) |
| 55 | Nepovimova et al. 2025. Archives of Toxicology (2025) 99:153–209, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 56 | Ranjbar et al. 2025. Machine learning models for water safety enhancement, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn, tAs, Cr occurrence in 15 commercially available bottled mineral water brands purchased in Arak, Iran (factory locations distributed across Iranian provinces including… (n=15) |
| 57 | Shavali-gilani et al. 2025. Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbers, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Cu, tAs, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn, tHg occurrence in 49 canned samples (tomato paste, olives, pickled cucumbers) from five popular brands in Tehran, Iran (n=49) |
| 58 | Silvester et al. 2025. Return to baseline arsenic concentrations after 1 year on, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, iAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 59 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 60 | Ventura et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study Approach, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT/EU tAs, Cd, Pb, Sn occurrence in Pooled TDS samples representing Portuguese population diet, 17 food groups, 1956 food items collected 2014-2016 (n=163) |
| 61 | Yamanaka 2025. Corrosion Behavior of the Inner Surface of Unlacquered Tinplate Cans for Fruit Use, Materials Transactions | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | JP Sn, Fe occurrence in Commercially available pineapple cans with unlacquered tinplate interiors subjected to accelerated storage at 43 C; three cans were… (n=15) |
| 62 | Yan et al. 2025. Association between infants’ serum levels of 26 metals and gut microbiota: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in China, Frontiers in Microbiology 16:1669475 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, U, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, Se, V, Sb, Tl, Ba, Cs, Sr, Rb, Be, Tl, Be concentrations |
| 63 | Al-Otaibi et al. 2024. Screening for Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacteria and the Presence of Heavy Metals in the Upstream and Downstream Areas of the Wadi Hanifah Valley in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Antibiotics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA Li, Be, Cr, Co, tAs, Cd, Sn, tHg, Pb occurrence in Surface-water samples collected in duplicate from 18 sites in Wadi Hanifah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in September 2022; sites… (n=18) |
| 64 | authors 2024. Accumulation of toxic metals in vegetable crops and associated, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 65 | authors 2024. Assessment of arsenic concentration in rice and risk characterizations, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 66 | authors 2024. Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 67 | authors 2024. different levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), followed by drying in a climatic chamber., Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 68 | authors 2024. Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Aqueous, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 69 | authors 2024. Evaluation of the Metabolite Profile of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 70 | authors 2024. for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re- tinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scien-, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 71 | authors 2024. for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re- tinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scien-, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 72 | authors 2024. Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions by Using, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 73 | authors 2024. Industry Heavy Metals-Contaminated Soils Using a Sorghum, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 74 | authors 2024. Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 75 | authors 2024. Obsessive skincare and liver toxicity: a case report on, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 76 | authors 2024. The Influence of Environmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens on, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 77 | Bzikowska-Jura et al. 2024. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposure, Scientific Reports 14:8140 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | PL Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, tHg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, Th, U, V occurrence in Thirty human-milk samples from exclusively breastfeeding mothers in Warsaw, Poland, collected 4-6 weeks postpartum (n=30) |
| 78 | Cat et al. 2024. Individual and Combined Contamination of the Heavy Metals, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 79 | HealthCare 2024. Metals and alloys used in food contact materials and articles: a technical guide for manufacturers and regulators, 2nd edition, Council of Europe / EDQM, European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles (CD-P-MCA) | 2024 | Regulatory report | EU Al, Sb, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ag, Sn, Ti, V, Zn, Zr, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Pb, Li, tHg, Tl occurrence in Regulatory technical guide supplementing Council of Europe Resolution CM/Res(2020)9; no primary sample population. |
| 80 | Elder et al. 2024. culture of antiquity and later times, starting with the mythological, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 81 | El et al. 2024. Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Instant Noodles from Local Markets in Benghazi, Libya, Sebha University Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | LY Cd, Cr, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Seven instant-noodle samples randomly collected from local markets in Benghazi, Libya. The source discusses imported noodle origins but… (n=7) |
| 82 | Engineering 2024. Process – Effects on Ammonia, Chromium, Total Suspended Solid,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 83 | Zealand 2024. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Schedule 19 - Maximum levels of contaminants and natural toxicants, Federal Register of Legislation, Authorised Version F2024C00908 | 2024 | Government report | AU/NZ Al, tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Sn concentrations |
| 84 | Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in 100 canned fish products (20 each: herring, mackerel, salmon, sardine, tuna) from retail shops in Mansoura, Egypt; collected… (n=100) |
| 85 | Issues et al. 2024. Environmental Contaminants in Fish Products: Food Safety, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 86 | Kangre 2024. Heavy metal migration, exposure, and health risk through canned tomato mix under different marketing display models, MPhil Thesis, University of Education Winneba, Ghana | 2024 | Thesis | GH Pb, Sn occurrence in 32 canned Tasty Tom tomato mix samples from Effutu Municipality (Winneba), Ghana: 16 from sunlight-exposed shops, 16 from… (n=32) |
| 87 | Kim 2024. Potential migration of heavy metals from food containers and health risk assessment, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | KR Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Sb, Sn, Ge, Co, Mn occurrence in 120 disposable food containers (paper and plastic) from South Korean markets; migration into food simulants measured (n=120) |
| 88 | Marcelis 2024. Development of a generic safety assessment strategy for feminine intimate products, PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel | 2024 | Thesis | EU/US/CN Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in PhD thesis built around a market survey of 64 feminine intimate products from the EU, US, and Asia/China:… (n=64) |
| 89 | Meli et al. 2024. Chemical characterization of baby food consumed in Italy, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy Al, tAs, Cd, tHg, Ni, Pb, Sn concentrations |
| 90 | Taniguchi et al. 2024. Selective Recovery of Palladium from Plating Wastewater Using Chitosan Nanofiber Hydrogels, Resources Processing | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | JP Pd, Sn occurrence in Laboratory adsorption and recovery experiments using chitosan nanofiber hydrogel, palladium standards, and plating wastewater containing palladium and tin. |
| 91 | Abu et al. 2023. Unraveling the hydrogeochemical evolution and pollution sources of shallow aquifer using multivariate statistical analysis and hydrogeochemical techniques: a case study of the Quaternary aquifer in Beni Suef area, Egypt, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Quaternary aquifer groundwater samples, Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt (n=18) |
| 92 | Article. 2023. Review of analytical techniques for arsenic detection, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, iAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 93 | authors 2023. Advances in Clinical Toxicology, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 94 | authors 2023. consistent with existing literature data. The analysis of the Re-Os systematics of minute sample powders revealed, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 95 | authors 2023. Disclosing the Preferential Mercury Chelation by SeCys, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 96 | authors 2023. Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in Sediment and, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 97 | authors 2023. elements was found. Toxic heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, Cd), which are subject to priority control, in the raw materials and dry, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 98 | authors 2023. formulated with carrot serum. Regardless of the pH, emul- sifying and stabilizing agents from plant sources is grow-, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 99 | authors 2023. Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Its Impact Environmental Health Insights, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 100 | authors 2023. Henriqueta Louro b, n, Carla Martins l, m, Matthieu Meslin o, Lars Niemann p,, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 101 | authors 2023. Justine Briard, Sophie Ayrault, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Louise Bordier, Maxime, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 102 | authors 2023. Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 103 | authors 2023. Simultaneous speciation analysis of Hg and Se in fish by, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 104 | authors 2023. suppresses genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 105 | authors 2023. Wipe sampling is a commonly used method for testing a surface for beryllium or other metal particle, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 106 | Benjamin et al. 2023. Levels of Heavy Metals in Selected Canned Fish on Cape Coast Market, Central Region, Ghana, International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | GH Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in 10 canned fish products from Cape Coast market, Ghana: 4 mackerel brands (African Queen, Geisha, Ena Pa, Milano),… (n=10) |
| 107 | BfR 2023. What’s in your food — BfR MEAL Study Final Report (Germany’s first Total Diet Study), BfR Science Report | 2023 | Government report | DE/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Al, Sn, Sb occurrence in Germany’s first Total Diet Study. Core element module: 869 pooled samples (868 for nitrate) comprised of 13,552 subsamples… (n=869) |
| 108 | Capcarova et al. 2023. Levels of Essential and Trace Elements in Mozzarella Available on the Slovak Market with the Estimation of Consumer Exposure, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SK Al, tAs, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sn occurrence in 27 commercially available mozzarella cheese samples from markets in Nitra, western Slovakia (imported from Italy, 2021) (n=27) |
| 109 | CIRS – C&K Testing (Hangzhou C&K Testing Technic Co. 2023. REACH ANNEX XVII — Restrictions on the Manufacture, Placing on the Market and Use of Certain Dangerous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, CIRS – C&K Testing (Hangzhou C&K Testing Technic Co., Ltd), Hangzhou, China; downloadable consolidated reproduction of Annex XVII to EU REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006; document header states ‘Last update: 2023-07-17’. 64 pages, two-column ‘Column 1 (substance or group) / Column 2 (conditions of restriction)’ tabular layout reproducing entries 1 through 77. | 2023 | Industry | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iHg, Cr-VI, Ni, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The document is a third-party reproduction of Annex XVII to EU REACH Regulation (EC)… |
| 110 | Demir et al. 2023. Estimated daily intake and health risk assessment of toxic elements in infant formulas, British Journal of Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR/EU Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg occurrence in 72 powdered cow-milk-based infant formula products from 16 anonymized brands in Turkiye, covering 0-6 month infant formula, follow-on… (n=72) |
| 111 | ECHA 2023. Investigation report to support the Commission on the preparation of a restriction proposal for the use and presence of CMR 1A or 1B substances in childcare articles based on REACH Article 68(2), European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland. Investigation report version 2.0 (Final), 31 October 2023, prepared at the request of the European Commission under REACH Article 68(2). | 2023 | Regulatory agency report | EU Pb, Cd, Cr-VI, Co, tAs, tHg, Sn, Li, V occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The report aggregates 1,559 entries reporting measurements of CMR 1A or 1B substances in… |
| 112 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 113 | Farinas et al. 2023. University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Lana Abbas , Oliver Coutinho , Aleksa Fortuna , Fatima Sulaiman ,, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 114 | FDA 2023. 21 CFR Part 73 color additives exempt from certification, 4-1-2023 edition, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 73 | 2023 | Government report | US tAs, Pb, tHg, Cd, Cr-total, Ni, Sb, Sn, Al concentrations |
| 115 | Guyana et al. 2023. Fisheries (Products) Regulations 2023, Schedule Four environmental contaminants in fishery and aquaculture products, The Official Gazette of Guyana, Legal Supplement B | 2023 | Government report | GY Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 116 | Li et al. 2023. ready-to-eat seafood:, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 117 | Martín-Carrasco et al. 2023. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer reviewed review | EU/MA/NG Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Sn, Se, Sb occurrence in Narrative review of 65 breast-milk studies and 73 infant-formula studies published 2012–2022, covering metals, heat-treatment products, pharmaceuticals, mycotoxins,… |
| 118 | Milani et al. 2023. Trace Elements in Soy-Based Beverages: A Comprehensive Study of Total Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brazil/MERCOSUR/EU Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn concentrations |
| 119 | Morshdy et al. 2023. Risks assessment of toxic metals in canned meat and chicken, Food Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Sixty canned meat and chicken samples collected randomly from grocery stores and hypermarkets in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, April-October… (n=60) |
| 120 | Mitochondria Sergey M. Korotkov 2023. Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 121 | Pradhan 2023. Inductive coupled plasma analysis of Heracleum nepalense D. Don (Umbelliferae), Exploratory Animal and Medical Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, tAs, Hg, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, U occurrence in Three ICP replicas from mature Heracleum nepalense fruit collected in Sikkim, India (n=3) |
| 122 | Sadhya et al. 2023. Regulation in India of Heavy Metals in Food Items: A Critical Analysis, Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies | 2023 | Review | IN Pb, Cu, tAs, Sn, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Cr, Ni, Se, Sb, Ba, Co, Fe, Li, Mn, Zn occurrence in Legal review of the Indian regulatory framework governing heavy metals in food and food packaging. No primary measurements… |
| 123 | Salles et al. 2023. Potentially Toxic Elements in Costume Cosmetics Used by Children and Adults Are Associated with Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:531 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR/US Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn occurrence in 95 samples of face paints (n=90) and pancakes (n=5) purchased at the largest high-street commercial center in São… (n=95) |
| 124 | Shu et al. 2023. Characteristics, sources and health risks of organotin compounds in marine organisms from the seas adjacent to the eastern ports of China, Regional Studies in Marine Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Twenty species of edible marine organisms, including mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, collected from nine ports along the eastern… |
| 125 | Ali et al. 2023. Assessing Leaching of Potentially Hazardous Elements from Cookware during Cooking: A Serious Public Health Concern, Toxics | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PK Al, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Sn occurrence in Locally purchased Pakistani cookware samples: non-anodized aluminum (n=8), anodized aluminum (n=8), stainless steel (n=7), and copper cookware (n=7),… (n=30) |
| 126 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 127 | Valizadeh et al. 2023. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Canned Pinto Beans and Fava Beans Distributed in Gilan Province of Iran, Scientific Reports (published 2023; open access) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IR tAs, Cd, Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in 90 canned bean samples (pinto beans n=48, fava beans n=36) from 8 pinto bean brands and 4 fava… (n=90) |
| 128 | Zhang et al. 2023. Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Cr, Cd, tAs, Pb, Ni, Sn, Sb occurrence in Eight material-extrusion 3D-printing filaments and their emitted particle samples, including PLA, nylon, bronze-filled PLA, stainless-steel-filled filament, and flame-retarded… (n=8) |
| 129 | Almeida et al. 2022. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(18):11178 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BR Al, tAs, Cd, Sn, tHg, Pb, U occurrence in Phase 1 and phase 2 cow milk-based infant formulas marketed in Brazil; soy, rice, and wheat protein formulas… |
| 130 | Sanitária 2022. Resolução RDC Nº 722, de 1º de julho de 2022, Diário Oficial da União | 2022 | Government report | BR iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn concentrations |
| 131 | authors 2022. and Use Committee. All diets were formulated to be complete and balanced and meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of adult cats. The, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 132 | authors 2022. Bacterial Biosorbents, an Efficient Heavy Metals Green, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 133 | authors 2022. central channel of radiofrequency (RF) induced argon tion technique leads to the identification of the compound, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 134 | authors 2022. Characterizing Behaviors Associated with Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Infants in Rural, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 135 | authors 2022. (EPA and DHA) in fish as affected by cooking methods, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 136 | authors 2022. HBM4EU Chromates Study: Determinants of Exposure to, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 137 | authors 2022. Health Risk Assessment Attributed to Consumption of Fish, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 138 | authors 2022. Heavy metals and neurodevelopment of, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 139 | authors 2022. inducement due to radiation exposure is within the acceptable limits for both mining sites., Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 140 | authors 2022. mercury contamination and body condition in birds, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 141 | authors 2022. of toxic metals concentration, seasonal variation and, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 142 | authors 2022. The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the coffee products: a, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 143 | authors 2022. Total Mercury and Fatty Acids in Selected Fish Species on the, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 144 | authors 2022. Validation of Determination by Icp-Oes Method of Mercury Residual Levels in, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 145 | Hercegovine 2022. Pravilnik o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama određenih kontaminanata u hrani, Službeni glasnik BiH | 2022 | Government report | BA Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn, iAs concentrations |
| 146 | National Health Commission of 2022. GB 2762-2022 National Food Safety Standard: Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods, National Food Safety Standard GB 2762-2022 | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr concentrations |
| 147 | Cicero et al. 2022. Mineral and Microbiological Analysis of Spices and Aromatic Herbs, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IT/SA/IN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn occurrence in 13 spice and aromatic herb samples purchased in an international market in Saudi Arabia, representing products from India,… (n=13) |
| 148 | Ciont et al. 2022. Beer Safety: New Challenges and Future Trends within Craft and Large-Scale Production, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL/ET Pb, Cd, Al, Sn, Cu, Mn, Zn occurrence in Narrative review; no new samples were measured. The Data Availability Statement on page 16 states: ‘No new data… |
| 149 | Cortes et al. 2022. reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 150 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation | 2022 | Government report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, U, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, V, Sb concentrations |
| 151 | Gredilla et al. 2022. A Rapid Routine Methodology Based on Chemometrics to Evaluate the Toxicity of Commercial Infant Milks Due to Hazardous Elements, Food Analytical Methods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BR/CO Li, Al, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, tHg, Tl, Pb, Mo occurrence in Twelve commercial powdered milk formulas purchased in representative cities of Brazil and Colombia: nine child/infant milks and three… (n=12) |
| 152 | Hwang et al. 2022. Risk Assessment and Determination of Heavy Metals in Home Meal Replacement Products by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Direct Mercury Analyzer, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | KR Pb, Cd, tAs, Sn, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Home meal replacement products purchased from convenience and grocery stores in the Republic of Korea from January to… (n=480) |
| 153 | Kumar et al. 2022. Freshwater Macrophytes: A Potential Source of Minerals and Fatty Acids for Fish, Poultry, and Livestock, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Sn, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Twelve freshwater macrophyte species cultured in outdoor cemented tanks with organic manures, New Delhi/Uttar Pradesh/West Bengal, India (n=12) |
| 154 | Ministry of Agriculture, Maritime 2022. Arrêté conjoint du ministre de l’agriculture, de la pêche maritime, du développement rural et des eaux et forêts et du ministre de la santé et de la protection sociale n° 2410-22 du 17 safar 1444 (14 septembre 2022) modifiant et complétant l’arrêté conjoint n° 1643-16 fixant les limites maximales autorisées des contaminants dans les produits primaires et les produits alimentaires, Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc, édition de traduction officielle n° 7136 | 2022 | Government report | MA Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 155 | Larsen et al. 2022. Status and Trend for Heavy Metals (Mercury, Cadmium and Lead) in Fish, Shellfish and Sediment, OSPAR Commission, Quality Status Report 2023 Common Indicator Assessment | 2022 | Government report | EU/BE/DK Pb, Cd, tHg, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, tAs, Co, Ag, Sn occurrence in Aggregated CEMP monitoring data from 603 to 647 biota monitoring sites and 393 to 401 sediment monitoring sites… |
| 156 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Al, Sb, Sn occurrence in Exclusively breastfed US infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS); urine collected at 6 weeks… (n=187) |
| 157 | Uc-Peraza et al. 2022. Organotin contamination in seafood from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: Is there a potential risk for the health of consumers?, Chemosphere | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | MX Sn occurrence in Seafood collected directly from local fishermen at five Yucatán Peninsula fishing sites in February-March 2018: 37 individual fish… (n=50) |
| 158 | Wang et al. 2022. The Influence of Heavy Metals on Gastric Tumorigenesis, Journal of Oncology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN As, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl occurrence in 105 pathologically confirmed gastric cancer (GC) patients and 62 healthy controls recruited at Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi… (n=167) |
| 159 | WHO 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda, Geneva: World Health Organization | 2022 | Government report | WHO/Global Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, U, Sb occurrence in Drinking-water consumers globally; guideline values derived for a 60 kg adult consuming 2 L/day, with bottle-fed infants flagged… |
| 160 | Wickrama-Arachchige et al. 2022. Comparative Study on the Distribution of Essential, Non-Essential Toxic, and Other Elements across Trophic Levels in Various Edible Aquatic Organisms in Sri Lanka and Dietary Human Risk Assessment, Toxics | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | LK Sn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, tAs, Sb, Cd, tHg, Pb, Ni, Al, Mn, Co, Se occurrence in Eighty individual organisms representing 36 fresh samples from 29 edible aquatic species collected from local fish markets in… (n=80) |
| 161 | Astolfi et al. 2021. Determination of 40 Elements in Powdered Infant Formulas and Related Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn occurrence in Powdered infant formulas authorized and commercialized in Italy (n=22) |
| 162 | authors 2021. Benefits, Toxicity and Pathologies, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 163 | authors 2021. Essential and Toxic Elements in Drinking Water:, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 164 | authors 2021. metals by exporting the cations as a metal–glutathione complex. The ability of the bacterial Atm1 protein to efflux metal–glutathione, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 165 | authors 2021. Methylmercury and Inorganic Mercury in Cord Blood Using, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 166 | authors 2021. Methylmercury determination in freshwater biota, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 167 | authors 2021. Nutritional Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Exposure to, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 168 | authors 2021. Toxicology, 2021, 34, pp.1046-1054. ⟨10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00461⟩. ⟨hal-03161988⟩, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 169 | GCC Standardization Organization 2021. Contaminants and toxins in food and feed | 2021 | Government report | GSO Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, MeHg, Sn concentrations |
| 170 | Koga et al. 2021. Analysis of Tin, Arsenic and Lead in Soft Drinks by Microwave Digestion and Its Applicability, Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi (Food Hygiene and Safety Science, Japan) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | JP Sn, tAs, Pb occurrence in Single-laboratory method validation. Trueness and precision evaluated on a canned coffee beverage (containing milk and sugar) spiked with… |
| 171 | Li et al. 2021. A New Approach Refined Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Shaoguan Smelter Based on Microenvironment — Guangdong Province, China, 2021, China CDC Weekly | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, tAs, Mn, Ni, Sn occurrence in Soil and plant samples in microenvironments around Shaoguan smelter, Guangdong Province, China (n=60) |
| 172 | Mania et al. 2021. The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessment, Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Sn occurrence in Approximately 600 samples of fresh, frozen, dried fruits, fruit preserves and canned fruits collected throughout Poland in 2015… (n=600) |
| 173 | Manouchehri et al. 2021. The Possible Effects of Heavy Metals in Honey as Toxic and Carcinogenic Substances on Human Health: A Systematic Review, Arı Dergisi / Uludag Bee Journal | 2021 | Review | IR/TR/NG Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, tAs, Mn, Co, Sn occurrence in Systematic review of published literature on heavy metals in honey, drawing from studies in Iran, Turkey, Nigeria, Argentina,… |
| 174 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 175 | Rothstein et al. 2021. Vulnerable families and costly formula: a, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 176 | Sadighara et al. 2021. The organotin contaminants in food: Sources and methods for detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer reviewed review | JP/IT/CL Sn occurrence in Systematic review and meta-analysis of published food-matrix organotin studies; 123 database records were screened, 9 studies were selected,… |
| 177 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 178 | Zafeiraki et al. 2021. Macro and Trace Elements in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Greece: Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | GR/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in 90 Cannabis sativa L. leaf/flower samples from 9 varieties cultivated across 13 regions in Greece, collected 2018-2019; 21… (n=90) |
| 179 | authors 2020. Abstract: Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 180 | authors 2020. Guillard et al. Particle and Fibre Toxicology (2020) 17:51, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 181 | authors 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 182 | authors 2020. Laurence Chevalier, Mathieu Morin, Flore C. Grandin, M. Z. Lacroix, Christine, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 183 | authors 2020. lead, cadmium, mercury, aluminium, iron, nickel, bulging them metal packaging materials represents 15% of the total, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 184 | authors 2020. Mercury intake via consumption of imported Atlantic mackerel, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 185 | authors 2020. Sources and Toxicity of Mercury in the San Francisco Bay Area,, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 186 | Chen et al. 2020. Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), RSC Advances | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Se occurrence in Raw untreated milk from small farm cooperatives and large-scale farms across five Chinese provinces: 100 goat (Shandong +… (n=350) |
| 187 | Chung et al. 2020. Occurrence of organotin compounds in seafood from Hong Kong market, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Three hundred forty-one seafood samples collected from wet markets and supermarkets in different regions of Hong Kong between… (n=341) |
| 188 | convenience et al. 2020. The toxicity associated with a product loaded with chemicals and a conscious choice that is to, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 189 | EU 2020. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, consolidated text 28 September 2020, EUR-Lex consolidated text | 2020 | Government report | EU/GB Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 190 | Lukin et al. 2020. Mineral composition of chicken meat semi-finished products from different producers, Innovations and Food Safety | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | RU tAs, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Sn, Al, Sb occurrence in Chilled broiler drumsticks from two producers sold in Chelyabinsk, Russia |
| 191 | Mandrile et al. 2020. Migration study of organotin compounds from food packaging by surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | EU/IT/ES Sn occurrence in Experimental PVC cling-film samples intentionally spiked with tributyltin chloride and dibutyltin maleate at low and high concentrations, plus… (n=7) |
| 192 | Olafisoye et al. 2020. Synthetic antioxidants and metallic elements as additives/contaminants in virgin palm oil, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Al, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Virgin palm oil samples from fifteen plantation locations in southern Nigeria, including NIFOR/substation and other southern-state oil-palm areas. (n=15) |
| 193 | Thailand Ministry of Public 2020. Notification of Ministry of Public Health (No. 414) B.E. 2563: Standards for Contaminants in Food, Government Gazette Vol. 137, Special Part 118 Ngor | 2020 | Government report | TH Cd, Sn, Pb, MeHg, tHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 194 | authors 2019. approach to speciation analysis. As in previous years, As speciation continues to dominate the, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, iAs, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 195 | authors 2019. catabolism in order to restore skin continuity. Within these processes, elements such as metallic ions are involved due to their, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 196 | authors 2019. complex environmental exposures on, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 197 | authors 2019. Dental amalgam is a mixture of approximately 50% mercury and varying ratios, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 198 | authors 2019. Exposure in a Free-Living Generalist Rodent, Apodemus, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IT Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 199 | authors 2019. Integrating environmental health and genomics research in, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 200 | authors 2019. Spatial contamination and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 201 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 202 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Organotin Compounds in Aquatic Products Available at Local Markets, Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 60, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong FEHD | 2019 | Government report | HK Sn occurrence in Fish, crustaceans, and molluscs collected from local markets in Hong Kong, October 2017 to June 2018; 201 fish,… (n=341) |
| 203 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 204 | Chen et al. 2019. Organotin contamination in commercial and wild oysters from China: Increasing occurrence of triphenyltin, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Commercial oysters from Shanghai seafood markets in November 2014 and wild oysters from fourteen coastal Chinese cities in… |
| 205 | Kim et al. 2019. Heavy metal accumulation in and food safety of shark meat from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, PLOS ONE | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | KR Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Six shark species sold at Moseulpo and Hallim fish markets on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, sampled October-December… (n=25) |
| 206 | manuscript et al. 2019. Gerald Geroldinger1, Matthias Tonner1, Judith Quirgst1, Martin Walter2, Sritama De, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 207 | Paraguay Ministry of Public 2019. Decreto No. 1335/2019: Mercosur technical regulation on maximum limits for inorganic contaminants in foods, Presidencia de la Republica del Paraguay | 2019 | Government report | PY tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn concentrations |
| 208 | Aldayel et al. 2018. Heavy Metals Concentration in Facial Cosmetics, Natural Products Chemistry & Research 6(1): 1000303 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | SA Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, U, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ag, Ba, V, Mo, Li occurrence in Thirty facial-cosmetic samples representing nine ‘most expensive’ facial-cosmetic brands purchased from the Saudi Arabian (Riyadh) market. Four product… (n=30) |
| 209 | authors 2018. Ayurveda is the ancient Indian system of health-care and longevity. There is a long history of use of herbal plants and its formulations for the, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PE Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 210 | authors 2018. by the accumulation of various heavy metals [24–26], polycyclic aromatic hydro-, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 211 | authors 2018. cooperation I received from very distinguished Professors, Lecturers and other contributors who took time off, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 212 | authors 2018. lycopene, phytoene). Carotenoids are synthesized by all plants Unfortunately, due to their required emulsification in form of, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 213 | authors 2018. Methods: The published epidemiological literature investigating environmental chemical exposure in Thai, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 214 | authors 2018. minerals and heavy metals in, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 215 | authors 2018. Review: Nutritional ecology of heavy metals, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 216 | Muniz et al. 2018. Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packaging, Food Science and Technology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BR tAs, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Sb, Sn occurrence in 20 retail tomato sauce samples in 4 packaging types (plastic, metallic/canned, cellulosic, glass), 2 brands, Rio de Janeiro… (n=20) |
| 217 | Youssao et al. 2018. Levels of Minor and Trace Elements of Some Commercial Fruit Juices and Syrup Produced in Artisanal and Semi-Industrial Units in Benin Republic, International Journal of Chemistry | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BJ/FR Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Tl, U occurrence in 92 fruit-juice and syrup samples: 85 Benin-produced bottled pineapple juices/cocktails from artisanal and semi-industrial units, 6 French pineapple… (n=92) |
| 218 | authors 2017. their exposure assessment sampling strategies in a wide range of workplaces. This article discusses, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 219 | authors 2017. With modern day urbanization and industrialization, heavy metal (HM) contamination has, Peer-reviewed article | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 220 | Lima et al. 2017. Cadmium, lead, tin, total mercury, and methylmercury in canned tuna commercialised in São Paulo, Brazil, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp 185–191 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | BR Cd, Pb, Sn, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Thirty canned-tuna samples from five commercial brands (the most-sold brands in the Campinas, São Paulo region), three batches… (n=30) |
| 221 | Syed et al. 2017. Heavy Metals Content in Low-Priced Toys, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12(5):1499-1509 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | MY/CN/EU Sb, tAs, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sr, Sn, Zn occurrence in 42 low-priced toys imported from China and purchased from convenience shops in an urban area of Selangor, central… (n=42) |
| 222 | authors 2016. A comparative study of the content of heavy metals in oils:, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 223 | authors 2016. and evaluates the resulting threats to food intake and public health in Bangladesh by, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 224 | authors 2016. Comparison of Lead and Tin Concentrations in Air at a Solder, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 225 | authors 2016. tance of vegetables. The first, offering infants a high variety of vegetables at weaning,, Peer-reviewed article | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 226 | FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS102048 | 2016 | Government report | UK Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, I, Fe, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn concentrations |
| 227 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | IE/EU Al, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg, Sn occurrence in 141 food samples (1,043 sub-samples) representing the Irish diet; adults n=1,500 (NANS, age 18+, 2008–2010) and children n=594… (n=141) |
| 228 | Food Safety and Standards 2016. Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, toxins and Residues) Third Amendment Regulations, 2016, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part III, Section 4 | 2016 | Government report | IN Pb, tAs, Sn, Cd, tHg, Cr-total concentrations |
| 229 | Ho et al. 2016. Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Trends of Organotin Contaminations in the Marine Environment of Hong Kong, PLOS ONE | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Adult Reishia clavigera collected from 29 Hong Kong rocky-shore sites in 2010 and 10 selected sites in 2015;… (n=39) |
| 230 | Israel Ministry of Health 2016. עדכון קווים מנחים לכמות מרבית של מתכות כבדות ובדיל במזון מיום 01.05.2016, Israel Ministry of Health Food Control Services | 2016 | Government report | IL Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 231 | Izah et al. 2016. A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria, Toxics | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | NG/GLOBAL Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, Cu, Mn, Zn occurrence in Narrative review of secondary data from Nigerian beverage studies published 2007-2016. No new measurements. Section 2 states the… |
| 232 | Lee et al. 2016. Health risk assessment of the intake of butyltin and phenyltin compounds from fish and seafood in Taiwanese population, Chemosphere | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | TW Sn occurrence in Two hundred Taiwanese fishery products provided from 25 fishery markets in 2011: freshwater fish (n = 64), saltwater… (n=200) |
| 233 | Piccinini et al. 2016. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up. Final report, JRC Science for Policy report EUR 27947 EN, JRC101601; prepared for DG JUST under Administrative Arrangement N. 2014-33617 | 2016 | Government report | EU/CH/DE tAs, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, tHg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Sn, Zn occurrence in JRC synthesis of RAPEX notifications and national tattoo/permanent-make-up ink surveillance: 126 RAPEX alerts for tattoo/PMU inks through 2015… |
| 234 | Tarigan et al. 2016. Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned Beverages, International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 330-333 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ID Sn occurrence in 9 brand variants from each of three canned beverage categories (carbonated, beer, juice), tested at two expiration cohorts… (n=27) |
| 235 | authors 2015. Hexavalent Chromium and Isocyanate Exposures during Military, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 236 | authors 2015. Made available by Hasselt University Library in https://documentserver.uhasselt.be, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 237 | authors 2015. the increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans. ly monitored in the environment, though having the potential, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 238 | Heckmann et al. 2015. CMR Substances in Toys – Market Surveillance and Risk Assessment, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products No. 141, 2015. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen. ISBN 978-87-93352-79-7. | 2015 | Regulatory agency report | DK/EU Sn, Al, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, tAs occurrence in Phase 2 chemical analyses: 28 toy products extracted by the Danish EPA’s Chemical Inspection Service (CIS) from 30… (n=28) |
| 239 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | GB Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, Sb occurrence in 3312 retail food samples from 24 UK locations, combined into 138 food categories and 28 food groups, all… (n=3312) |
| 240 | Kjølholt et al. 2015. Chemical substances in car safety seats and other textile products for children, Danish Ministry of the Environment / Environmental Protection Agency — Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 135 (ISBN 978-87-93352-07-0) | 2015 | Regulatory report | DK/EU Sn occurrence in Fourteen sub-samples of textile from car safety seats sourced from the Danish market and screened by wavelength-dispersive X-ray… (n=14) |
| 241 | Lo et al. 2015. Simultaneous Determination of As, Cu, Cr, Se, Sn, Cd, Sb and Pb Levels in Infant Formulas by ICP-MS after Microwave-Assisted Digestion: Method Validation, Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IT tAs, Cr, Sn, Cd, Pb, Sb occurrence in infant formula samples analyzed during ICP-MS method validation |
| 242 | Šmajgl et al. 2015. Occurrence of tin in disposable baby diapers, X-Ray Spectrometry | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | HR/EU Sn occurrence in 6 brands of disposable baby diapers purchased in Croatia, 2012-2014. Top sheet and adhesive tape system analyzed separately… (n=6) |
| 243 | authors 2014. getting polluted in a number of ways. There is urgency in controlling the soil pollution in order, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 244 | authors 2014. Potential Health Effects Associated with Dermal Exposure to Occupational, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 245 | FSA 2014. Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, Food Standards Agency report | 2014 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Forty-seven infant formula samples, 200 commercial infant foods, and 50 composite ‘other foods’ samples purchased from UK retail… (n=297) |
| 246 | Gu et al. 2014. Determination and Safety Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Canned Fish from Liaoning Province, Asian Journal of Chemistry | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn occurrence in Seven kinds of canned fish randomly purchased from retail outlets in 14 cities in Liaoning Province, China, January-May… |
| 247 | Ho et al. 2014. Organotin contamination in seafood and its implication for human health risk in Hong Kong, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Five analytical replicates for each of 11 commonly available Hong Kong seafood species: three gastropods, two bivalves, and… (n=55) |
| 248 | JAISHANKAR et al. 2014. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014; Vol. 7(2): 60–72. interdisciplinary, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 249 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | EG/CN/IN Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Sn, Al occurrence in Book chapter authored by Sameeh A. Mansour (Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo)… |
| 250 | authors 2013. abiotic constraints such as salinity, drought and toxic cation of S. portulacastrum in the arid and semiarid, Peer-reviewed article | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 251 | Centre for Food Safety 2013. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic Contaminants, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2013 | Government report | HK Al, Sb, Cd, Pb, MeHg, Ni, Sn occurrence in Hong Kong general adult population; 150 TDS food items purchased on 4 occasions (March 2010 to February 2011),… (n=1800) |
| 252 | Social 2013. Resolucion Numero 4506 de 2013: niveles maximos de contaminantes en alimentos, Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social | 2013 | Government report | CO tAs, tHg, Pb, Cd, Sn concentrations |
| 253 | EC 2013. Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC — An Explanatory Guidance Document (Rev 1.7), European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, Single Market for Goods; Rev 1.7, 13/12/2013 | 2013 | Government report | EU Al, Sb, tAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sr, Sn occurrence in Regulatory guidance document interpreting EU Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC, including the 19-element migration-limit table at Annex II Part… |
| 254 | Olmedo et al. 2013. Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment for the consumers, Environment International | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | ES/MA/MR tHg, MeHg, Cd, Pb, Sn, tAs occurrence in Fresh, canned, and frozen fish and shellfish products representing 43 frequently consumed species/products in Andalusia, Spain; samples collected… (n=485) |
| 255 | Sears 2013. Chelation: Harnessing and Enhancing Heavy Metal Detoxification — A Review, The Scientific World Journal | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, MeHg, tHg, Sn occurrence in Narrative review; no primary measurements. |
| 256 | authors 2012. Tinnitus is a common symptom among adults in the United States. Increasing evidence indicates that prolonged exposure to, Peer-reviewed article | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 257 | Buculei et al. 2012. Study regarding the tin and iron migration from metallic cans into foodstuff during storage, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, 18(4), 299-303 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | RO Sn, Fe occurrence in Four canned product types (peas, tomato paste, pork in own juice, pork liver pate) packed in three-piece tinplate… (n=4) |
| 258 | Trandafir et al. 2012. Determination of Tin in Canned Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | RO/EU Sn occurrence in Canned fruit, vegetables, and fish purchased at local markets in Romania; 3 cans per product batch, each analyzed… (n=13) |
| 259 | Publica 2012. Uruguay Reglamento Bromatologico Nacional, 5th edition: inorganic contaminant and metal migration limits, Reglamento Bromatologico Nacional, quinta edicion | 2012 | Government report | UY Sb, tAs, Pb, Sn, tHg, Cd concentrations |
| 260 | authors 2011. Income Levels and Continents, Peer-reviewed article | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 261 | authors 2011. part of the study begins by describing its research methods consisting of research interviews,, Peer-reviewed article | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 262 | authors 2011. Role of Mercury Toxicity in Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease,, Peer-reviewed article | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 263 | Comun 2011. MERCOSUR/GMC/RES. No. 12/11: Reglamento Tecnico MERCOSUR sobre Limites Maximos de Contaminantes Inorganicos en Alimentos, MERCOSUR/GMC/RES. No. 12/11 | 2011 | Government report | MERCOSUR tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Sn concentrations |
| 264 | Vietnam Ministry of Health 2011. QCVN 8-2:2011/BYT National technical regulation on the safety limits of heavy metal contamination in food (English), Circular No. 02/2011/TT-BYT, QCVN 8-2:2011/BYT | 2011 | Government report | VN tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg, Sn concentrations |
| 265 | Schade 2010. Toxic Toys “R” Us: PVC Toxic Chemicals in Toys and Packaging — A Report to the National Commission of Inquiry into Toxic Toys, Center for Health, Environment & Justice (CHEJ) PVC Campaign and Teamsters Office of Consumer Affairs (Washington, DC / Falls Church, VA), November 2010, 47 pp. | 2010 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, Sn occurrence in Two rounds of portable-XRF screening of toys, children’s products, and packaging purchased at retail. Round 1 (June 15,… (n=120) |
| 266 | EU Scientific Committee on 2010. Evaluation of the Migration Limits for Chemical Elements in Toys (SCHER Opinion), European Commission DG Health & Consumers; SCHER Opinion adopted 1 July 2010 | 2010 | Government report | EU tAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Pb, tHg, Sn occurrence in Regulatory opinion evaluating EU Toys Safety Directive 2009/48/EC migration limits for 19 chemical elements |
| 267 | Singh et al. 2010. Heavy metals and living systems: An overview, Peer-reviewed article | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 268 | authors 2009. (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, y Pb) en diferentes tipos de aceites vegeta- high levels of lead., Peer-reviewed article | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 269 | authors 2009. methylmercury burdens of, Peer-reviewed article | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Ni, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 270 | Board 2009. Food Safety Regulations 2009, Legal Notice No. 20 | 2009 | Government report | FJ tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Sn, Cr-total concentrations |
| 271 | Pagels et al. 2009. Chemical Composition and Mass Emission Factors of Candle Smoke Particles, Journal of Aerosol Science 40(3):193-208 | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | SE Cu, Sn, Co, Zn, Pb occurrence in Two tapered candle types manufactured by market-leading Swedish companies: a white pure-stearin low-soot candle and a dark-blue budget… (n=2) |
| 272 | Committee on Toxicity of 2008. COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and Other Elements, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2008 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Tl, Zn occurrence in 2006 UK Total Diet Study: 119 food categories combined into 20 prepared-as-consumed food groups for metals and other… (n=20) |
| 273 | David et al. 2008. The heavy metals analyses in canned tomato paste, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | RO/IT Pb, Cd, Sn, Al, Cr, Fe, Zn, tAs occurrence in Five commercial canned tomato paste and tomato sauce products tested in Romania: two Romanian-branded products in metal cans,… (n=5) |
| 274 | Japan Ministry of Health, 2008. Specifications and Standards for Foodstuffs, Implements, Containers and Packaging, Toys, Detergents 2008, Specifications and Standards for Food, Additives, etc.; MHLW Notice No. 370, last amended by Notice No. 529 | 2008 | Government report | JP Sn concentrations |
| 275 | (SENASA) et al. 2008. Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34687-MAG: RTCR 409:2008 fishery and aquaculture product limits, La Gaceta No. 160 | 2008 | Government report | CR tHg, Cd, Pb, Sn concentrations |
| 276 | Zanon et al. 2008. Time trend of Butyl- and Phenyl-Tin contamination in organisms of the Lagoon of Venice (1999-2003), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU Sn occurrence in Pooled edible-organism samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes spp. collected from up to 20 stations in the Lagoon… |
| 277 | authors 2007. or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s, Peer-reviewed article | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 278 | Poulsen et al. 2007. A survey and health assessment of cosmetic products for children, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products, No. 88, 2007 (Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Protection Agency) | 2007 | Government report | DK/EU Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, Ba, Se occurrence in 10 cosmetic-product packaging materials selected from 208 children’s cosmetic products (ages 3-14) mapped on the Danish market April-June… (n=10) |
| 279 | Jianying et al. 2006. Trophic Magnification of Triphenyltin in a Marine Food Web of Bohai Bay, North China: Comparison to Tributyltin, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp 3142–3147 | 2006 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Marine food web from Bohai Bay, North China, sampled May, June, and September 2002: phytoplankton/seston (n=3), zooplankton (n=3),… (n=48) |
| 280 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 281 | Nilsson et al. 2006. Survey and health assesment of chemicals substances in sex toys, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products No. 77, 2006. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. | 2006 | Regulatory agency report | DK/EU Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb occurrence in 16 sex toys and fetish-clothing products purchased for Danish EPA screening: soft-vinyl, natural-latex/rubber, thermoplastic-rubber/SEBS, and hard-plastic products including… (n=16) |
| 282 | ATSDR 2005. ToxFAQs for Tin and Tin Compounds (CAS # 7440-31-5), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry — Division of Toxicology ToxFAQs (Tin fact sheet #55) | 2005 | Government report | US Sn occurrence in ATSDR consumer fact sheet; no original sampling. Summary derivative of ATSDR 2005 Toxicological Profile for Tin and Compounds… |
| 283 | Harper et al. 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin Compounds, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2005 | Government report | US Sn concentrations |
| 284 | EFSA 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the tolerable upper intake level of tin, EFSA Journal | 2005 | Regulatory opinion | EU/GB/FR Sn occurrence in EFSA opinion summarising dietary tin occurrence/intake literature, including UK 1997 Total Diet Study food-group means and French lacquered/unlacquered… |
| 285 | EFSA 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission to assess the health risks to consumers associated with exposure to organotins in foodstuffs, EFSA Journal 2004;102:1-119 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK Sn occurrence in EU SCOOP Task 3.2.13 occurrence database for organotin compounds in fish and fishery products submitted by Belgium, Denmark,… (n=2110) |
| 286 | Blunden et al. 2003. Tin in canned food: a review and understanding of occurrence and effect, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 41, Issue 12, pp. 1651-1662 | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU/US Sn occurrence in Narrative review of tin-in-canned-food literature commissioned by ITRI Ltd (the International Tin Research Institute) compiling published primary clinical,… |
| 287 | Committee on Toxicity of 2003. COT statement on a survey of metals in infant food, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2003 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Commercial UK baby foods and formulae, including infant formulae, manufactured baby foods, desserts, rusks, and infant drinks, surveyed… (n=189) |
| 288 | Scientific Committee on Toxicity, 2003. Opinion on the non-food aspects of assessment of the risks to health and the environment posed by the use of organostannic compounds, European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General / CSTEE | 2003 | Regulatory opinion | EU Sn occurrence in CSTEE opinion reviewing a July 2002 organostannic-compound risk-assessment report; no primary consumer-product or food-contact-material sampling frame. |
| 289 | EU 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Acute Risks Posed by Tin in Canned Foods, European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, SCF/CS/CNTM/OTH/18 Final | 2002 | Government report | EU Sn concentrations |
| 290 | Allsopp et al. 2001. Hazardous Chemicals in Carpets, Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note 01/2001, January 2001 (commissioned by the Healthy Flooring Network) | 2001 | NGO report | GB Sn occurrence in Eight new carpet samples (sample IDs NGP001–NGP008) purchased from UK retail suppliers prior to publication (January 2001) for… (n=8) |
| 291 | Stringer et al. 2001. Toxic chemicals in a child’s world: an investigation into PVC plastic products, Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter (UK); June 2001 | 2001 | NGO report | AT/BR/CA Pb, Cd, Sn occurrence in 54 vinyl-chloride (PVC or vinyl) consumer products purchased in 20 countries (Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic,… (n=54) |
| 292 | Amodio-Cocchieri et al. 2000. Alkyltins in farmed fish and shellfish, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | IT/NO Sn occurrence in Farmed fish and mussels bought from Naples-area retail stores between June 1997 and May 1998, with free-living fish… (n=170) |
| 293 | authors 2000. 4 Fisheries Administration, Phnom Penh 120101, Cambodia; chhounchamnan@gmail.com (C.C.);, Peer-reviewed article | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 294 | authors 2000. Interplay Between Vitamin D Levels and Heavy Metals Exposure, Peer-reviewed article | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 295 | Benson et al. 1997. Toxicological Review of Tributyltin Oxide (CAS No. 56-35-9) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., July 1997 | 1997 | Government report | US Sn occurrence in Toxicological review of a single chemical (tributyltin oxide, TBTO; CAS 56-35-9; bis-(tri-n-butyltin)-oxide). The dose-response derivation rests primarily on… |
| 296 | Chile Ministry of Health 1996. Decreto 977, SALUD (1996) - Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos, Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile / Ley Chile | 1996 | Government report | CL tAs, iAs, Cd, Sn concentrations |
| 297 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 298 | Yamada et al. 1993. Small-Scale Survey of Organotin Compounds in Household Commodities, Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 436–441 | 1993 | Peer-reviewed | JP Sn occurrence in 95 commercially available household commodity items purchased between 1990 and 1992 from retail stores in Aichi Prefecture, Japan,… (n=95) |
| 299 | JECFA 1989. Tin — Toxicological monograph prepared by the 33rd meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 24 (Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, prepared by the 33rd meeting of JECFA, March 1988) | 1989 | Government report | international Sn occurrence in Re-examination of published human case-series and controlled-feeding data, 1887-1975 |
| 300 | Schafer et al. 1984. Tin — A Toxic Heavy Metal? A Review of the Literature, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 4, pp. 57-69 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | DE Sn concentrations |
| 301 | Benoy et al. 1971. The Toxicity of Tin in Canned Fruit Juices and Solid Foods, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp. 645-656 | 1971 | Peer-reviewed | UK/KW Sn occurrence in 11 cats, dogs, rats, and 5 human volunteers; canned juices recovered from a 1967 Kuwait food poisoning outbreak… (n=11) |
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Change | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| a8052bb | 2026-08-09 | major | 4 sources added; contamination-profile values revised; 18 sections added |