Cauliflower in the HMI library has 343 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr, Ti and Tl from 29 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →5The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 343 results from 29 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →
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Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the cauliflower was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →
Cauliflower overview
Cauliflower in the HMI library has 343 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr, Ti and Tl from 29 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →5The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in cauliflower, as sold from 1,037 results in 4 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 5.42 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In the US Total Diet Study, cauliflower, cooked had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →
Across 3 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 4.4 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015) to 12,200 µg/kg (Chowdhury et al. 2024).3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source → For cadmium, 5 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 3.4 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015) to 1,720 µg/kg (Chowdhury et al. 2024).3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the cauliflower came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as cauliflower
This page covers cauliflower in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: cauliflower, as sold (334 results) and cauliflower, cooked (9 results).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →5The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Heavy metal contamination profile of cauliflower
The table holds every extracted cauliflower result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 343 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →5The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →6Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
133 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 33 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 3 values from 2 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.5The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →7Determination of some heavy metals and their potential risk in selected vegetables on sale within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, NigeriaWorld NutritionRead source →
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of cauliflower, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 64 findings from 24 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
328 of 328 findings · 28 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
58 findings · 22 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2015–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2003–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2000–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | SEARO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2013–2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024 | stem vegetable, three local markets, Noakhali district2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 10.8 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAl 2010 | Vegetables, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLiang et al. 2019 | Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (C-A1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | clean water irrigation (C-C1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | wastewater irrigation (C-W1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 4,760 µg/kg (minimum); 22,800 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | all three districts (mean of site means)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbbas et al. 2010 | fruits vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 7.8 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSalhotra et al. 2017 | all samples (market, Jagdalpur)2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, cookedSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
55 findings · 21 studies · 3 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000–2006As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2003–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024 | stem vegetable, three local markets, Noakhali district2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 9.9 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNorton et al. 2015 | SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLiang et al. 2019 | Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (C-A1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | clean water irrigation (C-C1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | wastewater irrigation (C-W1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | all three districts (mean of site means)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbbas et al. 2010 | fruits vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldCantoral et al. 2024 | all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 4.59 µg/kg (minimum); 28.2 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSalhotra et al. 2017 | all samples (market, Jagdalpur)2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, cookedSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
21 findings · 9 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2023As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2015As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2003As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2022As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 3,600 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLiang et al. 2019 | Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbbas et al. 2010 | fruits vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
5 findings · 3 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2010–2023As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 1,400 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2010 | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 1,600 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
2 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 600 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLaizu 2007 | fruiting vegetables, local market, DhakaCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
19 findings · 8 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2009As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 2003 | Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / fresh | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 2003 | Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLiang et al. 2019 | Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbbas et al. 2010 | fruits vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
24 findings · 14 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024 | stem vegetable, three local markets, Noakhali district2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
29 findings · 15 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024 | stem vegetable, three local markets, Noakhali district2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldJitender et al. 2017 | wastewater-irrigated farmland, Hisar, three locations pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldLiang et al. 2019 | Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 3,800 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
5 findings · 4 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2009As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2009As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, cookedFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
8 findings · 8 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSalhotra et al. 2017 | all samples (market, Jagdalpur)2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
24 findings · 12 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldIslam et al. 2015 | Bogra district, all samples2012As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (C-A1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | clean water irrigation (C-C1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | wastewater irrigation (C-W1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 3,860 µg/kg (minimum); 9,130 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSamma et al. 2024 | six Bogura upazilas, compositesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | all three districts (mean of site means)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Devanahalli taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Doddaballapura taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShivakumar et al. 2020 | Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore RuralCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | not detected. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAbubakar et al. 2025 | Site II (Chokera), sewage-irrigatedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSalhotra et al. 2017 | all samples (market, Jagdalpur)2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
11 findings · 8 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024 | stem vegetable, three local markets, Noakhali district2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (C-A1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | clean water irrigation (C-C1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRahim 2023 | wastewater irrigation (C-W1)2018–2019 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSalhotra et al. 2017 | all samples (market, Jagdalpur)2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
6 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNisa et al. 2020 | local market, Quetta; brought from Quetta city; June-July 20192019 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
15 findings · 7 studies | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldJitender et al. 2017 | wastewater-irrigated farmland, Hisar, three locations pooledCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldRani et al. 2025 | flower vegetable2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | all three districts (mean of site means)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Bhaktapur district market sites (SBC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Kathmandu district market sites (SKC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldShakya et al. 2014 | Lalitpur district market sites (SLC)2012 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | all four phases (Aug-Sep 2009), Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 1, 8 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 2, 22 Aug 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 3, 5 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldSultana et al. 2019 | phase 4, 30 Sep 2009, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka2009 | sample value. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldWadood et al. 2021 | peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
6 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
6 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
6 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldImongben et al. 2026 | five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
6 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
| Cauliflower, as soldNikolić et al. 2014 | locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025 | Group IV2021–2022 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Cauliflower, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 11_642014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤5.65 | ≤7 | ≤14.3 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤6.16 | ≤7 | ≤10 |
52 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 52 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-88955b65374a:bdc2b2a45f28
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 57.9–62.9 (bounded) | 1310 | 3330 |
| Alternative weighting | 57.9–62.9 (bounded) | 1310 | 3330 |
7 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nikolić et al. 2014 | 1 | 25% |
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 25% |
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 25% |
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 1 | 25% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-0b01d81c4224:30dec2ccb0eb
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Pb reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤4 | ≤4 | ≤4 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤4 | ≤4 | ≤4 |
28 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 50% |
| Spungen et al. 2024 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-4ff61d125775:87054eb09e88
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 2–4.3 (bounded) | 4.28–7 (bounded) | 9.5–10 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | 2.9–5 (bounded) | 7–8 (bounded) | 11 |
54 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 54 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-5d1493f04ee9:246aeb94113a
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 20–25 (bounded) | 99 | 330 |
| Alternative weighting | 20–25 (bounded) | 99 | 330 |
8 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nikolić et al. 2014 | 1 | 25% |
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 25% |
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 25% |
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 2 | 25% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-de3aafebb039:b8bd4016fbc8
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cd reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 8.1 | 11 | 13 |
| Alternative weighting | 8.1 | 11 | 13 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-0ca016fbe8dc:4c3bfbb5a0c1
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2.5 | ≤5 | 1.41–10.6 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2.68 | ≤5 | 1.6–10.6 (bounded) |
35 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 35 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-b07f9f7f9014:57ce732fee91
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 36 | 52 | 71.5 |
| Alternative weighting | 36 | 52 | 71.5 |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Shivakumar et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-88500ffe7a8e:4e44af12f69d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tAs reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-7ab99fa8186d:8831d75d436d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower iAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower iAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 5 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-c40b03788fe6:041a03fd7cc6
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower iAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower iAs reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 24.6 | 24.6 | 24.6 |
| Alternative weighting | 24.6 | 24.6 | 24.6 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-26fd0ee3569f:36b79fd982fc
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤0.1 | ≤0.28 | 0.28–0.825 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤0.1 | ≤0.28 | 0.28–0.825 (bounded) |
22 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 20 | 50% |
| Dabeka et al. 2003 | 2 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-bab6d0d0ca06:64871dfb5b83
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 62.5 | 122 | 164 |
| Alternative weighting | 62.5 | 122 | 164 |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Shivakumar et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-58a380ade68d:45219df8d621
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower tHg reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-7c276510a059:c5853ae64af5
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Ni reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Ni reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 278 | 1800 | 3500 |
| Alternative weighting | 278 | 1800 | 3500 |
3 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 50% |
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 2 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-d0ae3f28f249:6d5044ecd6e8
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Ni reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Ni reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤40 | ≤40 | 78 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤40 | ≤40 | 78 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-902636eda42a:98798a792f77
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cr reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cr reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 3330 | 3910 | 6660 |
| Alternative weighting | 3330 | 3910 | 6660 |
8 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 50% |
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 4 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-c839d9177824:56767d9fee0b
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cr reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cr reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤50 | ≤50 | ≤50 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤50 | ≤50 | ≤50 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-ba09704f06f7:c9379a113d07
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Al reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Al reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 323–441 (bounded) | 512 | 838 |
| Alternative weighting | 323–441 (bounded) | 512 | 838 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-57f4ab61755b:3db014fa9a1e
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Sn reference · Cauliflower, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Sn reference · Cauliflower, as sold. Cauliflower, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 3.04–3.79 (bounded) | 6.83–7.21 (bounded) | 13.8–14.2 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | 3.04–3.79 (bounded) | 6.83–7.21 (bounded) | 13.8–14.2 (bounded) |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-fb783ec052d5:1a5dee2de5cb
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower U reference · Cauliflower, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower U reference · Cauliflower, cooked. Cauliflower, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, cooked on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-63fb8102e5ed:0795ee435846
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Co reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Co reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 373 | 373 | 373 |
| Alternative weighting | 373 | 373 | 373 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Nisa et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-e8a097a032e9:49ed37efbffb
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Cu reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Cu reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 369 | 3330 | 6510 |
| Alternative weighting | 369 | 3330 | 6510 |
8 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 33% |
| Shivakumar et al. 2020 | 4 | 33% |
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 3 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-8240874a5654:cc2ae6aaad85
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Fe reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Fe reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 3490 | 3490 | 3490 |
| Alternative weighting | 3490 | 3490 | 3490 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Nisa et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-ce34c679dc06:ecfd8ae0283e
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Mn reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Mn reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 590 | 590 | 590 |
| Alternative weighting | 590 | 590 | 590 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Nisa et al. 2020 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Nisa et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-71e6eca61321:63dadee56fef
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI cauliflower Zn reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI cauliflower Zn reference · Cauliflower, as sold, dry weight. Cauliflower, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 26500 | 46800 | 61200 |
| Alternative weighting | 26500 | 46800 | 61200 |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Sultana et al. 2019 | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for cauliflower, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Sultana et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for cauliflower, as sold on this basis in the completed cauliflower ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cauliflower-422c63c0837f:1491ed957ad9
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The value could not be reconciled with its own paper, so it is shown but not compared.
The result is below a reporting limit, and the range from zero to that limit crosses more than one band.
No medians or sample values exist for this form and metal, so no HMI reference could be built.
The HMI reference for this form has fewer than four units or no measurable spread, below the display minimum.
The result is on a basis (dry weight, or not stated) that no HMI reference for this form uses, so it cannot be placed.
Reporting limits overlap the study comparison, so no direction can be shown.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach cauliflower
Root uptake from soil is the primary documented pathway for cadmium in Brassicaceae crops including cauliflower. A controlled greenhouse experiment in Turkey grew broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) alongside cress and watercress in soil spiked with cadmium at five levels (0 to 50 mg per kg soil as CdCl2) and characterized cadmium uptake, root-to-shoot translocation, and nutrient disruption across the four species.17Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source → White cabbage, which is the most closely related species tested to cauliflower, accumulated the highest absolute shoot cadmium at the highest soil treatment level (251.6 mg per kg dry weight at 50 mg cadmium (Cd) per kg soil), and exhibited particularly poor root retention at low soil cadmium concentrations (5 mg per kg), where shoot cadmium distribution increased nearly sixfold relative to the control.17Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source → The study highlighted that visible agronomic tolerance does not protect against cadmium accumulation in edible tissues, which is relevant to Brassicaceae crops broadly, including cauliflower.17Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source →
These values are from a greenhouse spiked-soil experiment on a dry weight basis at cadmium concentrations substantially above typical agricultural background levels (background 0.1 to 0.5 mg per kg soil; slightly contaminated soils approximately 1 to 3 mg per kg). No dedicated retail cauliflower was tested in this deposit; the mechanistic pathway evidence applies to Brassicaceae broadly.
Organic soil amendments and wastewater irrigation are a separate documented pathway. A field trial in Zomba, Malawi applied bio-slurry (derived from municipal wastewater treatment) to plots growing rape (Brassica napus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) and measured no detectable lead or mercury in crop samples; cadmium in crops remained below FAO/WHO permissible limits in all amendment treatments, though soil chromium concentrations rose under bio-slurry application.18Effects of Bio-Slurry and Chemical Fertiliser Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Maize and Brassica Vegetables in MalawiEnvironmental Health InsightsRead source →
Wastewater irrigation in a peri-urban Malawian setting produced lead exceedances above FAO/WHO permissible limits in all Brassica species sampled, with the highest concentrations in Brassica rapa stems (lead 4.09 mg per kg dry weight, against a permissible limit of 0.3 mg per kg). Cadmium and total chromium concentrations also partially exceeded permissible limits in several Brassica species under wastewater irrigation.19Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wastewater-Receiving Soil-Exotic and Indigenous Vegetable Systems and Its Potential Health Risks: A Case Study from Blantyre, MalawiInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source → Those measurements were on a dry weight basis from a single-season snapshot at a wastewater treatment plant irrigation site and do not characterize commercial cauliflower supply chains.
Which forms and regions measured lower
For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for cauliflower, cooked (11 µg/kg) and highest for cauliflower, as sold (99 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →8Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesFood and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014Read source →9Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →10Heavy Metal Contaminations and Health Risk Assessment from Fruits and Vegetables in Bangalore Rural Markets, Karnataka, IndiaRasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2498-2507Read source →11Heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment in commonly sold vegetables in Dhaka city marketBangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54(4):357-366Read source → The HMI reference for lead in cauliflower, as sold pools 7 subgroup units from 4 sampling families, with a median of 1,310 µg/kg and a middle half spanning between 57.9 and 62.9 (lower quartile) and 3,330 µg/kg (upper quartile).8Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesFood and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014Read source →9Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →10Heavy Metal Contaminations and Health Risk Assessment from Fruits and Vegetables in Bangalore Rural Markets, Karnataka, IndiaRasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2498-2507Read source →11Heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment in commonly sold vegetables in Dhaka city marketBangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54(4):357-366Read source → For lead in cauliflower, cooked, the reference median was below 4 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 4 to below 4 µg/kg across 28 units.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →12Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → For lead in cauliflower, as sold, the reference median was below 7 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 5.65 to below 14.3 µg/kg across 52 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, cauliflower, as sold had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in EURO (4.2 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (9.5 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Targeted cauliflower, as sold samples in EURO had aluminium lower at 280 µg/kg, against 679 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
In one study, lead across 5 groups of cauliflower ranged from 40 µg/kg (locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)) to 5,670 µg/kg (locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.8Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesFood and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014Read source → In another study, lead across 4 groups of cauliflower ranged from 2,500 µg/kg (Nelamangala taluk market, Bangalore Rural) to 7,530 µg/kg (Hosakote taluk market, Bangalore Rural); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.10Heavy Metal Contaminations and Health Risk Assessment from Fruits and Vegetables in Bangalore Rural Markets, Karnataka, IndiaRasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2498-2507Read source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.
Mitigation for cauliflower
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing cauliflower for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.83 µg/kg (Altıkulaç et al. 2025) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →13Evaluation of Health Risks Associated with Potential Toxic Elements in Selected Vegetables Consumed in the Western Black Sea Region of TurkeyACS Omega 2025, 10, 8843-8858Read source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.5 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 50 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (Liang et al. 2019) to 500 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →14Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying cauliflower
No maximum level for metals in cauliflower was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from cauliflower
No source in the library converted cauliflower concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names cauliflower was decided on its content: 29 occurrence extracted, 29 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Cauliflower FAQs
What heavy metals are found in cauliflower?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr, Ti and Tl in cauliflower, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshScientific Reports 2024, 14: 15616Read source →4Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in cauliflower, as sold from 1,037 results in 4 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 5.42 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Which types of cauliflower have the lowest levels?
For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for cauliflower, cooked (11 µg/kg) and highest for cauliflower, as sold (99 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →8Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesFood and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014Read source →9Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →10Heavy Metal Contaminations and Health Risk Assessment from Fruits and Vegetables in Bangalore Rural Markets, Karnataka, IndiaRasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2498-2507Read source →11Heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment in commonly sold vegetables in Dhaka city marketBangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54(4):357-366Read source →
Which regions report the lowest levels in cauliflower?
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, cauliflower, as sold had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in EURO (4.2 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (9.5 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How much of the arsenic in cauliflower is inorganic?
Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 6 results from 3 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →15Speciation of arsenic in vegetables and their correlation with inorganic phosphate levelBangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 2: 88-94Read source →16Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source → Laizu 2007 reported inorganic arsenic at 400 µg/kg (mean ± 500 SD) in cauliflower, as sold from fruiting vegetables, local market, Dhaka.15Speciation of arsenic in vegetables and their correlation with inorganic phosphate levelBangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 2: 88-94Read source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsDataset
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
- Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables of BangladeshPeer-reviewed
- Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthPeer-reviewed
- The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in BangladeshPeer-reviewed
- Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKPeer-reviewed
- Determination of some heavy metals and their potential risk in selected vegetables on sale within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, NigeriaPeer-reviewed
- Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesPeer-reviewed
- Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityPeer-reviewed
- Heavy Metal Contaminations and Health Risk Assessment from Fruits and Vegetables in Bangalore Rural Markets, Karnataka, IndiaPeer-reviewed
- Heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment in commonly sold vegetables in Dhaka city marketPeer-reviewed
- Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Peer-reviewed
- Evaluation of Health Risks Associated with Potential Toxic Elements in Selected Vegetables Consumed in the Western Black Sea Region of TurkeyPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaPeer-reviewed
- Speciation of arsenic in vegetables and their correlation with inorganic phosphate levelPeer-reviewed
- Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodGovernment
Sources
Browse Cauliflower Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every cauliflower record in the library: 29 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.