Leafy Greens
This is a structural ingredient node created so product pages can link to a real wiki target. Occurrence values remain pending until a source is promoted for this ingredient.
Routing
This node is linked from non-root-vegetable-purees.
Contamination Profile State
The machine-readable contamination profile is pending. Ingredient-level values belong here once parsed; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chiutula et al. 2025. Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wastewater–Receiving Soil–Exotic and Indigenous Vegetable Systems and Its Potential Health Risks: A Case Study from Blantyre, Malawi, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Cr, Pb concentrations in six exotic and indigenous leafy vegetable species (including Chinese cabbage, mustard, rape, pumpkin leaves, sweet potato leaves, amaranth) irrigated with wastewater effluent in Blantyre, Malawi |
| 2 | Katebe et al. 2024. Application of soil amendments to reduce the transfer of trace metal elements from contaminated soils of Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo) to vegetables, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 3 | Altunay et al. 2023. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization, Foods 2023, 12, 3620 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Cd concentrations in spinach and salad from Turkish markets; reported values are anomalously elevated relative to EU norms and should be treated with caution pending unit-error investigation |
| 4 | Romero-Crespo et al. 2023. Heavy metals in soils and crops in a mining area of Ecuador, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni in leafy vegetables and food crops grown adjacent to active mining operations in Ecuador, documenting mining-area soil contamination transfer into edible crop portions |
| 5 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | JECFA dietary Cd exposure assessment identifying leafy greens as a contributing food group; European children aged 0.5–12 reaching up to 96 percent of the PTMI when cocoa is included |
| 6 | Rusin et al. 2021. Cadmium and lead contents in fresh and processed fruit and vegetable products and the resulting dietary risk assessment, Scientific Reports | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cd and Pb in 370 fresh, frozen, dried, and processed Polish vegetables and fruits, documenting that drying concentrates metals and that leafy vegetables carry higher Cd than root vegetables across all processing states |
| 7 | Ametepey et al. 2018. Determination of heavy metals in selected vegetables from markets in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana, International Journal of Food Contamination | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni in lettuce, spring onion, tomato, eggplant, and cocoyam leaf from Tamale, Ghana markets, with Cd and Pb detections above WHO/FAO limits in leafy species |
| 8 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | Canonical textbook Cd chapter synthesizing occurrence across food groups with leafy greens as a significant dietary Cd contributor, especially for European vegetarians and high-vegetable consumers |
| 9 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EFSA Cd scientific opinion establishing TWI of 2.5 µg/kg b.w./week with leafy greens among the food categories driving elevated Cd exposure in European vegetarians |
| 10 | California Office of Environmental 1996. Evidence on the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Cadmium, California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment | 1996 | Government report | California OEHHA hazard identification for Cd developmental and reproductive toxicity, referencing leafy vegetables as a dietary Cd exposure source in the Prop 65 listing basis |
| 11 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | International Codex MLs for Cd and Pb in vegetables including leafy greens, the international reference limit applicable to this commodity category |
| 12 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni concentration data across 2,221 food samples including leafy vegetables from the Danish dietary Ni survey, used as the Ni occurrence anchor for this page |