Heavy Metal Index

Chromium

18 min read

Chromium

Chromium (Cr, atomic number 24) in the food system is a split case. Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) has an ambiguous history as a putative essential trace element and is the species in most dietary supplements. Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is a carcinogen by inhalation and has documented toxicity by ingestion, including in drinking water; its relevance to food is principally via drinking-water used in food preparation, via meat processing with certain contact materials, and via supply-chain contamination. The wiki maintains the species distinction where the source permits, and flags ambiguity where a source reports total chromium without specifying.

This page covers chromium as element and the trivalent species (Cr-III) by default, plus chromium speciation discipline. The hexavalent species has a dedicated page at chromium-hexavalent because Cr-VI is one of the ten official HMTc analytes and its toxicology, occurrence, regulatory, and testing posture all differ sharply from Cr-III. Sources that report total chromium without speciating route here as total-chromium occurrence context and must not be silently substituted for Cr-VI.

Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 supports the Cr(III)/Cr(VI) distinction at the toxicology level, including hexavalent chromium absorption through sulfate/phosphate transporters, corrosive injury, allergic contact dermatitis, acute renal injury after high-dose ingestion, and lung-cancer/genotoxicity framing for Cr(VI); see chromium-hexavalent for the species-specific synthesis.

Status

This page is a sourced stub for chromium as element and Cr-III. The Cr-VI species page chromium-hexavalent carries the substantive synthesis for the carcinogenic species, including the speciation gap in the loaded corpus. Cr-III-specific expansion (essentiality debate, supplement use, agricultural uptake patterns) awaits dedicated corpus ingest. See methodology for the current state of the project.

Planned sections

Toxicology of Cr3+ specifically (Cr6+ lives on the species page), Cr-III essentiality status and supplement context, typical exposure routes for total chromium, food and water sources (linked to ingredients, products, and supply-chain), total-chromium regulatory frameworks (linked to regulations), speciation-preserving testing methods (linked to testing), microbiome effects (linked to microbiome), vulnerable populations, open questions, and sources.

Sources

Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.

#CitationYearTypeUsed on this page for
1Albishi et al. 2026. In vitro evaluation of bio-fortification effects on the nutritional quality, toxicological safety, and antioxidant of cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour, and environmental safety of processing water, using natural additives, Frontiers in Nutrition2026Peer-reviewedCr data: Albishi and colleagues measured Pb, Cd, As (total), and Cr in cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour samples from Nigeria under different natural biofortification treatments, finding…
2Balzani et al. 2026. Metals and Metalloids Accumulation and Biomagnification in Three Commercially Important Fishes from a Turkish Brackish Lake, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2026Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in fish muscle (n=27)
3Ccopi et al. 2026. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research2026Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in quinoa (n=218)
4Chaura et al. 2026. Nutritional and Biochemical Diversity in Beans Accessions from Three Phaseolus Species Using Multiomics Characterization, ACS Nutrition Science2026Peer-reviewedCr data: A comprehensive multiomics study of 46 Phaseolus bean accessions (three species, 19 countries of origin) finds that overall heavy metal concentrations in dry bean seeds are belo…
5Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE2026Peer-reviewedCr in Zhejiang agricultural soils: geostatistical source identification and spatial variability, with crop-transfer implications
6Lawluvi et al. 2026. Maternal geophagy in Ghana: heavy metal exposure and health risks during pregnancy, Frontiers in Public Health2026Peer-reviewedCr exposure from maternal geophagy: soil ingestion pathway and fetal/infant exposure implications
7Marcelino et al. 2026. Monitoring trace minerals and heavy metals in liver of free-living large herbivores in the Netherlands, Frontiers in Veterinary Science2026Peer-reviewedCr data: A twenty-year post-mortem monitoring programme at the Oostvaardersplassen (OVP) nature reserve in the Netherlands measured 13 trace elements and heavy metals by ICP-MS in the li…
8Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al. 2026. Trace Element Content in Tomato Fruit Grown with Sargassum-Based Biofertilizer, Agronomy2026Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in fruit by ICP-MS
9WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme2026Government datasetWHO GEMS/Food contaminants database: global Cr occurrence monitoring data across food commodities
10Zhang et al. 2026. Trace metal pollution and ecological effects on five crops around a typical manganese mining area in Chongqing, China, Scientific Reports2026Peer-reviewedCr data: Zhang and colleagues measured nine trace metals (Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Sb) in roots, stems, leaves, shells, and edible grain/tuber portions of five crops (rice, maize,…
11Abeslami et al. 2025. Mineral Profile and Heavy Metal Content of Seven Monofloral and Multifloral Honeys from Eastern Morocco, Molecules2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in honey by ICP-MS
12Asadi et al. 2025. Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast Iran, PLoS ONE2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in bread (n=270)
13Asmoay et al. 2025. Geochemical characterization and health risk assessment of groundwater in Wadi Ranyah, Saudi Arabia, using statistical and GIS-based models, Applied Water Science2025Peer-reviewedCr data: Seventy-seven groundwater samples from Wadi Ranyah, the primary water source for communities in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for physicochemical properties,…
14Chiutula et al. 2025. Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wastewater–Receiving Soil–Exotic and Indigenous Vegetable Systems and Its Potential Health Risks: A Case Study from Blantyre, Malawi, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in leafy vegetables (n=36)
15Erol et al. 2025. Safety and Nutritional Profile of Traditional Turkish Cheeses: A Comprehensive Study on Their Mineral Content, Heavy Metal Contamination, and Health Risks of Aho, Golot, and Telli, Food Science & Nutrition2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in cheese (n=30) by ICP-MS
16Fan et al. 2025. Occurrence, exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metals in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, Scientific Reports2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=120) by ICP-MS
17FDA 2025. Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic (Program 7304.019), US Food and Drug Administration2025Government reportFDA Compliance Program 7304.019: Cr surveillance in food and foodware, analytical methods and enforcement thresholds
18Hadi et al. 2025. Health Impact of Heavy Metals in Samples of Dried Fruits in Iraq, International Journal of Analytical Chemistry2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in fruit (n=15) by AAS
19Hassan et al. 2025. Cornflakes as a source of dietary metal exposure in Lebanon: Risk assessment and regulatory compliance, RSC Advances2025Peer-reviewedCr human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators
20Haydous et al. 2025. Pet food safety at risk? Investigating toxic metal contamination in Lebanon and the UAE, RSC Advances2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in dry pet food (n=196) by ICP-MS
21Ibrahim et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic and Essential Metals in Various Flavored Dairy Products, Biological Trace Element Research2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in milk (n=180) by ICP-MS
22Lin et al. 2025. LINE-1 DNA methylation mediates smoking-related risk in site-specific urothelial carcinoma: a Taiwan case-control study, Archives of Toxicology2025Peer-reviewedCr blood biomonitoring in Taiwanese adults: whole-blood concentrations and LINE-1 methylation in urothelial carcinoma case-control study
23Naccari et al. 2025. Study of Toxic Metals and Microelements in Honey as a Tool to Support Beekeeping Production and Consumer Safety, Foods 2025, 14, 19862025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in honey (n=38) by ICP-MS
24Nour et al. 2025. Nutritional and heavy metal composition of seaweeds from the coast of Djibouti, Food Science and Nutrition2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in seaweed (n=6) by ICP-MS
25Ray et al. 2025. ICP-MS-based quantitative analysis and risk assessment of metal(loid)s in fish species from Chennai, India, Frontiers in Public Health2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in fish muscle (n=18) by ICP-MS
26Seesuan et al. 2025. Deep Eutectic Solvent/EDTA-Based Colorimetric Sensor for Cr(VI) Detection in Water and Soil2025Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor for Cr detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context
27Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2025Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
28Wang et al. 2025. Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell for Cr(VI) Detection in Wastewater2025Peer-reviewedCr and gut microbiome: taxa-level effects, functional consequences, and disease-process links
29Weldegebriel et al. 2025. Toxic metal contamination and health risk assessment of packaged fruit juices for children in Gondar city, Ethiopia, Scientific Reports2025Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in fruit juices (n=80)
30Yan et al. 2025. Association between infants’ serum levels of 26 metals and gut microbiota: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in China, Frontiers in Microbiology 16:16694752025Peer-reviewedInfant serum Cr and gut microbiota composition associations, hospital-based cross-sectional study
31Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health2025Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
32Zandi et al. 2025. Carbon Quantum Dots from Coffee Waste for Fluorescence Detection of Cr(VI) in Water2025Peer-reviewedRapid analytical sensor for Cr detection in coffee, cited for analytical-methods context
33Zheng et al. 2025. Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Pueraria Residues for Cr(VI) Sensing in Water, Sensors2025Peer-reviewedCr data: Zheng and Zhou (2025) synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-PCDs) via a one-step hydrothermal method using Pueraria (kudzu) root residue as the carbon precursor and urea as t…
34Adelusi et al. 2024. Heavy Metal Contamination of Dairy Cattle Feed in the Free State and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, Food Science & Nutrition2024Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in dairy products (n=70) by ICP-MS
35Alinezhad et al. 2024. Heavy metals contamination in pasteurized and sterilized cow’s milk: a systematic review, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewedSystematic review of Cr in milk: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
36Bruno et al. 2024. Mineral composition in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and clam Tapes decussatus from Faro Lake of Messina: risk assessment for human health, Frontiers in Toxicology2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
37Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2024. T-4-93 – Safety standards for fertilizers and supplements, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)2024RegulationCanadian fertilizer heavy metal standards (T-4-93): maximum Cr in fertilizer inputs and agronomic contamination controls
38Ghosh et al. 2024. Effects of heavy metals on gut barrier integrity and gut microbiota, Microbiota and Host 2(1):e2300152024Peer-reviewedCr disruption of gut barrier integrity and microbiota composition: mechanistic review
39Gupta et al. 2024. Assessment of human health risks posed by toxic heavy metals in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) from the Cauvery River, India, Frontiers in Public Health2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
40Kim et al. 2024. Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot study, PLOS ONE2024Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in leafy vegetables (n=42)
41Kovacik et al. 2024. Microelements, Fatty Acid Profile, and Selected Biomarkers in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Muscle Tissue: Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment, Research (journal not specified in text; published online 9 May 2024)2024Peer-reviewedState-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: Cr measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment
42Liu 2024. Carbon nanohorn electrochemical sensor for Cr(VI) in tap water, unknown2024Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor method for Cr detection, cited for analytical-methods context
43Mekonnen et al. 2024. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Contamination of Commonly Consumed Fruits in Bahir Dar Town, Northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Food Science2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
44Owusu et al. 2024. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Lettuce and Spring Onion Cultivated at Anthropogenic Activity Sites in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Environmental Health Insights2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
45Samma et al. 2024. Evaluating Soil-Vegetable Contamination with Heavy Metals in Bogura, Bangladesh: A Risk Assessment Approach, Environmental Health Insights2024Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
46Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):3812024Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in infant rice cereal (n=18)
47Wang 2024. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot fluorescent sensor for Cr(VI) detection, unknown2024Peer-reviewedAnalytical sensor method for Cr detection, cited for analytical-methods context
48Zhu et al. 2024. Toxic and essential metals: metabolic interactions with the gut microbiota and health implications, Frontiers in Nutrition 11:14483882024Peer-reviewedCr and gut microbiome: taxa-level effects, functional consequences, and disease-process links
49Amarh et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of some selected heavy metals in infant food sold in Wa, Ghana, Heliyon2023Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in infant/baby food (n=22)
50Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023. Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish Market, Nutrients 15(14):32512023Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in ready-to-eat baby purees (n=159) by ICP-MS
51Hossain et al. 2023. Human health risk assessment of edible body parts of chicken through heavy metals and trace elements quantitative analysis, PLoS ONE2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
52Hu et al. 2023. Current Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Tea across China, Toxics2023Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=4803)
53Kamaly et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of metals in chicken meat and liver in Egypt, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
54Kazeminia et al. 2023. Heavy metals and their adverse effects: sources, risks, and strategies to reduce accumulation in tea herb — a systematic review, Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology2023Peer-reviewedSystematic review of Cr in tea herb: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
55Liu et al. 2023. Characterization, source identification, risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water and sediment of the Beibu Gulf, China, Marine Pollution Bulletin2023Peer-reviewedCr in Beibu Gulf coastal seawater: source characterisation, distribution, and risk assessment for aquatic food-chain transfer
56Marriott et al. 2023. Considerations for environmental biogeochemistry and food security for aquaculture around Lake Victoria, Kenya, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
57Milani et al. 2023. Trace Elements in Soy-Based Beverages: A Comprehensive Study of Total Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2023Peer-reviewedCr data: This A-tier peer-reviewed paper is the first promoted Category 5 occurrence source for the soy-based plant-milk row.
58Myat et al. 2023. Arsenic and heavy metal contents in white rice samples from rainfed paddy fields in Yangon division, Myanmar—Natural background levels?, PLoS ONE2023Peer-reviewed[awaiting synthesis]
59Romero-Crespo et al. 2023. Heavy metals in soils and crops in a mining area of Ecuador, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2023Peer-reviewedCr data: Romero-Crespo et al.
60Salmani et al. 2023. Comparison of Essential and Toxic Metals Levels in some Herbal Teas: a Systematic Review, Biological Trace Element Research2023ReviewSystematic review of Cr in black tea: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data
61Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment2023Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in grain crops (n=509)
62Wang et al. 2023. Spatial distribution, sources, and risks of heavy metals in soil from industrial areas of Hangzhou, eastern China, Environmental Earth Sciences2023Peer-reviewedCr exposure in industrial settings: occupational biomonitoring and community health context
63Xie et al. 2023. Quantitative source identification, risk assessment and pollution of heavy metals in soils around a typical Sb smelter in central and southern China, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment2023Peer-reviewedCr contamination in soils around a Hunan smelter facility: multi-metal source apportionment and risk assessment context
64Zergui et al. 2023. Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by ICP-MS: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessment, Biological Trace Element Research2023Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in coffee (n=44) by ICP-MS
65FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program2022Government reportFDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: Cr concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories
66FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation2022Government reportFDA TDS FY2018-2020 analytical key: Cr measurement LODs and QA/QC parameters by food category
67FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study2022Government datasetFDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: Cr concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories
68Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research2022Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products (n=220)
69Astolfi et al. 2021. Determination of 40 Elements in Powdered Infant Formulas and Related Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2021Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=22)
70Balali-Mood et al. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic, Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:6439722021Peer-reviewedMulti-metal toxicology review covering Cr: oxidative stress, DNA damage, enzyme inhibition, and carcinogenic mechanisms
71Chung et al. 2021. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market, Foods 9(12):18392021Peer-reviewedCr dietary exposure estimates in infant formula
72Kinuthia et al. 2021. Urban mosquitoes and filamentous green algae: their biomonitoring role in heavy metal pollution in open drainage channels in Nairobi industrial area, Kenya, BMC Ecology and Evolution2021Peer-reviewedCr human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators
73Li et al. 2021. Occurrence, accumulation, and risk assessment of trace metals in tea (Camellia sinensis): A national reconnaissance, Science of the Total Environment2021Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=225)
74Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education2021Textbook chapterToxicology reference text on chromium: mechanisms of toxicity, target organs, and clinical manifestations
75Uzomah et al. 2021. Chemical Contaminants in Nigerian Fresh and Marine Fish: A Review, Foods2021Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in fish and seafood
76Assefa et al. 2020. Intestinal Microbiome and Metal Toxicity, Current Opinion in Toxicology, Vol. 19, pp. 21-272020Peer-reviewedCr and gut microbiome: taxa-level effects, functional consequences, and disease-process links
77Su et al. 2020. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market, Foods 9(12):18392020Peer-reviewedCr dietary exposure estimates in infant formula
78Bakyayita et al. 2019. Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda, Journal of Environmental and Public Health2019Peer-reviewedCr in Lake Victoria shallow groundwater wells: speciation, toxicity, and Ugandan drinking-water contamination context
79Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis2019Peer-reviewedCr occurrence data from a Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers: concentrations across food categories
80Igweze et al. 2019. Appropriateness of Essentials Trace Metals in Commonly Consumed Infant Formulae in Nigeria, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7(23):4168–41752019Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in infant formula (n=26)
81Shahim et al. 2019. Multiplexed Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Ion by FET Sensor Array in a Liquid Medium, Sensors2019Peer-reviewedFET sensor for simultaneous Cr(III) and Cr(VI) speciation in aqueous media, cited for Cr-VI analytical-methods context
82Ametepey et al. 2018. Determination of heavy metals in selected vegetables from markets in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana, International Journal of Food Contamination2018Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in vegetables (n=75) by AAS
83Eticha et al. 2018. Infant Exposure to Metals through Consumption of Formula Feeding in Mekelle, Ethiopia, International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2018, Article 29856982018Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in infant formula
84Yaqub et al. 2018. Monitoring and risk assessment due to presence of heavy metals and pesticides in tea samples, Food Science and Technology2018Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=77) by AAS
85Zhang et al. 2018. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2018Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=26) by ICP-MS
86Arévalo-Gardini et al. 2017. Heavy metal accumulation in leaves and beans of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in major cacao growing regions in Peru, Science of the Total Environment2017Peer-reviewedCr accumulation in cacao leaves and beans across Peruvian growing regions: multi-metal survey with cocoa-supply-chain context
87Chandrangsu et al. 2017. Metal homeostasis and resistance in bacteria, Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 15, pp. 338-3502017Peer-reviewedBacterial Cr homeostasis and resistance: metalloregulatory systems, efflux transporters, and food-safety context
88Kilbo et al. 2017. Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2017Peer-reviewedCr in PM2.5 particulate matter in Thohoyandou, South Africa: inhalation health risk assessment including Cr(VI) contribution
89Brzezicha-Cirocka et al. 2016. Monitoring of essential and heavy metals in green tea from different geographical origins, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment2016Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in tea infusions (n=41)
90FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS1020482016Government reportUK Food Standards Agency 2016 survey: Cr concentrations in infant foods and formula
91Li et al. 2015. A comparison of the potential health risk of aluminum and heavy metals in tea leaves and tea infusion of commercially available green tea in Jiangxi, China, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment2015Peer-reviewedCr concentrations and health risk assessment in tea infusions (n=26) by ICP-MS
92Lutfullah et al. 2014. Comparative study of heavy metals in dried and fluid milk in Peshawar by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, The Scientific World Journal2014Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in infant formula (n=46)
93Sipahi et al. 2014. Safety assessment of essential and toxic metals in infant formulas, The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 56(4):385-3912014Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in infant formula (n=63)
94Li et al. 2013. Determination for major chemical contaminants in tea (Camellia sinensis) matrices: A review, Food Research International2013ReviewCr concentrations in green tea by ICP-MS
95Kim et al.. Evaluation of selected ultra-trace minerals in commercially available dry dog foods, Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports—Peer-reviewedCr concentrations in dry pet food (n=49)