Rice
Completeness scorecard
Deterministic gap audit — no score is composite, no cell is LLM-judged. Each chip is re-derivable by re-running tools/evidence/build-ingredient-scorecard.mjs. review: residuals and missing data are worked autonomously via data/evidence/ingredient-scorecard-review-flags.csv and wiki/completeness-gaps.md.
| Dimension | Status | What’s there (auditable counts) | What’s missing |
|---|---|---|---|
| D1 Analyte coverage (tier: common) | OK | 8/10 HMTc analytes, total n=80 | — |
| D2 Regional coverage | OK | 73 jurisdictions, top CN 27% | — |
| D3 Anthropogenic evidence | GAP | 18 soil + 15 drinking-water + 12 paddy-soil + 3 irrigation-water + 7 agricultural-soil; no supply-chain link | link a supply-chain/ hub page |
| D4 Background mechanism | OK | section present, 6 drivers, 51 upstream source(s) | — |
| D5 Pooling depth | THIN | Pb THIN, Cd THIN, iAs THIN, tHg THIN, Ni THIN, Al THIN, Cr THIN, Sn THIN, tAs THIN | Pb: needs 3 distinct source(s); Cd: needs 2 distinct source(s); iAs: needs 2 distinct source(s); tHg: needs 3 distinct source(s); Ni: needs 3 distinct source(s); Al: needs 3 distinct source(s); Cr: THIN; Sn: needs 3 distinct source(s); tAs: needs 3 distinct source(s) |
| D6 Speciation | OK | iAs, tHg, tAs declared | — |
| D7 Basis declaration | GAP | 0/10 populated cells declare a basis token | 10 populated cell(s) lack a basis token: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs, U |
| D8 Provenance integrity | GAP | 989 claims checked, 989 supported; 21 citations, 0 orphan, 4 foreign | 4 foreign citation(s) not naming rice: brombach2017-methylmercury-european-commercial-rice, collado-lopez2025-heavy-metals-baby-food-formula, damato2026-inorganic-arsenic-rice-based-beverages; 1 contributing source(s) malformed (strict): open2017-open-infants-dietary-arsenic |
| D9 Mitigation | OK | 1 cited lever(s), 5 mitigation/ link(s) | — |
| D10 Regulatory coverage | OK | 5 rule link(s), 6 metal(s) covered | unmapped analytes: Ni, Al, Cr |
| D11 Standards-readiness | NOT-READY | priority: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs; pairing 0 paired, 9 single, 0 unpaired | Pb: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); Cd: THIN, needs 2 distinct source(s); iAs: THIN, needs 2 distinct source(s); tHg: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); Ni: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); Al: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); Cr: THIN; Sn: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); tAs: THIN, needs 3 distinct source(s); basis: 10 populated cell(s) lack a basis token: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs, U |
| Principle balance | flag | consumer-protection 0.83, contamination-reduction 1.00, brand-value 0.50, legal-defensibility 0.50, scale 0.25 | spread 0.75 — starved: scale |
Rice is identified across EFSA Cd 2009 and JECFA 91st 2022 as one of the top population-level dietary cadmium contributors worldwide, with variation driven by soil cadmium, cultivar differences, flooded-paddy redox chemistry, and processing (bran contains higher cadmium than endosperm).
Heavy metal contamination profile
Per-analyte snapshot derived from the machine-readable contamination_profile in the frontmatter above. data gap indicates the literature has been reviewed for this commodity-analyte combination and no usable occurrence data was found (a finding, not a placeholder). The Key sources column shows the top 2-3 contributing sources by year and sample size, with numbered wikilink aliases.
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | p95 (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | n=5 | 2–40 | 110 | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| Cd | n=8 | 4–40 | 160 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| iAs | n=8 | 40–150 | 190 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| tAs | n=6 | 90–250 | 350 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| tHg | n=5 | 0.5–6 | 20 | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| Ni | n=23 | 80–450 | — | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| Al | n=11 | 200–1500 | — | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| Cr | n=3 | 0–30 | 50 | low | 1, 2, 3 |
| Sn | n=11 | 0–20 | — | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| U | data gap | — | — | — | — |
Synthesis basis and censoring treatment
The per-analyte values above were resynthesized on 2026-06-11 on a dry raw polished (white) rice-grain basis, the form in which rice enters the ingredient supply chain. Most primary occurrence literature reports dry-grain concentrations; the FDA Total Diet Study values for cooked rice run lower because cooking dilutes the grain with water, and are carried as a corroborating as-consumed anchor rather than the headline basis. Inorganic arsenic and total arsenic are kept as distinct analytes and are never derived from one another by a fixed ratio; only speciated measurements populate the iAs cell.
Values below the analytical limit of detection or quantification are treated as left-censored, not as measured zeros. The earlier profile reported lead, total mercury, and chromium at typical and 95th-percentile values of zero at high confidence. Those figures were an artifact of FDA Total Diet Study composites in which every cooked-rice sample fell below the reporting limit (lead 4 µg/kg, mercury 1 µg/kg, chromium 50 µg/kg) and the reported zeros were pooled as literal zeros. The resynthesis replaces them with the detected dry-grain distributions from the primary literature, in which all three metals are low but non-zero, with right tails driven by elevated-soil and industrial-region production.
The lead and cadmium upper tails rest on the pooled Chinese-rice meta-analysis (Huang et al. 2022, 24 lead and 29 cadmium studies; pooled Pb 0.10 mg/kg and Cd 0.16 mg/kg dry weight) together with US retail-grain data (TatahMentan et al. 2020) and the Sri Lankan cadmium hot-spot dataset (Bandara et al. 2010, to 92.5 µg/kg). The inorganic-arsenic distribution rests on the 901-sample ten-country market-basket survey (Meharg et al. 2009), the 697-sample composite (CR-FSASC 2014), and the 6,632-sample Henan survey (Yan et al. 2025, inorganic-arsenic median 110 µg/kg). Total mercury rests on the 87-sample European commercial-rice study (Brombach et al. 2017, 0.53 to 11.1 µg/kg) for the central distribution; the 95th-percentile anchor is set above that European bulk to reflect heavier Asian and contaminated-region tails (Cui et al. 2022 high-resolution Chinese model; Kurniawati et al. 2021 reports a Jakarta market sample at 150 µg/kg by neutron activation, which may be an analytical outlier and is not adopted as a percentile). Brown rice and rice bran carry higher arsenic and cadmium than polished white rice and are characterized separately on brown-rice and rice-bran.
Chromium is reported as total chromium at low confidence; no rice-grain hexavalent-chromium measurement exists in the corpus. Uranium is recorded as a reviewed data gap: the routed sources report rice uranium below regulatory concern without extractable quantitative values, so no distribution is published. Aluminium, tin, and nickel retain their prior values and were outside the scope of this resynthesis.
Why this commodity accumulates cadmium
Rice is grown predominantly in flooded paddy systems where the reducing soil conditions alter the speciation and bioavailability of several metals. For cadmium, rice is a comparatively efficient accumulator from soil, with uptake driven by soil cadmium concentration, soil pH, zinc status, and cultivar-specific root biology. Cadmium concentrates in the bran layer rather than the endosperm, so brown rice and rice bran products carry higher cadmium than polished white rice from the same source. Geographic variation is substantial; regions with phosphate-fertilizer-amended soils, historic mining activity, or naturally cadmium-rich sedimentary rocks produce higher-cadmium rice than regions without these soil characteristics.
Irrigation-management cadmium risk
Soil redox conditions, controlled in practice by irrigation regime, drive opposite accumulation dynamics for inorganic arsenic and cadmium in rice grain. Flooded paddies favor iAs accumulation and suppress Cd; aerobic or alternate-wetting-and-drying (AWD) paddies suppress iAs and favor Cd. The trade-off is quantified in two companion field studies from the University of Delaware RICE facility.
Limmer and Seyfferth 2024 reports a range of approximately 20 to 90 µg/kg dry weight iAs in polished grain across six irrigation treatments, with continuously flooded plots at the high end (80 to 90 µg/kg dw) and aerobic management at the low end. Cadmium ranges from approximately 10 to 150 µg/kg dw across the same treatments, in the opposite direction: continuously flooded at the low end, aerobic at the high end. AWD reduced grain iAs by approximately 30 to 50 percent compared to continuous flooding while keeping Cd below the EU’s 100 µg/kg limit for polished rice in most replicates.
Seyfferth et al. 2025, sampling across a wider soil redox gradient (minus 177 mV to plus 623 mV), confirms the pattern at a more extreme scale: the driest paddy exceeded the Codex maximum level of 0.4 mg/kg Cd in polished grain in both years of the study. The drier the system runs in service of climate adaptation, the more the certification problem migrates from arsenic to cadmium.
AWD is the leading climate-smart rice practice promoted by the International Rice Research Institute and adopted at increasing scale across South and Southeast Asia and in US production. The certification implication is that any HMTc standard set against the historically flooded rice paddy is calibrated against a system that is already changing. See climate-metals-tradeoffs for the full synthesis.
Ranges by source, region, and variety
The dominant axes of variance in rice heavy-metal load are growing region, paddy water management, and the white-versus-brown processing decision.
Inorganic arsenic varies systematically by growing region because paddy-soil arsenic is geographically heterogeneous. South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan), Southeast Asian (Cambodia, Vietnam, parts of China), and US-Gulf-Coast rice grown in arsenic-rich-aquifer zones routinely tests at the higher end. California rice, basmati from northern India, and rice grown in irrigation systems sourced from low-arsenic aquifers test substantially lower. The geographic-segmented sourcing decision is the brand-side iAs intervention with the largest documented magnitude.
Cadmium in rice is driven by paddy-soil Cd content and pH, with elevated Cd documented in some Chinese and Sri Lankan growing regions (Bandara 2010 is the foundational Sri Lankan dataset; Qin 2026 documents the Guangxi epidemiological signal). The cadmium-rice exposure pathway is particularly consequential in populations with high per-capita rice consumption.
Lead in rice is generally low in clean-soil production but non-zero, with elevated concentrations where soil Pb loading is high (historic mining regions, agricultural-area contamination from past pesticide use, irrigation-water Pb in industrial-zone production). US retail white rice runs at a few µg/kg (TatahMentan et al. 2020 reports a median of 2.8 µg/kg dry weight), while pooled Chinese rice sits near 0.10 mg/kg dry weight (Huang et al. 2022); the upper tail is driven by growing-region geography rather than by rice biology. FDA Total Diet Study cooked white rice fell below the 4 µg/kg reporting limit in every composite, which the earlier profile mis-recorded as a population-level zero.
Variety effects within a single growing region: brown rice and rice bran carry higher cadmium and higher inorganic arsenic than polished white rice from the same source, because both metals concentrate in the bran layer rather than the endosperm. Basmati rice (long-grain aromatic Indian/Pakistani cultivars) is documented at lower iAs than typical South-Asian short-grain rice. Wild rice (Zizania, a different species) carries different metal profiles from Oryza rice and is not characterized on this page.
Water-management effects within a single growing region: continuously flooded paddies favor inorganic arsenic accumulation and suppress cadmium; alternate wetting and drying (AWD) or aerobic management favors cadmium and suppresses inorganic arsenic. Limmer & Seyfferth 2024 and Seyfferth et al. 2025 quantify the trade-off at field scale (described above in the Irrigation-management cadmium risk section). The certification implication is that climate-adaptive water management is shifting the rice contamination profile away from arsenic and toward cadmium.
Processing effects
Rice processing has the most-studied heavy-metal removal effects of any commodity in the corpus.
Polishing (removing bran from brown rice to make white rice) removes both inorganic arsenic and cadmium because both metals concentrate in the bran layer. White rice typically carries 40-60 percent less inorganic arsenic and 40-60 percent less cadmium than brown rice from the same source. The trade-off is nutrient loss documented in Su et al. 2023; the public-health calculation behind brown-rice advisory hedges balances the metal-reduction benefit of polishing against nutritional loss.
Rinsing (pre-cooking) removes a small fraction of inorganic arsenic by washing surface-bound arsenic into the discarded rinse water. Multi-rinse protocols (rinsing until the water runs clear, typically 3-5 rinses) reduce iAs by approximately 10-30 percent. Rinsing has minimal effect on cadmium because cadmium is bound within the grain rather than surface-bound.
Cooking-water-discard (cooking rice in excess water and discarding the water before serving, rather than absorption-method cooking) substantially reduces inorganic arsenic in finished cooked rice (reductions of 35-50 percent are documented across multiple primary studies). The trade-off is loss of water-soluble nutrients (some B-vitamins, water-soluble minerals). The 6:1 water-to-rice cooking ratio with full discard is the operationally documented protocol; lower water ratios reduce the effect.
Parboiling (partial pre-cooking of rough rice before milling) redistributes some metals from bran to endosperm. Parboiled rice typically carries similar total iAs to non-parboiled rice from the same source but with different bran-vs-endosperm distribution. 915 sets different iAs maximum levels for parboiled versus non-parboiled milled rice reflecting this.
Cooking method (rice cooker absorption-method vs stovetop excess-water-discard) is the dominant consumer-side intervention. Switching from absorption-method to excess-water cooking is the single highest-magnitude consumer behavior change for reducing iAs from rice in the diet.
Ingredient-derivative risk
Derivative products of rice inherit, concentrate, or redistribute the cadmium present in the source grain. Rice bran and brown rice carry higher cadmium than polished white rice. Rice protein concentrates and rice-derived sweeteners (rice syrup, brown rice syrup) can concentrate cadmium from the source grain and deserve separate per-product characterization when the app’s recipe-inference pipeline encounters them.
Mitigation options
Rice mitigation is structured across all four mitigation classes, with the strongest evidence base for inorganic arsenic and a partial overlap with cadmium mitigation. The four strategy pages identify the relevant interventions and the priority primary literature for each; per-protocol efficacy data is pending the underlying source promotion.
Agronomic mitigation for rice is dominated by water-management regime selection (intermittent flooding, alternate wetting and drying, aerobic cultivation reduce inorganic arsenic uptake but can increase cadmium uptake), cultivar selection (low-As-accumulator and low-Cd-accumulator varieties), and silicon and zinc soil amendment for competitive uptake antagonism. The water-management trade-off between inorganic arsenic and cadmium is the most consequential per-soil decision facing rice growers in HMT&C-relevant supply chains.
Processing mitigation for rice is dominated by polishing (removes the bran where both inorganic arsenic and cadmium concentrate, at the cost of nutrient loss documented in Su et al. 2023), parboiling, and rinsing or cooking-water discard (substantial inorganic arsenic reductions in finished consumed rice).
Supply-chain screening for rice is dominated by geographic-risk-segmented sourcing (basmati-India and California rice are documented lower-arsenic origins than typical South-Asian and Southeast-Asian arsenic-rich-aquifer-zone rice) and by irrigation-water arsenic testing in supplier regions.
Formulation mitigation for rice-containing finished products includes ingredient substitution (oat or almond bases for plant-based beverages, basmati or California rice for unspecified-origin rice in infant cereals) and sorbent co-formulation, documented in the corpus paper FM_12691791 for plant-based beverage applications.
Other metals of concern
Some metals not listed in this section because no ingested source yet covers their commodity-level concern; those will populate when the corresponding source pages are ingested.
- iAs: a major concern for rice; rice is the highest-iAs staple food because flooded-paddy redox chemistry mobilizes soil arsenic into pore water where roots take it up (FDA iAs 2020). Brown rice and rice bran carry higher iAs than polished white rice (Su et al. 2023). The FDA Closer to Zero inorganic-arsenic action level for infant rice cereal is 100 ppb (FDA iAs 2020). See arsenic and Navaretnam et al. 2025.
- Baby-food context: Collado-Lopez et al. 2025 reports rice/rice-mix baby foods with median Pb 0.008 mg/kg and median As 0.048 mg/kg among detected items; this is a review-level signal and not a substitute for primary row-level rice-cereal or snack distributions (collado-lopez2025-heavy-metals-baby-food-formula).
Regulatory limits that apply
- codex-cadmium-mls — Codex matrix-level Cd ML for rice (pending ingest of CXS 193-1995).
- eu-2023-915-cadmium — EU Cd maximum level for rice, quinoa, wheat bran, and wheat gluten is 0.15 mg/kg (150 ug/kg).
- eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels — EU inorganic arsenic maximum levels: 0.10 mg/kg (100 ug/kg) for rice destined for production of food for infants and young children; 0.15 mg/kg (150 ug/kg) for non-parboiled milled rice; 0.25 mg/kg (250 ug/kg) for parboiled rice, husked rice, and rice flour; 0.30 mg/kg (300 ug/kg) for rice waffles, wafers, crackers, cakes, flakes, and popped breakfast rice; 0.030 mg/kg (30 ug/kg) for non-alcoholic rice-based drinks.
- fda-closer-to-zero — FDA CTZ inorganic arsenic action level of 100 ppb in infant rice cereal is adjacent but not a cadmium rule.
Related finished-product evidence
damato2026-inorganic-arsenic-rice-based-beverages reports inorganic arsenic in finished rice-based beverages. Those values belong on plant-milks-rice-based, not in this ingredient profile, unless a later ingest separates rice ingredient values from beverage matrix values.
FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 Evidence
FDA’s FY2018-FY2020 Total Diet Study dataset includes this page’s routed matrix as TDS Food 50, “Rice, white, enriched, cooked.” The normalized row-level data is stored in data/evidence/fda_tds_fy2018_2020_element_results_samples.csv, with per-food/per-analyte summaries in data/evidence/fda_tds_fy2018_2020_summary_by_food_analyte.csv. Concentrations are retained as FDA reported them, with reporting limits preserved separately; reported zeroes are not rewritten as <LOD without a source-specific rule. fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020
FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 Occurrence Values
FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-FY2020 reports prepared/composite-food concentration distributions for this ingredient as TDS food “Rice, white, enriched, cooked” (fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020). Values are in ppb-equivalent on the basis FDA reported. The full sample-level data are stored in data/evidence/fda_tds_fy2018_2020_element_results_samples.csv; per-analyte distributions in data/evidence/fda_tds_fy2018_2020_summary_by_food_analyte.csv. These distributions count as one source under persistent-wiki-ingest-rule synthesis discipline; numerical values stay in body scratch until a second independent source is integrated.
| Metal | n | min | p10 | p50 | p90 | p95 | max | Schema |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | 27 | 3.1 | 3.46 | 5.2 | 9.66 | 19 | 23 | in profile |
| Cr | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | in profile |
| Ni | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72.2 | 78.2 | 170 | in profile |
| Pb | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | in profile |
| U | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | in profile |
| iAs | 1 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 41.6 | in profile |
| tAs | 27 | 20 | 30.2 | 43 | 62 | 66.9 | 75 | in profile |
| tHg | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | in profile |
Nickel in rice
Flyvholm et al. 1984 reports rice mean Ni at 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08 to 0.45 µg/g, n=16 samples). In the Danish average diet model, rice contributes only 1.05 µg Ni/day (load factor F = 3.5) reflecting low Danish rice consumption rather than a per-gram pattern; the load factor F = 3.5 indicates rice contributes Ni out of proportion to its consumption weight where consumed. Rice Ni values sit below cocoa, soy, oats, hazelnuts, and almonds but above potatoes (0.14 µg/g), white bread (0.27 µg/g), and most vegetables. For high-rice-consumption populations (East Asia, infant rice cereal as staple), rice contributes proportionally more to daily Ni intake.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ANSES 2026. Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and lead, ANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010 | 2026 | Government report | FR Al, Ag, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in French TDS3 foods selected from 276 foods across 44 groups, with 718 samples collected in Loiret, Puy-de-Dome, and… (n=718) |
| 2 | Begday et al. 2026. Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysis, Izvestiya KGTU (KSTU News) | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | RU Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu occurrence in Eight plant-based milk samples assessed on the Russian market: four commercial ready-to-drink beverages (one each of almond, rice,… (n=8) |
| 3 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 4 | Good et al. 2026. Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milks, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Twenty-two commercially available milk products purchased from major grocery retailers in Houston, Texas, USA. Eight milk-type categories: cow… (n=22) |
| 5 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 6 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 7 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 8 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 9 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 10 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 11 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 12 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 13 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 14 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 15 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 16 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 17 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 18 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 19 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 20 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 21 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 22 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 23 | Masri et al. 2025. Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65, Nutrients | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, MeHg occurrence in Cross-sectional online dietary survey (Qualtrics) administered between 1 March and 15 June 2023 to Southern California residents (adults… (n=186) |
| 24 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 25 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 26 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 27 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 28 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 29 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 30 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 31 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 32 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 33 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 34 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 35 | Zvěřina et al. 2025. Essential and toxic elements in plant-based dairy alternatives: implications for vegan diets, European Food Research and Technology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CZ/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Fifty-four plant-based dairy alternative (PBDA) samples sourced from the Czech market in Brno, Czech Republic. Composition: 35 milk… (n=54) |
| 36 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 37 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 38 | Bhattacharya et al. 2024. Metal Contents in Traditional Alcoholic Rice Beers Prepared by Rabha and Sonowal Kachari Tribes of Assam, India, Asian Journal of Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Four traditional alcoholic rice beers: sticky-rice beer of Pati Rabhas (Baksa and Bongaigaon districts), sticky-rice beer of Koch… (n=4) |
| 39 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 40 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 41 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 42 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 43 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 44 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 45 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 46 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 47 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 48 | Huda et al. 2024. A potential toxicological risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticides in irrigated rice cultivars near industrial areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs, Se, Pb, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, V, Fe, tHg occurrence in Soil, irrigation water, husk, rice grain, and stem samples from three rice fields near Gazipur, north of Dhaka,… |
| 49 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 50 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 51 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 52 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 53 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 54 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 55 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 56 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 57 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 58 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 59 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 60 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 61 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 62 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 63 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 64 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 65 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 66 | Vincevica-Gaile et al. 2024. Total Concentration of Arsenic in Commercial Infant/Toddler Food: A Preliminary Study in Libya, BIO Web of Conferences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | LY tAs occurrence in Commercial infant/toddler foods purchased in supermarkets in Sabha, Tripoli, and Benghazi, Libya. (n=36) |
| 67 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 68 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 69 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 70 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 71 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 72 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 73 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 74 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 75 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 76 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 77 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health 3(2):73-78 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from busy road intersections in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria (n=7) |
| 78 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 79 | Feng et al. 2023. Individual and mutual effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on salt and cadmium uptake and translocation by rice seedlings, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Four independent biological replicates per Cd, Na, or Cd+Na concentration, each replicate containing ten rice seedlings of Oryza… (n=4) |
| 80 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 81 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 82 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 83 | Kongta et al. 2023. Assessment of Exposure to Aluminum through Consumption of Noodle Products, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al occurrence in Twenty samples each of rice stick noodles, egg noodles, wide rice noodles, and Thai rice noodles collected from… (n=80) |
| 84 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 85 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 86 | Liu et al. 2023. Enrichment Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil-Crop Systems, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Paired crop and soil samples from Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province: 88 rice/root-soil pairs, 68 bayberry/topsoil pairs, and 60… (n=216) |
| 87 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 88 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 89 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 90 | Noh et al. 2023. Monitoring arsenic species concentration in rice-based processed products distributed in South Korean markets and related risk assessment, Food Science and Biotechnology 32(10):1361-1372 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | KR iAs, tAs occurrence in 239 rice-based processed foods purchased from South Korean domestic markets February–August 2019 across ten categories: home-meal-replacement (HMR) rice… (n=239) |
| 91 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 92 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 93 | Redan et al. 2023. Analysis of Eight Types of Plant-based Milk Alternatives from the United States Market for Target Minerals and Trace Elements, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eighty-five plant-based milk alternative product units from 19 brands purchased from 10 retail markets and an online retailer… (n=85) |
| 94 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 95 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 96 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 97 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 98 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 99 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 100 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 101 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 102 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 103 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 105 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 106 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 107 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 108 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 109 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, Journal of Animal Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 110 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 111 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 112 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 113 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 114 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 115 | Guo 2022. Root targeted over-expression of the heavy metal tolerance genes TaPCS1 and AtHMA3 reduces As and Cd accumulation in aerial tissues of Oryza Sativa (Rice) Plants, Master of Science thesis, University of California San Diego | 2022 | Thesis | Cd, tAs occurrence in Hydroponic Nipponbare wildtype rice plants and transgenic Oryza sativa lines with root-specific overexpression of TaPCS1 or AtHMA3; TaPCS1… |
| 116 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 117 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 118 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 119 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 120 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 121 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 122 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 123 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 124 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 125 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 126 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 127 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 128 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 129 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 130 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 131 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 132 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 133 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 134 | Tan et al. 2022. Characteristics of Three Organic Fertilizers and Their Influence on the Mobility of Cadmium and Arsenic in a Soil-Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) System, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Pot experiment with Cd/As-contaminated paddy soil from Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China; three organic fertilizer types applied at… (n=30) |
| 135 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 137 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 138 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 139 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 140 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 141 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 142 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 143 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 144 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 145 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 146 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 147 | Mielech et al. 2021. Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers, Nutrients | 2021 | Review | PL/NO/US Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg occurrence in Narrative literature review of 83 publications (2004–2021, mainly October 2020–March 2021 search window) on contaminants in foods for… |
| 148 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 149 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 150 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 151 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 152 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 153 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 154 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 155 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 156 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 157 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 158 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 159 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 160 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 161 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 162 | Gu et al. 2020. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(2):415 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | AU tAs, iAs occurrence in Thirty-nine rice-based infant food products purchased from Melbourne, Australia supermarkets between April and May 2017: rice milk powder… (n=39) |
| 163 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 164 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 165 | Kukusamude et al. 2020. Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via rice consumption in Thailand, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, iAs, Cd occurrence in Fifty-five Thai local rice samples from four varieties: Khaowong Kalasin sticky rice (n=15, white glutinous rice, Kalasin), Pka… (n=55) |
| 166 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 167 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 168 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 169 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 170 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 171 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 172 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 173 | TatahMentan et al. 2020. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA/TH tAs, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Rice and other grains purchased from local stores in Louisiana, USA: 28 white rice samples, 11 brown rice… |
| 174 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 175 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 176 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 177 | Zhang et al. 2020. Effects of Dietary Supplements on the Bioaccessibility of Se, Zn and Cd in Rice: Preliminary Observations from In Vitro Gastrointestinal Simulation Tests, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se, Zn occurrence in Five replicate in vitro gastrointestinal digestion tests using steamed rice from Guangxi Province, China, with vitamin, mineral, amino-acid,… (n=5) |
| 178 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 179 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 180 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 181 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 182 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 183 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 184 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 185 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 186 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 187 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 188 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 189 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 190 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 191 | Islam et al. 2018. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh, Geocarto International | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-five composite samples of rice, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, papaya, okra, bean, brinjal, and chili collected by hand… (n=75) |
| 192 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 193 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 194 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 195 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 196 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 197 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 198 | Bolan et al. 2017. Comparative analysis of speciation and bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice grains and complementary medicines, Chemosphere | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BD/IN tAs, iAs occurrence in Six rice-grain samples from research grain collections in Bangladesh, India, and Korea, grown under greenhouse or field conditions… (n=22) |
| 199 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Begday et al. 2026. Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysis, Izvestiya KGTU (KSTU News) | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | RU Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu occurrence in Eight plant-based milk samples assessed on the Russian market: four commercial ready-to-drink beverages (one each of almond, rice,… (n=8) |
| 2 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 3 | Good et al. 2026. Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milks, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Twenty-two commercially available milk products purchased from major grocery retailers in Houston, Texas, USA. Eight milk-type categories: cow… (n=22) |
| 4 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 5 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 6 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 7 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 8 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 9 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 10 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 11 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 12 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 13 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 14 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 15 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 16 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 17 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 18 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 19 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 20 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 21 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 22 | Masri et al. 2025. Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65, Nutrients | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, MeHg occurrence in Cross-sectional online dietary survey (Qualtrics) administered between 1 March and 15 June 2023 to Southern California residents (adults… (n=186) |
| 23 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 24 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 25 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 26 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 27 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 28 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 29 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 30 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 31 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 32 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 33 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 34 | Zvěřina et al. 2025. Essential and toxic elements in plant-based dairy alternatives: implications for vegan diets, European Food Research and Technology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CZ/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Fifty-four plant-based dairy alternative (PBDA) samples sourced from the Czech market in Brno, Czech Republic. Composition: 35 milk… (n=54) |
| 35 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 36 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 37 | Bhattacharya et al. 2024. Metal Contents in Traditional Alcoholic Rice Beers Prepared by Rabha and Sonowal Kachari Tribes of Assam, India, Asian Journal of Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Four traditional alcoholic rice beers: sticky-rice beer of Pati Rabhas (Baksa and Bongaigaon districts), sticky-rice beer of Koch… (n=4) |
| 38 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 39 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 40 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 41 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 42 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 43 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 44 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 45 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 46 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 47 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 48 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 49 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 51 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 52 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 53 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 54 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 55 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 56 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 57 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 58 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 59 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 60 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 61 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 62 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 63 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 64 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 65 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 66 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 67 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 68 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 69 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 70 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 71 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 72 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 73 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 74 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 75 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 76 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 77 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 78 | Kongta et al. 2023. Assessment of Exposure to Aluminum through Consumption of Noodle Products, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al occurrence in Twenty samples each of rice stick noodles, egg noodles, wide rice noodles, and Thai rice noodles collected from… (n=80) |
| 79 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 80 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 81 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 82 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 83 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 84 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 85 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 86 | Redan et al. 2023. Analysis of Eight Types of Plant-based Milk Alternatives from the United States Market for Target Minerals and Trace Elements, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eighty-five plant-based milk alternative product units from 19 brands purchased from 10 retail markets and an online retailer… (n=85) |
| 87 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 88 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 89 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 90 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 91 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 92 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 93 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 94 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 95 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 96 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 97 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 98 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 99 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 100 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 101 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 102 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 103 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 104 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 105 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 106 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 107 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 108 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 109 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 110 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 111 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 112 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 113 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 114 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 115 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 116 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 117 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 118 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 119 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 120 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 121 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 122 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 123 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 124 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 125 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 126 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 127 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 128 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 129 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 130 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 131 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 132 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 133 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 134 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 135 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 136 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 137 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 138 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 139 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 140 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 141 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 142 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 143 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 144 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 145 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 146 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 147 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 148 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 149 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 150 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 151 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 152 | Gu et al. 2020. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(2):415 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | AU tAs, iAs occurrence in Thirty-nine rice-based infant food products purchased from Melbourne, Australia supermarkets between April and May 2017: rice milk powder… (n=39) |
| 153 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 154 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 155 | Kukusamude et al. 2020. Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via rice consumption in Thailand, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, iAs, Cd occurrence in Fifty-five Thai local rice samples from four varieties: Khaowong Kalasin sticky rice (n=15, white glutinous rice, Kalasin), Pka… (n=55) |
| 156 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 157 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 158 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 159 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 160 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 161 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 162 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 163 | TatahMentan et al. 2020. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA/TH tAs, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Rice and other grains purchased from local stores in Louisiana, USA: 28 white rice samples, 11 brown rice… |
| 164 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 165 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 166 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 167 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 168 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 169 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 170 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 171 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 172 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 173 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 174 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 175 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 176 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 177 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 178 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 179 | Islam et al. 2018. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh, Geocarto International | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-five composite samples of rice, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, papaya, okra, bean, brinjal, and chili collected by hand… (n=75) |
| 180 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 181 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 182 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 183 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 184 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 185 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 186 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Begday et al. 2026. Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysis, Izvestiya KGTU (KSTU News) | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | RU Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu occurrence in Eight plant-based milk samples assessed on the Russian market: four commercial ready-to-drink beverages (one each of almond, rice,… (n=8) |
| 2 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 3 | Good et al. 2026. Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milks, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Twenty-two commercially available milk products purchased from major grocery retailers in Houston, Texas, USA. Eight milk-type categories: cow… (n=22) |
| 4 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 5 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 6 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 7 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 8 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 9 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 10 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 11 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 12 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 13 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 14 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 15 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 16 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 17 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 18 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 19 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 20 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 21 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 22 | Masri et al. 2025. Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65, Nutrients | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, MeHg occurrence in Cross-sectional online dietary survey (Qualtrics) administered between 1 March and 15 June 2023 to Southern California residents (adults… (n=186) |
| 23 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 24 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 25 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 26 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 27 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 28 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 29 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 30 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 31 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 32 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 33 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 34 | Zvěřina et al. 2025. Essential and toxic elements in plant-based dairy alternatives: implications for vegan diets, European Food Research and Technology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CZ/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Fifty-four plant-based dairy alternative (PBDA) samples sourced from the Czech market in Brno, Czech Republic. Composition: 35 milk… (n=54) |
| 35 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 36 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 37 | Bhattacharya et al. 2024. Metal Contents in Traditional Alcoholic Rice Beers Prepared by Rabha and Sonowal Kachari Tribes of Assam, India, Asian Journal of Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Four traditional alcoholic rice beers: sticky-rice beer of Pati Rabhas (Baksa and Bongaigaon districts), sticky-rice beer of Koch… (n=4) |
| 38 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 39 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 40 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 41 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 42 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 43 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 44 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 45 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 46 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 47 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 48 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 49 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 51 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 52 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 53 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 54 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 55 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 56 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 57 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 58 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 59 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 60 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 61 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 62 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 63 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 64 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 65 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 66 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 67 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 68 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 69 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 70 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 71 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 72 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 73 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 74 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 75 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 76 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 77 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 78 | Kongta et al. 2023. Assessment of Exposure to Aluminum through Consumption of Noodle Products, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al occurrence in Twenty samples each of rice stick noodles, egg noodles, wide rice noodles, and Thai rice noodles collected from… (n=80) |
| 79 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 80 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 81 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 82 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 83 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 84 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 85 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 86 | Redan et al. 2023. Analysis of Eight Types of Plant-based Milk Alternatives from the United States Market for Target Minerals and Trace Elements, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eighty-five plant-based milk alternative product units from 19 brands purchased from 10 retail markets and an online retailer… (n=85) |
| 87 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 88 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 89 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 90 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 91 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 92 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 93 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 94 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 95 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 96 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 97 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 98 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 99 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 100 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 101 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 102 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 103 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 104 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 105 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 106 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 107 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 108 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 109 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 110 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 111 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 112 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 113 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 114 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 115 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 116 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 117 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 118 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 119 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 120 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 121 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 122 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 123 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 124 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 125 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 126 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 127 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 128 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 129 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 130 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 131 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 132 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 133 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 134 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 135 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 136 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 137 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 138 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 139 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 140 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 141 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 142 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 143 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 144 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 145 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 146 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 147 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 148 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 149 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 150 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 151 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 152 | Gu et al. 2020. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(2):415 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | AU tAs, iAs occurrence in Thirty-nine rice-based infant food products purchased from Melbourne, Australia supermarkets between April and May 2017: rice milk powder… (n=39) |
| 153 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 154 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 155 | Kukusamude et al. 2020. Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via rice consumption in Thailand, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, iAs, Cd occurrence in Fifty-five Thai local rice samples from four varieties: Khaowong Kalasin sticky rice (n=15, white glutinous rice, Kalasin), Pka… (n=55) |
| 156 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 157 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 158 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 159 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 160 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 161 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 162 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 163 | TatahMentan et al. 2020. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA/TH tAs, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Rice and other grains purchased from local stores in Louisiana, USA: 28 white rice samples, 11 brown rice… |
| 164 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 165 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 166 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 167 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 168 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 169 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 170 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 171 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 172 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 173 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 174 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 175 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 176 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 177 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 178 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 179 | Islam et al. 2018. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh, Geocarto International | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-five composite samples of rice, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, papaya, okra, bean, brinjal, and chili collected by hand… (n=75) |
| 180 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 181 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 182 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 183 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 184 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 185 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 186 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 16 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 17 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 18 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 19 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 20 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 21 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 22 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 23 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 24 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 25 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 26 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 27 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 28 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 29 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 30 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 31 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 32 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 33 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 34 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 35 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 36 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 37 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 38 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 39 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 40 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 41 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 42 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 43 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 44 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 45 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 46 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 47 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 48 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 49 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 50 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 51 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 52 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 53 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 54 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 55 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 56 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 57 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 58 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 59 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 60 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 61 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 62 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 63 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 64 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 65 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 66 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 67 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 68 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 69 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 70 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 71 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 72 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 73 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 74 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 75 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 76 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 77 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 78 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 79 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 80 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 81 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 82 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 83 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 84 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 85 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 86 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 87 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 88 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 89 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 90 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 91 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 92 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 93 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 94 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 95 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 96 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 97 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 98 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 99 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 100 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 101 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 102 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 103 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 104 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 105 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 106 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 107 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 108 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 109 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 110 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 111 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 112 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 113 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 114 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 115 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 116 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 117 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 118 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 119 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 120 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 121 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 123 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 124 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 125 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 126 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 127 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 128 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 129 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 130 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 131 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 132 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 133 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 134 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 135 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 136 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 137 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 138 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 139 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 140 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 141 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 142 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 143 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 144 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 145 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 146 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 147 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 148 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 149 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 150 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 151 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 152 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 153 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 154 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 155 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 156 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 157 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 158 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 159 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 160 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 161 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 163 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 164 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 165 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 166 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 167 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 168 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 169 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 170 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 171 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 172 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 16 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 17 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 18 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 19 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 20 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 21 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 22 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 23 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 24 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 25 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 26 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 27 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 28 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 29 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 30 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 31 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 32 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 33 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 34 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 35 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 36 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 37 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 38 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 39 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 40 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 41 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 42 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 43 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 44 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 45 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 46 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 47 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 48 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 49 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 50 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 51 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 52 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 53 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 54 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 55 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 56 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 57 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 58 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 59 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 60 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 61 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 62 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 63 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 64 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 65 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 66 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 67 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 68 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 69 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 70 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 71 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 72 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 73 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 74 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 75 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 76 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 77 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 78 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 79 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 80 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 81 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 82 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 83 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 84 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 85 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 86 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 87 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 88 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 89 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 90 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 91 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 92 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 93 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 94 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 95 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 96 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 97 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 98 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 99 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 100 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 101 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 102 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 103 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 104 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 105 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 106 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 107 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 108 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 109 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 110 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 111 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 112 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 113 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 114 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 115 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 116 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 117 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 118 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 119 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 120 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 121 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 123 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 124 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 125 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 126 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 127 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 128 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 129 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 130 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 131 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 132 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 133 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 134 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 135 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 136 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 137 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 138 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 139 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 140 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 141 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 142 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 143 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 144 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 145 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 146 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 147 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 148 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 149 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 150 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 151 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 152 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 153 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 154 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 155 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 156 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 157 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 158 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 159 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 160 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 161 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 163 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 164 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 165 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 166 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 167 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 168 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 169 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 170 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 171 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 172 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 16 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 17 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 18 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 19 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 20 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 21 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 22 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 23 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 24 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 25 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 26 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 27 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 28 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 29 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 30 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 31 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 32 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 33 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 34 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 35 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 36 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 37 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 38 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 39 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 40 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 41 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 42 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 43 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 44 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 45 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 46 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 47 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 48 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 49 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 50 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 51 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 52 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 53 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 54 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 55 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 56 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 57 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 58 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 59 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 60 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 61 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 62 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 63 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 64 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 65 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 66 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 67 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 68 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 69 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 70 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 71 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 72 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 73 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 74 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 75 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 76 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 77 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 78 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 79 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 80 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 81 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 82 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 83 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 84 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 85 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 86 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 87 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 88 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 89 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 90 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 91 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 92 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 93 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 94 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 95 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 96 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 97 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 98 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 99 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 100 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 101 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 102 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 103 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 104 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 105 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 106 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 107 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 108 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 109 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 110 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 111 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 112 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 113 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 114 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 115 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 116 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 117 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 118 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 119 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 120 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 121 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 123 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 124 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 125 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 126 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 127 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 128 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 129 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 130 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 131 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 132 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 133 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 134 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 135 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 136 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 137 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 138 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 139 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 140 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 141 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 142 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 143 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 144 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 145 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 146 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 147 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 148 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 149 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 150 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 151 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 152 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 153 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 154 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 155 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 156 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 157 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 158 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 159 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 160 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 161 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 163 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 164 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 165 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 166 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 167 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 168 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 169 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 170 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 171 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 172 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Fu et al. 2025. Mitigation Effect of Low-Accumulation Rice Varieties and Soil Conditioners on Hg and Cd Pollution in Rice, Processes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr occurrence in One-year 2023 field experiment in Hg-Cd co-contaminated farmland in Tongren, Guizhou, China, with three replicate plots per treatment… (n=66) |
| 16 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 17 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 18 | Huang et al. 2025. Biochar Influences the Transformation and Translocation of Antimony in the Rhizosphere-Rice System, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sb occurrence in One Sb-Au mining-contaminated paddy soil (0-20 cm, Dongzhi County, Chizhou, Anhui Province, China; total Sb 94.41 mg/kg) used… (n=1) |
| 19 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 20 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 21 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 22 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 23 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 24 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 25 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 26 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 27 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 28 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 29 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 30 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 31 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 32 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 33 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 34 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 35 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 36 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 37 | EFSA 2024. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU tAs occurrence in 1,260 analytical results on DMA(V) and 988 on MMA(V) submitted to the EFSA Data Warehouse covering sampling years… (n=2248) |
| 38 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 39 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 40 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 41 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 42 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 43 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 44 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 45 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 46 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 47 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 48 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 49 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 50 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 51 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 52 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 53 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 54 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 55 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 56 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 57 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 58 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 59 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 60 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 61 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 62 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 63 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 64 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 65 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 66 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 67 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 68 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 69 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 70 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 71 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 72 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 73 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 74 | Liu et al. 2023. Characteristics, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil and Rice around an Abandoned High-Arsenic Coal Mine Area, Southwest China, Minerals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs, Cu, Zn occurrence in Twelve paired surface-soil and rice-plant-tissue samples collected in mid-August 2022 from rice planting areas around the Xingren Coal… (n=12) |
| 75 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 76 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 77 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 78 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 79 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 80 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 81 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 82 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 83 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 84 | Sun et al. 2023. Effects of Biochar on the Cd Uptake by Rice and the Cd Fractions in Paddy Soil: A 3-Year Field Experiment, Agronomy | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Fifteen 130 m2 paddy field plots in Shenyang, Liaoning, China: five biochar treatments with three randomized block replicates,… (n=15) |
| 85 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 86 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 87 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 88 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 89 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 90 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 91 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 92 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 93 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 94 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 95 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 96 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 97 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 98 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 99 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 100 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 101 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 102 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 103 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 104 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 105 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 106 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 107 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 108 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 109 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 110 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 111 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 112 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 113 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 114 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 115 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 116 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 117 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 118 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 119 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 120 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 121 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 123 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 124 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 125 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 126 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 127 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 128 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 129 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 130 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 131 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 132 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 133 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 134 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 135 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 136 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 137 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 138 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 139 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 140 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 141 | CFIA 2020. Toxic Metals in Selected Foods – April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2020 | Government report | CA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Retail food samples (bran products, infant formula, meal replacement beverages, protein powders, rice products) collected from 6 Canadian… (n=985) |
| 142 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 143 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 144 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 145 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 146 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 147 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 148 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 149 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 150 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 151 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 152 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 153 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 154 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 155 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 156 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 157 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 158 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 159 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 160 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 161 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 163 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 164 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 165 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 166 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 167 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 168 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 169 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 170 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 171 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 172 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 40 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 41 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 42 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 44 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 45 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 46 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 47 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 48 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 49 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 51 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 52 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 53 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 54 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 55 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 56 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 57 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 58 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 59 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 60 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 61 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 62 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 63 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 64 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 65 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 66 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 67 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 68 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 69 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 70 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 71 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 72 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 73 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 74 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 75 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 76 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 77 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 78 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 79 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 80 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 81 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 82 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 83 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 84 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 85 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 86 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 87 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 88 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 89 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 90 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 91 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 92 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 93 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 94 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 95 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 96 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 97 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 98 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 99 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 100 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 101 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 102 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 103 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 104 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 105 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 106 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 107 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 108 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 109 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 110 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 111 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 112 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 113 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 114 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 115 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 116 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 117 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 118 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 119 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 120 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 121 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 122 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 123 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 124 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 125 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 126 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 127 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 128 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 129 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 130 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 131 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 132 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 133 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 134 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 135 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 136 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 137 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 138 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 139 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 140 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 141 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 142 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 143 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 144 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 145 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 146 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 147 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 148 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 149 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 150 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 151 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 152 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 153 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 155 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 156 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 157 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 158 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 159 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 160 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 161 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 162 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 163 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 164 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 40 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 41 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 42 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 44 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 45 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 46 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 47 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 48 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 49 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 51 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 52 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 53 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 54 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 55 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 56 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 57 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 58 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 59 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 60 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 61 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 62 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 63 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 64 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 65 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Sn concentrations |
| 66 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 67 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 68 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 69 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 70 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 71 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 72 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 73 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 74 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 75 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 76 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 77 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 78 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 79 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 80 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 81 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 82 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 83 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 84 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 85 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 86 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 87 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 88 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 89 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 90 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 91 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 92 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 93 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 94 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 95 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 96 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 97 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 98 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 99 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 100 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 101 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 102 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 103 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 104 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 105 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 106 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 107 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 108 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 109 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 110 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 111 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 112 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 113 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 114 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 115 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 116 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 117 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 118 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 119 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 120 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 121 | EU 2021. Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1323 of 10 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in certain foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L 288, 11.8.2021, p. 13–18) | 2021 | Regulation | EU Cd concentrations |
| 122 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 123 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 124 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 125 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 126 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 127 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 128 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 129 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 130 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 131 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 132 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 133 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 134 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 135 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 136 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 137 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 138 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 139 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 140 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 141 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 142 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 143 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 144 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 145 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 146 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 147 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 148 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 149 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 150 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 151 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 152 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 153 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 155 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 156 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 157 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 158 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 159 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 160 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 161 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 162 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 163 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 164 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 40 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 41 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 42 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 44 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 45 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 46 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 47 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 48 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 49 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 51 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 52 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 53 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 54 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 55 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 56 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 57 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 58 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 59 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 60 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 61 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 62 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 63 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 64 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 65 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 66 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 67 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 68 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 69 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 70 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 71 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 72 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 73 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 74 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 75 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 76 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 77 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 78 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 79 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 80 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 81 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 82 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 83 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 84 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 85 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 86 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 87 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 88 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 89 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 90 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 91 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 92 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 93 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 94 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 95 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 96 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 97 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 98 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 99 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 100 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 101 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 102 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 103 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 104 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 105 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 106 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 107 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 108 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 109 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 110 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 111 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 112 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 113 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 114 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 115 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 116 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 117 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 118 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 119 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 120 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 121 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 122 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 123 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 124 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 125 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 126 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 127 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 128 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 129 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 130 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 131 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 132 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 133 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 134 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 135 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 136 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 137 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 138 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 139 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 140 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 141 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 142 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 143 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 144 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 145 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 146 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 147 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 148 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 149 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 150 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 151 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 152 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 153 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 154 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 155 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 156 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 157 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 159 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 160 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Hussain et al. 2024. Uptake and dietary toxicity of arsenic in rice genotypes: Effect of organic and inorganic amendments, Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development | 2024 | Book chapter | PK tAs occurrence in Two rice genotypes (Kainat and Basmati-385) under seven amendment treatments in an arsenic-irrigation pilot-scale experiment (n=14) |
| 40 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 41 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 42 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 44 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 45 | Liang et al. 2024. The dissolved organic matter from the co-decomposition of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw induces the strengthening of Cd remediation by Fe-modified biochar, Biochar | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Six paddy-soil amendment treatments, each replicated four times, in a Changsha, Hunan pot experiment using Cd-polluted paddy soil (n=24) |
| 46 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 47 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 48 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 49 | Mohammadi et al. 2024. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals due to consumption of rice in Southwestern Iran, Toxicology Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni occurrence in 16 local Champa rice samples after harvesting and husking, purchased from farmers in Lordegan (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)… (n=16) |
| 50 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 51 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 52 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 53 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 54 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 55 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 56 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 57 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 58 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 59 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 60 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 61 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 62 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 63 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 64 | Fagbemi et al. 2023. Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, IPS Journal of Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Seven street-hawked food types purchased from three busy road intersections and Oba market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (n=7) |
| 65 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 66 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 67 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 68 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 69 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 70 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 71 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 72 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 73 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 74 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 75 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 76 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 77 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 78 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 79 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 80 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 81 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 82 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 83 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 84 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 85 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 86 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 87 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 88 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 89 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 90 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 91 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 92 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 93 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 94 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 95 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 96 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 97 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 98 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 99 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 100 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 101 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 102 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 103 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 104 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 105 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 106 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 107 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 108 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 109 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 110 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 111 | Xu et al. 2022. Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn occurrence in 81 crop-grain samples and 81 paired agricultural-soil samples from rape, wheat, and paddy fields in Tongling, China (n=81) |
| 112 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 113 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 114 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 115 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 116 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 117 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 118 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 119 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 120 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 121 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 122 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 123 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 124 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 125 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 126 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 127 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 128 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 129 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 130 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 131 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 132 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 133 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 134 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 135 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 136 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 137 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 138 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 139 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 140 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 141 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 142 | Vatanpour et al. 2020. The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the Tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment, Chemosphere | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 33 cultivated rice samples (described by the paper as ‘fresh rice plants containing grains’, dry-ashed and acid-digested per… (n=33) |
| 143 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 144 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 145 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 146 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 147 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 148 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 149 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 150 | Sharafi et al. 2019. Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, Food Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 30 rice brands (10 Iranian-produced, 10 Indian-imported, 10 Pakistani-imported) drawn from 250 packed rice samples collected from households… (n=90) |
| 151 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 152 | Costa 2018. Especiacao quimica de arsenio em amostras de arroz empregando extracao por fase solida in-situ e determinacao por FI-HG AAS, Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia | 2018 | Thesis | BR tAs, iAs occurrence in IRMM-804 Rice Flour certified reference material used for validation of an arsenic speciation method (n=1) |
| 153 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 154 | Jafari et al. 2018. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment, Data in Brief 16 (2018) 453-459 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co occurrence in Systematic review of 10 primary studies (2010-2016) reporting heavy-metal concentrations in Iranian-grown and imported rice brands sold in… (n=10) |
| 155 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 156 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 157 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 159 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 160 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 148 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 149 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 150 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 148 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 149 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Hossain et al. 2024. Effects of soil pH and organic matter on the accumulation of cadmium in the grains of salt tolerant rice genotypes grown in Cd contaminated soil, Khulna University Studies | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cd occurrence in Four rice genotypes grown in Cd-stressed pot experiments across soil pH and organic-matter treatments (n=36) |
| 39 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 40 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 41 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 43 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 44 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 45 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 46 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 47 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 48 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 49 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 50 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 51 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 52 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 53 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 commercially purchased food samples from six supermarkets, six farmers’ markets, and one wholesale market across Shanyang and… (n=244) |
| 54 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180–202 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 55 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 56 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 57 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 58 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 59 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 60 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 61 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 62 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 63 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 64 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 65 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 66 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 67 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 68 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 69 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 70 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 71 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 72 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 73 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 74 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 75 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 76 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 77 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 78 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 79 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 80 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 81 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 82 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 83 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 84 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 85 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 86 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 87 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 88 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 89 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 90 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 91 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 92 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 93 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 94 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 95 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 96 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 97 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 98 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 99 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 100 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 101 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 102 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 103 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 104 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 105 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 106 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 108 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 109 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 110 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 111 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 112 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 113 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 114 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 115 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 116 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 117 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 118 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 119 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 120 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 121 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 122 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 123 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 124 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 125 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 126 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 127 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 128 | Katyal et al. 2020. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian market, BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Thirty packets of instant noodles from six brands available in large grocery stores in the Canadian market; dry… (n=30) |
| 129 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 130 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 131 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 132 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 133 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 134 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 135 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 136 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 137 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 138 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 139 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 140 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 141 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 142 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 143 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 144 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 145 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 146 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 147 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 148 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 149 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 79 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 80 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 81 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 82 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 83 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 84 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 85 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 86 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 87 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 88 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 89 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 90 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 91 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 92 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 93 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 94 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 95 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 96 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 97 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 99 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 100 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 101 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 102 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 103 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 105 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 106 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 107 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 108 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 109 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 110 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 111 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 112 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 113 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 114 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 115 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 116 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 117 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 118 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 119 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 120 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 121 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 122 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 124 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 125 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 126 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 127 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 128 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 129 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 131 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 132 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 133 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 134 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 135 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 136 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 137 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 138 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 139 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 140 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 141 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 143 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 144 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 145 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Bazie et al. 2022. Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in rice, maize, peanut, tomato, and dried fish samples in Burkina Faso (n=222) |
| 79 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 80 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 81 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 82 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 83 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 84 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 85 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 86 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 87 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 88 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 89 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 90 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 91 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 92 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 93 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 94 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 95 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 96 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 97 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 99 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 100 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 101 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 102 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 103 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 105 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 106 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 107 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 108 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 109 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 110 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 111 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 112 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 113 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 114 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 115 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 116 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 117 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 118 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 119 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 120 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 121 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 122 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 124 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 125 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 126 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 127 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 128 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 129 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 131 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 132 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 133 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 134 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 135 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 136 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 137 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 138 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 139 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 140 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 141 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 143 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 144 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 145 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 6 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 7 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 8 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Introduction 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Unknown journal | 2025 | Peer reviewed review | global As, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Processed infant foods and infant formula products (n=Scoping review; multiple studies synthesized) |
| 18 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 19 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 20 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 21 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 22 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 23 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 24 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 25 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 26 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 27 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 28 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 29 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 30 | Begum et al. 2024. Fertilization Enhances Grain Inorganic Arsenic Assimilation in Rice, Exposure and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Rice grown to maturity in controlled chambers using soil sourced from a Chinese paddy field |
| 31 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 32 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 33 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 34 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 35 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 36 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 37 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 38 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 39 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 40 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 41 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 42 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 43 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 44 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 45 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, W occurrence in null |
| 46 | Kumar et al. 2024. High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar – a major health risk to infants, Environmental Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Environmental Health |
| 47 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 48 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 49 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 50 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BR Ag, Al, tAs, iAs, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn occurrence in Eighteen Brazilian infant-cereal samples acquired in 2014-2015: 9 rice cereals, 5 multi-grain cereals containing rice, and 4 non-rice-based… (n=18) |
| 51 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 52 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 53 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 54 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 55 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 56 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 57 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 58 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 59 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 60 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 61 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 62 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 63 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 64 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 65 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food 3:25 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 66 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 67 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 68 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 69 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 70 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 71 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 73 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 74 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 75 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 76 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 77 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 78 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 79 | Bhat et al. 2022. Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Soil-plant-animal samples near brick kilns in Kashmir Himalayas |
| 80 | Neuwirth 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 81 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 82 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 83 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 84 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 85 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 86 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 87 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 88 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 89 | Jiang et al. 2022. Selenium Decreases the Cadmium Content in Brown Rice: Foliar Se Application to Plants Grown in Cd-contaminated Soil, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Se occurrence in Three-year field experiment (2017-2019) in Taojiang County, Hunan, China: three rice cultivars grown in low-Cd and high-Cd paddy… (n=108) |
| 90 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 91 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 92 | Qinghui et al. 2022. Co-accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivars under field conditions in South China, Research Square | 2022 | Preprint | CN Cd, tAs, iAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Brown rice grains from 208 rice cultivars grown under field conditions in South China |
| 93 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 94 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 95 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 96 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 97 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 98 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 99 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 100 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Review | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 101 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 102 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen — Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (edited volume, chapter) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 103 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 104 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 105 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 106 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 107 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 108 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics 9(11):304 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 109 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 110 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 111 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 112 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 113 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 114 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 115 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 116 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 117 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 118 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 119 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 120 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 121 | Zahra et al. 2020. Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Polythiophene as a Sorbent for Simultaneous Solid Phase Microextraction of Lead and Cadmium from Water and Food Samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Black tea, rice, infant dry formula milk, and cow milk samples purchased in Yazd, Iran (n=5) |
| 122 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 123 | FDA 2020. Supporting Document for Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2020 | Government report | US iAs occurrence in Three infant-rice-cereal datasets: 81 samples from 2011-2013, 76 samples from 2014, and 149 samples from 2018. (n=306) |
| 124 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 125 | Antonio et al. 2020. Ionic imprinted polymer - vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in rice by HPLC-ICP-MS, Talanta | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples purchased in local supermarkets in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, plus ERM-BC211 rice reference material |
| 126 | Palmieri et al. 2020. Implications and Significance of Mercury in Rice, Journal of Food Nutrition and Metabolism | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH/IN/CN tHg occurrence in 29 rice samples: 12 from Thailand, 6 from India, 6 from China, and 5 United States control samples;… (n=29) |
| 127 | Pogoson et al. 2020. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment, Food Chemistry | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, iAs, DMA, tAs occurrence in Ten polished rice samples purchased from retail stores in Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| 128 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 129 | Shi et al. 2020. Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants, Exposure and Health 13:229-235 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU Cd, iAs occurrence in Rice-based products available on the UK market, including products labeled for infants and generic rice products that infants… (n=Rice-based baby foods, generic rice crackers/cakes/cereals, and UK-purchased polished rice by origin; exact per-category n is figure/table dependent.) |
| 130 | Shi et al. 2020. Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain, Exposure and Health 12:869-876 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL Cd occurrence in Global polished white market-rice supply-chain samples purchased from retailers across 32 countries on six continents; country-level n and… (n=2270) |
| 131 | Xu et al. 2020. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs occurrence in 598 UK residents aged ≥16 years drawn from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme Years 7-8… (n=598) |
| 132 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 133 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 134 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 135 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 136 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 137 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 138 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 139 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 140 | Meyer et al. 2018. Low inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed-rice formula used for cow’s milk protein allergy, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 141 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Journal article | Cited reference from Scientific Reports |
| 142 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 143 | Maja et al. 2018. Non-chromatographic Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, iAs occurrence in Nine brown rice samples sold in Poland, coded B1-B9 |
| 144 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter, with the “Used on this page for” column populated by per-page synthesis.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Rahati et al. 2026. Monte Carlo simulation approach for health risk analysis of heavy metals’ contamination in infant formula and food on the Iranian market, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Iran rice-containing baby food Cr/Al ICP-OES concentrations (n=27); Pb/Cd/Hg below LOD across all 107 formula+baby-food samples |
| 6 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 7 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 8 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Houlihan et al. 2025. What’s in your family’s rice? Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Popular Rice Brands - Plus 9 Safer Grains to Try, Healthy Babies Bright Futures (HBBF) report | 2025 | Government report | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 211 retail grain containers (145 rice samples across 105 brands and 66 alternative-grain samples) purchased in 20 US… (n=211) |
| 17 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 18 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 19 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 20 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 21 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 22 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 23 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 24 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 25 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 26 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 27 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 28 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 29 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 30 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 31 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 32 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 33 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 34 | Garuba et al. 2024. Heavy Metals Analysis in Selected Commercial Baby Foods for Infant and Toddler: Health Risk Assessment of Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 35 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 36 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 37 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 38 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 39 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 40 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 41 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 42 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 43 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 44 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 45 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 46 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 47 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 48 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 49 | Alharbi et al. 2023. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals in Baby Foods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Food Science & Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 111 commercially available baby food products collected from pharmacies and main markets in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam, Saudi… (n=111) |
| 50 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 51 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 52 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 53 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 54 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 55 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 56 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 57 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 58 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 59 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 60 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 61 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 62 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 63 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 64 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 65 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 66 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 67 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 68 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 69 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 70 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 71 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 72 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 73 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 74 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 75 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 76 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 77 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 78 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 79 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 80 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 81 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 82 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 83 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 84 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 85 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 86 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 87 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 88 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 89 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 90 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 91 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 92 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen (Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 93 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 94 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 95 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 96 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 97 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 98 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 99 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 100 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 101 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 102 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 103 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 104 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 105 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 106 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 107 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 108 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 109 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 110 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 111 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 112 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 113 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 114 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 115 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 116 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 117 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 118 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 119 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 120 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 121 | Meyer et al. 2018. Inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed rice formulas for infants, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 122 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 123 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ( |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Italy iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 2 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PRISMA-ScR scoping review (n=121 studies) synthesizing rice and other staple-food As/Cd/Pb/Hg/Ni occurrence with Codex CXS 193-1995 and EU 2023/915 limits |
| 3 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Pb, Cd, tHg, As occurrence in 877 agricultural soil samples from four cities in coastal eastern Zhejiang Province, China (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua); paddy… (n=877) |
| 4 | Qin et al. 2026. Spatial coupling and individual-level evidence: linking rice cadmium exposure to liver cancer in a high-risk area of China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice grain samples from 44 counties/cities/districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; additionally 216 rice samples from 5… (n=3754) |
| 5 | Rahati et al. 2026. Monte Carlo simulation approach for health risk analysis of heavy metals’ contamination in infant formula and food on the Iranian market, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Iran rice-containing baby food Cr/Al ICP-OES concentrations (n=27); Pb/Cd/Hg below LOD across all 107 formula+baby-food samples |
| 6 | Xie et al. 2026. Co-occurrence of selenium and toxic elements and health risk assessment in commercial selenium-enriched rice from China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd occurrence in Commercial selenium-enriched rice from 14 Chinese provinces (n=54) |
| 7 | Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five crop species from Xiushan County, Chongqing, adjacent to typical manganese mining and smelting area; rice n=16, maize… (n=71) |
| 8 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in white and brown rice and health risk assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs/AsIII/AsV/DMA/MMA speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS in 30 Malaysian white and brown rice samples; 4 of 30 exceed EU 2023 iAs limits, all THQ>1 under USEPA 2025 RfD |
| 9 | Cardini et al. 2025. A novel approach for the identification of cadmium-chelating compounds in plant-based foods using SEC-ICP-MS/MS and SEC-QTOF-MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Seven plant-based food matrices: black-eyed beans, beluga lentils, tigernuts, basmati rice, sweet potato (cooked, dried, ground), beetroot leaves;… (n=7) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2025. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approach, Scientific Reports 15:2229 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Chongqing rice contribution to cumulative Pb/Cd/iAs/MeHg dietary exposure (n=969 across four age groups) via EFSA mRPI + Monte Carlo; iAs/tAs and MeHg/tHg conversion factors |
| 11 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Review-level rice/rice-mix baby-food signal for Pb and As |
| 12 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Global metagenomic survey of 801 paddy soil samples; rice grain from three Chinese soil chronosequences (1–2000 y cultivation… (n=801) |
| 13 | Du et al. 2025. Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary iAs/Pb/Hg/Cd/Sn/Cr/Ni/U in 56 Boston infants by thickener group (rice cereal n=10 vs Enfamil AR n=19 vs control n=27); no significant rice-cereal-driven iAs elevation |
| 14 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | US iAs concentrations |
| 15 | Gama et al. 2025. Assessing trace elements in soils and rice: insights from the Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PT tAs, Pb, U occurrence in Rice grain samples (white Carolino 2020, 2021, 2022, wild, brown) from Baixo Vouga Lagunar paddy fields, northern Portugal (n=5) |
| 16 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | Narrative review of Pb/Cd/Hg/MeHg/As speciation toxicology and consolidated FDA/EFSA/EPA/WHO/Codex limits for cereals including rice |
| 17 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rice arsenic speciation evidence |
| 18 | Scott et al. 2025. Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States, Risk Analysis | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Synthesis of literature on arsenic concentrations in US brown and white rice; dietary exposure estimates for US populations… |
| 19 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Wider soil-redox-gradient confirmation of irrigation trade-off; driest paddy exceeded Codex Cd ML in both years |
| 20 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 21 | Wang et al. 2025. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Porous Biochar-Loaded MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Cd(II), Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Rice purchased from a local farmers’ market in Haikou, China, and seawater from Xiu Ying Port; both used… |
| 22 | Wei et al. 2025. Integrating soil bioavailability and plant physiological responses to establish region-specific safety thresholds for cadmium and arsenic in rice cultivated in karst regions, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, tAs occurrence in Paired soil-rice samples from Gejiu-Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China (karst high-geochemical-background region) (n=125) |
| 23 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Spiked food matrices (fish, rice, shellfish, black beans) for whole-cell biosensor validation; no unspiked occurrence measurements reported |
| 24 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg occurrence in Rice samples from 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province, China, collected 2020–2022; supermarkets, wholesale markets, shopping centers, and… (n=6632) |
| 25 | Zafarzadeh et al. 2025. Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn occurrence in 144 rice samples from 3 dominant local brands (H, Sh, B), 48 samples per brand, collected from 16… (n=144) |
| 26 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Paddy soils and upland soils with high or low background Hg contamination, China; rice grain MeHg projections across… |
| 27 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 imported rice samples (India, USA, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand) and 9 locally grown Hassawi rice samples, collected from… (n=33) |
| 28 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd concentrations (n=143) |
| 29 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb occurrence in 103 food, beverage, and spice samples purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets, April 2022 to January… (n=103) |
| 30 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | international Pb, Cd, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 31 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 32 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=20) |
| 33 | Garuba et al. 2024. Heavy Metals Analysis in Selected Commercial Baby Foods for Infant and Toddler: Health Risk Assessment of Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US commercial baby-food survey: rice cereal (sample S5) tAs 0.013 µg/g (13 ppb, well below the FDA 100 ppb iAs action level); total As, no speciation. The 0.102 µg/g value is the beef-and-gravy sample (S7), not rice — the source’s discussion mislabeled S7 as rice cereal and the source page corrected it |
| 34 | Hao et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic accumulation in plants and grain, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, iAs, tAs occurrence in 76 peer-reviewed publications (meta-analysis) evaluating AMF effects on arsenic accumulation in food crops (n=76) |
| 35 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in 361 raw food samples from 360 households in 4 local government areas of Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria (Dutse,… (n=361) |
| 36 | Inoue et al. 2024. Engineering Rice Nramp5 Modifies Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Selectivity Using Yeast Assay System, Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1482099 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | international Cd concentrations |
| 37 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, iAs occurrence in 513 women (378 with breast milk samples) and 184 infants from 11 arsenic-affected districts in Bihar, India (Gangetic… (n=513) |
| 38 | Li et al. 2024. Achieving synergistic benefits through integrated governance of cultivated cadmium contamination via multistakeholder collaboration, Nature Communications | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Soil and rice paired samples from 26 county-level administrative regions in Xiangjiang River Basin, Hunan Province, China; 1,617,366… (n=1764660) |
| 39 | Li et al. 2024. Effects of selenium and cadmium on human liver and kidney functions in exposed black shale areas, GeoHealth | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 207 residents in Enshi County (Permian black shale exposure area, Hubei Province) and 114 residents in Zhuxi County… (n=321) |
| 40 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Arsenic-cadmium irrigation trade-off across six water-management regimes; iAs 20-90 µg/kg dw, Cd 10-150 µg/kg dw in polished grain |
| 41 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Real food samples (rice, milk, vegetables) analysed for Cd by ADA/VBB colorimetric method; actual occurrence concentrations reported |
| 42 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 43 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs occurrence in Commercial rice samples from five Chinese provinces (Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong), purchased from local markets, Beijing (n=36) |
| 44 | Tran et al. 2024. QTL mapping for grain mineral accumulation in a Vietnamese rice landrace collection, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | VN tAs, Cd occurrence in 184 Vietnamese rice landraces (Oryza sativa) grown in a field experiment in Vietnam; brown rice and white rice… (n=184) |
| 45 | Zhang 2024. AuNP-based colorimetric sensor for As3+ tested in rice and water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tAs occurrence in AuNP colorimetric sensor for As3+ validated in rice extracts and water; recovery experiments only, no unspiked occurrence measurements |
| 46 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 47 | AbdElgawad et al. 2023. Elevated CO2 mitigates chromium toxicity and accumulation in rice grain under Cr(VI) soil stress, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cr occurrence in Two Egyptian rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Giza 181) grown in Cr-spiked soil |
| 48 | Alharbi et al. 2023. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals in Baby Foods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Food Science & Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 111 commercially available baby food products collected from pharmacies and main markets in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam, Saudi… (n=111) |
| 49 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd occurrence in 13 food types from Sivas, Turkey: apple, spinach, salad, tomatoes, onion, oat, corn, aubergine, wheat, mushroom, black rice,… (n=13) |
| 50 | Cheng et al. 2023. Metagenomic and machine learning-aided identification of biomarkers driving distinctive Cd accumulation features in the root-associated microbiome of two rice cultivars, ISME Communications | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Two rice cultivars (XS14 low-Cd and YY17 hybrid) grown under five soil amendment treatments in Cd-contaminated farmland, China;… |
| 51 | Desalew et al. 2023. Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg occurrence in Rice grains from three major production regions of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema, Pawe); 9 composite samples per region (n=27) |
| 52 | Gupta et al. 2023. Recycled household ash in rice paddies of Bangladesh for sustainable production of rice without altering grain arsenic and cadmium, Environmental Pollution | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BD iAs, Cd occurrence in Large-scale field trials in two geographic regions of Bangladesh (Barind and Madhupur Tracts), 18 subsistence farming communities, 2… |
| 53 | Hu et al. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SE/CN tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in Heijing 5 rice grains from field trials in Uppsala, Sweden (lat 59°N) and Nanjing, China (lat 32°N); n≥4… (n=4) |
| 54 | Huang 2023. Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium concentration in rice grain from soil properties, Fundamental Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 601 paired soil-rice grain samples from Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, China, collected in 2016, 2019, and 2020; major… (n=601) |
| 55 | Limmer et al. 2023. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of arsenic, zinc, copper, and manganese in rice grain cross-sections, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Rice grains from US field trials (n=50) |
| 56 | Lockwood et al. 2023. Toxic and essential element content of traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties from Anuradhapura district, Food Chemistry Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, As, tAs occurrence in 11 traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties (brown and white) from Anuradhapura district; 2021 harvest (n=11) |
| 57 | Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MM tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni occurrence in White polished rice grains from rainfed paddy farms, five townships in Yangon Division, Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (2017 or… (n=120) |
| 58 | Oduro et al. 2023. Health risks of potentially toxic metals in cereal-based breakfast meals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Discover Food | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Kumasi rice-based breakfast products (subset of n=54) tAs/Cd/Cr/Mn/Ni/Pb dry-weight concentrations all exceeding FAO/WHO cereal limits |
| 59 | Price et al. 2023. Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability, Foods 12:2732 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Probabilistic IEUBK/ICRP/AALM biokinetic modeling: rice-cereal Pb contribution to infant BLL <15% of total (soil/dust dominate variance) |
| 60 | Rubio et al. 2023. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cereals and cereal derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores (Portuguese Atlantic archipelagos); multiple cereal types including rice,… |
| 61 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT iAs occurrence in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal (27 Portuguese origin, 9 from abroad; 14 supermarket, 22 from… (n=36) |
| 62 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Brown rice and rice bran iAs higher than polished white rice; polishing/processing nutrient-loss trade-off |
| 63 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Review citing FDA data and published literature on iAs in US rice and rice products |
| 64 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Mechanistic review of why rice is the cereal most sensitive to As (paddy anaerobic conditions mobilize arsenate/arsenite); soil pH/transfer-coefficient drivers for Cd uptake |
| 65 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg concentrations (n=509) |
| 66 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 67 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AT iAs, tAs occurrence in 30 rice and rice products (polished, parboiled, unpolished/husked rice, rice crackers, infant rice products) purchased from food shops… (n=30) |
| 68 | Zhao et al. 2023. Exogenous Silicon Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Promoting Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Rice, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Agronomic mitigation evidence: foliar silicon spray reduces brown rice Cd 13.5–65.7% via phenylpropanoid cell-wall lignification (PAL/C4H/4CL pathway) |
| 69 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 70 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Narrative review synthesizing Congressional Subcommittee findings, FDA testing, and peer-reviewed literature on infant and toddler food |
| 71 | Beene et al. 2022. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations, Environment International | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD/US/CL As, iAs, tAs occurrence in Three populations: rural Bangladesh HEALS cohort n=11,224 (with rice and well-water As); Navajo Nation NBCS n=619; northern Chile… (n=12473) |
| 72 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 73 | Cui et al. 2022. Source apportionment of speciated mercury in Chinese rice grain using a high-resolution model, ACS Environmental Au | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Model-simulated distribution across 464,368 Chinese rice paddy grids (1 km × 1 km), validated against field measurements |
| 74 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cr concentrations |
| 75 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: concentration distributions for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, U, iAs, tAs, tHg in cooked white rice (n=27) |
| 76 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg concentrations (n=220) |
| 77 | Huang et al. 2022. The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | China rice Pb (pooled 0.10 mg/kg DW, 24 studies) and Cd (pooled 0.16 mg/kg DW, 29 studies) meta-analysis 2011–2021; THQ>1.0 for adults and children |
| 78 | Huhmann et al. 2022. A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) participants, Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh; also 814 rice samples from 410 HEALS… (n=11197) |
| 79 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | international Cd concentrations |
| 80 | Li et al. 2022. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of fluorine and cadmium in rice, corn, and wheat grains in most karst regions of Guizhou province, China, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Guizhou karst rice (n=113) Cd by ICP-MS: 0–463 µg/kg range; 11.6% exceedance of China GB 2762-2017 0.2 mg/kg standard |
| 81 | Liu et al. 2022. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops from a coexist area of heavily industrialized and intensively cropping in the Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, China, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 40 rice + 10 maize grain samples plus 40 paddy soils + 10 dryland soils; collected from Shifang… (n=50) |
| 82 | Munir et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Natural Foods Is a Serious Health Issue: A Review, Sustainability | 2022 | Review | Narrative review citing Codex CXS 193-1995 cereal grain Pb 0.2 mg/kg and rice Cd 0.4 mg/kg MLs; covers Cr/Cd/Pb/Hg/As toxicity mechanisms in plant foods |
| 83 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, iAs occurrence in Commentary/opinion reviewing FDA standards and third-party survey data on baby food metals; cites Clean Label Project and other… |
| 84 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US baby-food category comparison (Cardno ChemRisk, FDA EAM 4.7 ICP-MS, n=36): rice-based grain products mean As ~120 µg/kg drive all elevated non-cancer HQ exceedances |
| 85 | Sarker et al. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs — a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Review | Systematic review of Bangladesh rice/vegetable/fish Pb/Cd/As/Cr/Ni exceedances of WHO/FAO MTLs driven by industrial effluent and arsenic-rich groundwater irrigation |
| 86 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs occurrence in 400 children from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohort; subsample with arsenic speciation data at… (n=400) |
| 87 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NHBCS longitudinal urinary biomonitoring (n=187): 11-fold increase in urinary As from 6 weeks to 1 year associated with rice consumption during weaning |
| 88 | Sitek et al. 2022. The role of antioxidant vitamins in cadmium toxicity prevention, Nutrients | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | EU/WHO/global Cd occurrence in Review of human and animal studies on dietary Cd exposure and antioxidant vitamin interactions |
| 89 | Sripada et al. 2022. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review, Journal of Global Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | LMIC mitigation review (26 studies from 21 countries) including rice cooking method education and paddy biochar soil amendment as Cd reduction levers |
| 90 | Sun et al. 2022. Statement on Establishment of A Provisional Health Based Guidance Value for Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in China, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences | 2022 | Government report | CN Cd occurrence in Chinese residents from 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai), long-term local rice consumers (n=7152) |
| 91 | Vanisree et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies, IntechOpen (Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals) | 2022 | Book chapter | Mechanism review of soil/irrigation-water Pb/Cd/As/Hg/Cr/Ni transport into rice and other cereal crops; includes Bangladesh DEPZ effluent water concentration table |
| 92 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | China 6th TDS cereal-category Pb (mean 11.9 µg/kg) and Cd (mean 14.5 µg/kg) detection rates 100%; Hunan rice drives 120% PTMI Cd exceedance |
| 93 | Clair-Caliot et al. 2021. Uptake of Arsenic by Irrigated Vegetables and Cooked Food Products in Burkina Faso, Frontiers in Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Burkina Faso cooking-water effect: As transfers to rice when cooked with As-contaminated water; steaming reduces As 8–18× vs boiling |
| 94 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=13608) |
| 95 | Enamorado-Montes et al. 2021. Mercury Accumulation in Commercial Varieties of Oryza sativa L. Cultivated in Soils of La Mojana Region, Colombia, Toxics | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Colombia La Mojana (gold-mining-impacted) tHg in three rice varieties; FA473 at 1500 µg/kg soil exceeds EU 10 µg/kg and China 20 µg/kg grain limits |
| 96 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MADRES Los Angeles Hispanic pregnancy cohort (n=241): rice consumption identified as significant predictor of higher urinary iAs/MMA/DMA by HPLC-ICP-MS |
| 97 | Kurniawati et al. 2021. Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysis, AIP Conference Proceedings | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Jakarta market rice tHg 0.15 mg/kg (Cr also measured) by NAA; rice drives Hg HRI=2.1 in Indonesian diet at 240 g/person/day consumption |
| 98 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EU/Spain Pb, tHg, Ni, U concentrations |
| 99 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 100 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg concentrations |
| 101 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Canada three commercial baby rice cereals: HPLC-ICP-MS bio-accessible iAs fractions exceed FDA 100 ppb infant rice-cereal action level in all three samples |
| 102 | Tian et al. 2021. A rapid magnetic-based purification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ prior to portable electrochemical determination for grain, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd, Pb occurrence in Naturally contaminated grain samples (rice, wheat, corn) from local markets in China (n=12) |
| 103 | Uddin et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review, Toxics | 2021 | Review | Global synthesis of rice Cd/As/Cr/Pb/Hg/Ni accumulation across Asia/Africa/Australia; identifies rice as dominant inland-Asian Hg exposure pathway via paddy methylation |
| 104 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | US/international As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Li, Pt, Sb, Ba, Cs, Pd, Ag, Te, Tl, Sn, Ti, U, V, Be, Au concentrations |
| 105 | Zhao et al. 2021. Cadmium Removal from Rice Flour Using Coimmobilized Microorganisms, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in 2 rice flour samples treated with coimmobilized Lactobacillus plantarum; laboratory study (n=2) |
| 106 | Afonne et al. 2020. Heavy metals risks in plant foods – need to step up precautionary measures, Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2020 | Review | Plant-food contamination review citing Codex Pb 0.2 mg/kg and Cd 0.4 mg/kg rice MLs; central-China mining-area rice exceedance |
| 107 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | global/AR/BO iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1180) |
| 108 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA Closer to Zero iAs action level for infant rice cereal (100 ppb) |
| 109 | Liu et al. 2020. Genome-wide association studies of ionomic and agronomic traits in USDA mini core collection of rice and comparative analyses of different mapping methods, BMC Plant Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Ni, Mn concentrations (n=191) |
| 110 | Schaefer et al. 2020. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure, Journal of Food Science | 2020 | Review | FDA/CFSAN Cd mitigation review identifying agronomic levers (soil pH, cultivar, fertilizer) as more impactful than processing for rice and other cereal Cd reduction |
| 111 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | FR Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in French infant and toddler foods (n=291) |
| 112 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg concentrations |
| 113 | Gardener et al. 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Clean Label Project ICP-MS of 564 US baby foods + formulas: rice-containing products had highest Pb and Cd across all sub-categories; organic certification not protective |
| 114 | Houlihan et al. 2019. What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and Lead, Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2019 | Nonprofit | HBBF survey of 168 US baby foods (61 brands): rice-based foods alone drive ~20% of estimated 11M-IQ-point population-level loss from baby-food heavy metals |
| 115 | Liang et al. 2019. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Beijing cereal-group means including rice: Cr 128, Pb 62, As 28, Cd 20, Hg 20 µg/kg DW; cereals and vegetables drive 91.5% of dietary Cd intake |
| 116 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 117 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | GB/EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=106) |
| 118 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=149) |
| 119 | Meyer et al. 2018. Inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed rice formulas for infants, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IT/FR/BE iAs, tAs concentrations (n=5) |
| 120 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in 15 infants (8 female, 7 male) from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS), non-Hispanic white, assessed at… (n=15) |
| 121 | Chiger et al. 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment, Abt Associates report prepared for Healthy Babies Bright Futures | 2017 | Agency report | Abt/HBBF cost-benefit modeling: replacing US rice/rice-products for children 0–6 would avoid 9M IQ points/year ($12–18B in earnings) |
| 122 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 123 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 124 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 125 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 126 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 127 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 128 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 129 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 130 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 131 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 132 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 133 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 134 | Carey et al. 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of filters and cooking procedures for reducing inorganic arsenic (iAs) in rice in the context of providing healthy food for infants, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 135 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) Report for UK Food Standards Agency | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 136 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 137 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 138 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 139 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 140 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 141 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 142 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 143 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 144 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 145 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 146 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 147 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 148 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 149 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 150 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 151 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 152 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 153 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 155 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 156 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 124 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 125 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 126 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 127 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 128 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 129 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 130 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 131 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 132 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 133 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 134 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 135 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 136 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 137 | Carey et al. 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of filters and cooking procedures for reducing inorganic arsenic (iAs) in rice in the context of providing healthy food for infants, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 138 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) Report for UK Food Standards Agency | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 139 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 140 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 141 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 142 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 143 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 144 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 145 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 146 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 147 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 148 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 149 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 150 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 151 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 152 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 153 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 154 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 155 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 156 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 157 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 158 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 159 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 145 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 146 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 148 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 149 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 150 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 151 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 154 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 155 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 156 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 157 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 160 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 161 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 162 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 163 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 164 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 165 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 166 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 167 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 168 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 169 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 170 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 171 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 172 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 175 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 176 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 177 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 178 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 179 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 181 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 182 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 183 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 185 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 186 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 146 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 148 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 149 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 150 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 151 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 152 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 154 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 155 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 156 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 157 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 159 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 161 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 162 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 163 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 164 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 165 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 166 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 167 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 168 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 169 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 170 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 171 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 172 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 175 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 176 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 177 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 178 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 179 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 181 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 182 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 183 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 184 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 185 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 186 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 187 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 146 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 147 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 148 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 149 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 150 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 151 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 152 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 153 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 154 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 155 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 156 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 157 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 158 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 159 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 161 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 162 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 163 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 164 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 165 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 166 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 167 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 168 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 169 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 170 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 171 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 172 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 173 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 174 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 175 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 176 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 177 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 178 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 179 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 180 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 181 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 182 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 183 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 184 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 185 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 186 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 187 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 150 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 151 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 153 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 154 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 155 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 156 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 157 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 160 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 161 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 162 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 164 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 165 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 166 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 167 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 168 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 169 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 170 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 171 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 172 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 173 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 174 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 175 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 176 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 177 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 178 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 179 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 182 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 183 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 184 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 185 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 186 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 188 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 189 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 190 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 191 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 192 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 193 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 150 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 151 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 153 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 154 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 155 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 156 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 157 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 159 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 160 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 161 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 162 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 164 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 165 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 166 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 167 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 168 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 169 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 170 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 171 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 172 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 173 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 174 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 175 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 176 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 177 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 178 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 179 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 182 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 183 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 184 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 185 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 186 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 188 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 189 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 190 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 191 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 192 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 193 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 151 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 152 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 153 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 154 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 155 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 156 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 157 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 158 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 159 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 160 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 161 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 163 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 164 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 165 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 166 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 167 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 168 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 169 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 170 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 171 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 172 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 173 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 174 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 175 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 176 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 177 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 178 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 179 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 180 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 181 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 182 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 183 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 184 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 185 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 186 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 187 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 189 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 190 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 191 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 192 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 193 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 194 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 161 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 163 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 164 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 165 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 166 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 167 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 168 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 169 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 170 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 171 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 172 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 173 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 174 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 175 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 176 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 177 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 178 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 179 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 180 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 181 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 182 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 183 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 184 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 185 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 186 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 187 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 188 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 189 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 190 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 191 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 192 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 193 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 194 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 195 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 196 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 197 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 198 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 199 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 200 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 201 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 202 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 203 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 204 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 205 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 206 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 207 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 208 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 209 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 210 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 211 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 212 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 161 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 162 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 163 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 164 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 165 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 166 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 167 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 168 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 169 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 170 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 171 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 172 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 173 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 174 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 175 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 176 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 177 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 178 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 179 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 180 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 181 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 182 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 183 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 184 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 185 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 186 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 187 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 188 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 189 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 190 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 191 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 192 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 193 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 194 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 195 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 196 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 197 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 198 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 199 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 200 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 201 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 202 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 203 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 204 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 205 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 206 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 207 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 208 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 209 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 210 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 211 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 212 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 165 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 166 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 167 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 168 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 169 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 170 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 171 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 172 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 173 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 174 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 175 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 176 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 177 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 178 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 179 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 181 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 182 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 183 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 184 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 185 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 186 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 187 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 188 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 189 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 190 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 191 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 192 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 193 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 194 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 195 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 196 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 197 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 198 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 199 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 200 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 201 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 202 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 203 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 204 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 205 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 206 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 207 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 208 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 209 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 210 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 211 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 212 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 213 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 214 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 215 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 216 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 217 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 218 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 219 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 165 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 166 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 167 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 168 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 169 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 170 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 171 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 172 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 173 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 174 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 175 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 176 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 177 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 178 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 179 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 180 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 181 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 182 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 183 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 184 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 185 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 186 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 187 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 188 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 189 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 190 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 191 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 192 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 193 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 194 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 195 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 196 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 197 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 198 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 199 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 200 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 201 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 202 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 203 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 204 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 205 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 206 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 207 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 208 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 209 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 210 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 211 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 212 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 213 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 214 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 215 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 216 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 217 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 218 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 219 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 173 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 174 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 175 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 176 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 177 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 178 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 179 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 180 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 181 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 182 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 183 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 185 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 186 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 187 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 189 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 190 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 191 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 192 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 193 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 194 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 195 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 196 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 197 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 198 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 199 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 200 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 201 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 202 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 203 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 204 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 205 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 206 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 207 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 208 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 209 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 210 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 211 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 212 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 213 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 214 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 215 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 216 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 217 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 218 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 219 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 220 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 221 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 222 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 223 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 224 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 225 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 226 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 227 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 228 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 229 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 173 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 174 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 175 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 176 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 177 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 178 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 179 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 180 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 181 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 182 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 183 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 185 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 186 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 187 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 189 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 190 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 191 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 192 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 193 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 194 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 195 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 196 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 197 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 198 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 199 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 200 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 201 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 202 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 203 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 204 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 205 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 206 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 207 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 208 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 209 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 210 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 211 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 212 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 213 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 214 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 215 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 216 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 217 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 218 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 219 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 220 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 221 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 222 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 223 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 224 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 225 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 226 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 227 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 228 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 229 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 173 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 174 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 175 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 176 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 177 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 178 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 179 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 180 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 181 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 182 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 183 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 185 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 186 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 187 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 189 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 190 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 191 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 192 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 193 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 194 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 195 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 196 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 197 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 198 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 199 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 200 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 201 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 202 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 203 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 204 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 205 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 206 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 207 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 208 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 209 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 210 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 211 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 212 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 213 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 214 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 215 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 216 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 217 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 218 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 219 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 220 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 221 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 222 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 223 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 224 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 225 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 226 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 227 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 228 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 229 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 173 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 174 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 175 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 176 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 177 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 178 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 179 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 180 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 181 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 182 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 183 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 184 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 185 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 186 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 187 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 188 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 189 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 190 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 191 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 192 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 193 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 194 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 195 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 196 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 197 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina, grouped by flavor/main formulation into apple, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, honey,… (n=72) |
| 198 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 199 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 200 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 201 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 202 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 203 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 204 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 205 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 206 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 207 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 208 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 209 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 210 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 211 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 212 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 213 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 214 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 215 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 216 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 217 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 218 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 219 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 220 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 221 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 222 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 223 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 224 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 225 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 226 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 227 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 228 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 229 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 187 | Guo et al. 2017. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Asian Rice-Derived Food Products, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US/CN/VN Cr, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Six rice-noodle products, five rice vinegar/wine products, and five rice-snack products purchased from local oriental markets in Jackson,… (n=16) |
| 188 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 189 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 190 | Li et al. 2017. Cadmium transfer from contaminated soils to the human body through rice consumption in southern Jiangsu Province, China, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Seventy paired Indica rice-grain and 0-15 cm soil samples collected at maturity in July 2014 from five areas… (n=70) |
| 191 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 192 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 193 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 194 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 195 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 196 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 197 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 198 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 199 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 200 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 201 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 202 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 203 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 204 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 205 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 206 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 207 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 208 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 209 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 210 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 211 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 212 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 213 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars from nine popular brands marketed in Argentina, sampled May–July 2014, grouped by flavor/main… (n=72) |
| 214 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 215 | Islam et al. 2015. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Commonly consumed meat, egg, fish, milk, vegetable, cereal, and fruit foods collected from agriculture fields, farms, river, and… |
| 216 | Iyabo et al. 2015. Toxic and Essential Metals in Staple Foods Commonly Consumed by Students in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria, International Journal of Chemistry | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb occurrence in Thirty listed staple food items identified from a questionnaire of 200 volunteered Ekiti State University students and purchased… (n=30) |
| 217 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 218 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 219 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 220 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 221 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 222 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 223 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 224 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 225 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 226 | Islam et al. 2014. Heavy Metals in Cereals and Pulses: Health Implications in Bangladesh, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Composite samples of rice, wheat, maize, lentil, and black gram collected from agricultural fields in the Bogra district… (n=144) |
| 227 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 228 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 229 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 230 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 231 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 232 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 233 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 234 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 235 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 236 | Loutfy et al. 2012. Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, Egypt, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu occurrence in About 350 locally produced individual food samples purchased in 2007 from four local markets around Ismailia city, Egypt,… (n=117) |
| 237 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 238 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 239 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 240 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 241 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 242 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 243 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 244 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 245 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 246 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 247 | Uneyama et al. 2007. Arsenic in various foods: Cumulative data, Food Additives & Contaminants | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | JP/US/GB tAs, iAs occurrence in Cumulative review of arsenic measurements in food from PubMed, Japanese local-authority research databases, and national food-safety surveillance reports;… |
| 248 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 249 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 250 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 251 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 252 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 187 | Guo et al. 2017. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Asian Rice-Derived Food Products, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US/CN/VN Cr, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Six rice-noodle products, five rice vinegar/wine products, and five rice-snack products purchased from local oriental markets in Jackson,… (n=16) |
| 188 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 189 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 190 | Li et al. 2017. Cadmium transfer from contaminated soils to the human body through rice consumption in southern Jiangsu Province, China, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Seventy paired Indica rice-grain and 0-15 cm soil samples collected at maturity in July 2014 from five areas… (n=70) |
| 191 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 192 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 193 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 194 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 195 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 196 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 197 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 198 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 199 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 200 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 201 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 202 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 203 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 204 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 205 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 206 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 207 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 208 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 209 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 210 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 211 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 212 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 213 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars from nine popular brands marketed in Argentina, sampled May–July 2014, grouped by flavor/main… (n=72) |
| 214 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 215 | Islam et al. 2015. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Commonly consumed meat, egg, fish, milk, vegetable, cereal, and fruit foods collected from agriculture fields, farms, river, and… |
| 216 | Iyabo et al. 2015. Toxic and Essential Metals in Staple Foods Commonly Consumed by Students in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria, International Journal of Chemistry | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb occurrence in Thirty listed staple food items identified from a questionnaire of 200 volunteered Ekiti State University students and purchased… (n=30) |
| 217 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 218 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 219 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 220 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 221 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 222 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 223 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 224 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 225 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 226 | Islam et al. 2014. Heavy Metals in Cereals and Pulses: Health Implications in Bangladesh, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Composite samples of rice, wheat, maize, lentil, and black gram collected from agricultural fields in the Bogra district… (n=144) |
| 227 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 228 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 229 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 230 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 231 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 232 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 233 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 234 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 235 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 236 | Loutfy et al. 2012. Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, Egypt, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu occurrence in About 350 locally produced individual food samples purchased in 2007 from four local markets around Ismailia city, Egypt,… (n=117) |
| 237 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 238 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
| 239 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, Fe occurrence in Samples from Sri Lanka North Central Province (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Madawachchiya): rice (n≈40), pulses, fish (Tilapia, Channa), lotus rhizomes,… (n=140) |
| 240 | Shindoh et al. 2010. Changes in Cadmium Content when Processing Soybean to Miso and Soy Sauce, Report of the National Food Research Institute (Rep. Nat’l Food Res. Inst), No. 74 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Two soybean lots (designated soybean A and soybean B) of different varieties were used as starting material for… (n=2) |
| 241 | Bandara et al. 2010. Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution, Toxicology Letters | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd occurrence in CRF patients and asymptomatic persons from farming areas in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Madawachchiya,… (n=50) |
| 242 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 243 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EU Cd concentrations |
| 244 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | BD/CN/EG iAs, tAs concentrations (n=901) |
| 245 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | US/AU/BD iAs, tAs concentrations (n=105) |
| 246 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 247 | Uneyama et al. 2007. Arsenic in various foods: Cumulative data, Food Additives & Contaminants | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | JP/US/GB tAs, iAs occurrence in Cumulative review of arsenic measurements in food from PubMed, Japanese local-authority research databases, and national food-safety surveillance reports;… |
| 248 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations (n=134) |
| 249 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 250 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 251 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 252 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni-in-food review; rice mean 0.21 µg/g (range 0.08-0.45, n=16); load factor F = 3.5 in the Danish-average diet model |
| 2–18B in earnings) | ||||
| 200 | Guo et al. 2017. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Asian Rice-Derived Food Products, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US/CN/VN Cr, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Six rice-noodle products, five rice vinegar/wine products, and five rice-snack products purchased from local oriental markets in Jackson,… (n=16) |
| 201 | Hosojima et al. 2017. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Trial of Rice Endosperm Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | JP Cd occurrence in Five batches of rice endosperm protein powder prepared from Japonica rice flour for a maintenance-hemodialysis nutrition intervention in… (n=5) |
| 202 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | international iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 203 | Jung 2017. Inorganic arsenic contents in infant rice powders and infant rice snacks marketed in Korea determined by a highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following derivatization with British Anti-Lewisite, Food Science and Biotechnology 27(2):617–622 (2018) | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | KR iAs occurrence in Ready-to-cook infant rice powder products (n=28) and puffed-type infant rice snacks (n=31) randomly purchased from local and online… (n=59) |
| 204 | Li et al. 2017. Cadmium transfer from contaminated soils to the human body through rice consumption in southern Jiangsu Province, China, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Seventy paired Indica rice-grain and 0-15 cm soil samples collected at maturity in July 2014 from five areas… (n=70) |
| 205 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | China Jiangsu coal-fired-power-plant proximity gradient: 67% of grain samples (rice + maize) exceed GB 2762-2012 20 µg/kg Hg limit via atmospheric particulate deposition |
| 206 | Li et al. 2017. Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg occurrence in Pooled vegetable, grain, and soil samples from six open-field locations within 10 km of two coal-fired power plants… |
| 207 | Seema et al. 2017. Accumulation and transformation of inorganic and organic arsenic in rice and role of thiol-complexation to restrict their translocation to shoot, Scientific Reports | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/IN iAs, tAs, MA, DMA occurrence in Hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., subsp. indica, cv. Triguna, a West Bengal cultivar from authenticated seed). Seedlings… (n=12) |
| 208 | Shirani et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 120 packed rice samples collected from local agricultural agencies and retail markets in Mashhad, Iran. Samples were grouped… (n=120) |
| 209 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | ES/GB/IT iAs concentrations (n=73) |
| 210 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 211 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 212 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/UK tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-seven commercial rice products purchased in supermarkets and Asian-food suppliers in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland: rice grains… (n=87) |
| 213 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 214 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | US iAs concentrations (n=547) |
| 215 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 216 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | FSAI 2nd TDS as-consumed Al/tAs/iAs/Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg/Sn in Irish diet; cereals (including rice) dominate iAs exposure (81% adults, 94% children) |
| 217 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 218 | Qandashtani et al. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/PK tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in 210 packed long-grain (Indica) rice samples drawn from 10 imported rice types available in retail stores in Torbat-Heidarieh… (n=210) |
| 219 | Chaleshtori et al. 2016. A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran, Toxin Reviews | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, tAs, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, tHg occurrence in Systematic review aggregating 28 prior studies on heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in or imported into… (n=28) |
| 220 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Theoretical US infant cohort ages 4–24 months; modeled from EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors; iAs concentrations sourced from FDA… |
| 221 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT/EU iAs, tAs, Cd concentrations (n=164) |
| 222 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry 191:128-134 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 223 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2016 | Peer reviewed journal | Cited reference from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| 224 | Manus et al. 2015. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | GB/US/IN iAs, tAs concentrations (n=41) |
| 225 | Fasahat 2015. Recent progress in understanding cadmium toxicity and tolerance in rice, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cadmium-toxicity-and-tolerance literature through 2014; no primary measurements |
| 226 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | UK FERA/FSA TDS rice and miscellaneous-cereals as-consumed ICP-MS Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/Hg/Ni/Al/Cr/Sn/Sb (n=3,312 retail samples, 138 food categories) |
| 227 | Hidalgo et al. 2015. Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina, International Journal of Celiac Disease 3(1):12-16 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AR tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-two commercial gluten-free cereal bars from nine popular brands marketed in Argentina, sampled May–July 2014, grouped by flavor/main… (n=72) |
| 228 | Iqbal et al. 2015. Lead accumulation and growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in lead contaminated soil under salt stress, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb concentrations (n=2) |
| 229 | Islam et al. 2015. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Commonly consumed meat, egg, fish, milk, vegetable, cereal, and fruit foods collected from agriculture fields, farms, river, and… |
| 230 | Iyabo et al. 2015. Toxic and Essential Metals in Staple Foods Commonly Consumed by Students in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria, International Journal of Chemistry | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb occurrence in Thirty listed staple food items identified from a questionnaire of 200 volunteered Ekiti State University students and purchased… (n=30) |
| 231 | Mania et al. 2015. Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Approximately 1,000 commercial infant-food samples collected from retail markets in all Polish provinces during the 2009-2013 sanitary-epidemiological monitoring… (n=1000) |
| 232 | Moradi et al. 2015. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Crops Contaminated by Heavy Metals in Industrial Regions, Central Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (accepted manuscript, 29 Sep 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU/US Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe occurrence in Twenty-seven edible-crop samples and 27 paired topsoil (0–20 cm) samples drawn from three regions of Isfahan province, central… (n=27) |
| 233 | Mostofa et al. 2015. Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice, Scientific Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Cd occurrence in Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52 seedlings, 13 days old at exposure, hydroponic culture; three independent replications per… |
| 234 | Naseri et al. 2015. Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Rice Types Available in Shiraz Market and Human Health Risk Assessment, Food Chemistry (accepted manuscript, 18 Nov 2014; in print 2015) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IN/TH Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co occurrence in Fifty rice analytical sub-samples drawn from 210 retail rice packs (each 15–20 kg) purchased from retail stores in… (n=50) |
| 235 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | international/EU/US Cd concentrations |
| 236 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 237 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 238 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=697) |
| 239 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 240 | FSA 2014. Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, Food Standards Agency report | 2014 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Forty-seven infant formula samples, 200 commercial infant foods, and 50 composite ‘other foods’ samples purchased from UK retail… (n=297) |
| 241 | Islam et al. 2014. Heavy Metals in Cereals and Pulses: Health Implications in Bangladesh, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Composite samples of rice, wheat, maize, lentil, and black gram collected from agricultural fields in the Bogra district… (n=144) |
| 242 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | Analytical-method review (FAAS/GFAAS/ICP-AES/ICP-MS/XRF) and dietary intake/HRI framework applicable to rice and cereal monitoring |
| 243 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | US iAs, tAs concentrations (n=1300) |
| 244 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Shanghai adults >40 (n=207): rice Cd mean 0.023, median 0.009, P90 0.090 mg/kg wet weight; rice + vegetables + seafood = 86.3% of dietary Cd |
| 245 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 246 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | First Hong Kong TDS direct iAs speciation by HG-ICP-MS: cooked white rice alone contributes 45.2% of total Hong Kong dietary iAs exposure |
| 247 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 248 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs concentrations |
| 249 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, MMA, DMA concentrations |
| 250 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA occurrence in Commercial products containing organic brown rice syrup (OBRS): 3 OBRS lots, 2 toddler formulas with OBRS, 13 toddler/infant… (n=29) |
| 251 | Loutfy et al. 2012. Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, Egypt, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu occurrence in About 350 locally produced individual food samples purchased in 2007 from four local markets around Ismailia city, Egypt,… (n=117) |
| 252 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in US Asians and other racial/ethnic groups from NHANES 2011-2012 nationally representative sample; first NHANES cycle to oversample Asians |
| 253 | JECFA 2011. Cadmium (Addendum), 73rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives — Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series No. 64 (Cadmium addendum, pp. 305-380) | 2011 | Government report | international Cd, Pb concentrations |
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Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| b0f3d38 | 2026-06-12 | batch | corpus rescreen b04 old terminal skips |