Amarh et al. 2023 — Ghana Infant Food Heavy Metals
Summary
This peer-reviewed study measured eight metals in 22 infant food and formula samples sold in Wa, Ghana. It is relevant to Category 1 as broad infant-food/formula evidence, but the public product pages need row-specific mapping before these data are used for any individual subcategory p90.
Key Numbers
| Scope | Metal | N | Statistic type | Reported value | Approximate ppb equivalent | Table/section |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baby foods and formulas | Nickel | 22 | mean and range | mean 0.100 mg/kg; range 0.065-0.183 mg/kg | mean 100 ppb; range 65-183 ppb | Table 1 and section 3.1.7 |
| Baby foods and formulas | Lead | 22 | mean and range | mean 0.137 mg/kg; range 0.061-0.368 mg/kg | mean 137 ppb; range 61-368 ppb | Table 1 and section 3.1.5 |
| Baby foods and formulas | Cadmium | 22 | mean and range | mean 0.051 mg/kg; range 0.043-0.064 mg/kg | mean 51 ppb; range 43-64 ppb | Table 1 and section 3.1.2 |
Methods Brief
Samples were wet-digested and analyzed by ICP-MS. The study reports matrix-spike recovery results for the analyzed metals.
Limitations
The sample codes are not mapped in the Markdown extraction to the locked Category 1 subcategory rows. This source should therefore remain broad Category 1 context until the original PDF or supplementary material can classify each product as formula, cereal, puree, snack, or mixed meal.
Implications
Certification: Useful broad occurrence evidence and a candidate for later row-level extraction, but not yet suitable for a row-specific p90.
Courses: Useful example of why product-code dictionaries are necessary before a source can feed standards math.
App: Supports retrieval for infant-food heavy-metal queries after product-code normalization.
Microbiome: No direct microbiome endpoint.