Summary
This peer-reviewed study measured essential and toxic metals in dried infant formula, powdered milk, fresh milk, and processed milk collected from markets in Peshawar, Pakistan. It is useful as broad formula-powder context because Table 2 reports nickel in the infant-formula group, but it is not cow-milk/non-soy resolved and does not provide an individual-product p90 distribution.
Key Numbers
| Product group | Metal | Mean + SD | Range | Approximate ppb equivalent | Table |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant formula | Nickel | 0.0277 ppm | 0.022-0.032 ppm | mean 27.7 ppb; range 22-32 ppb | Table 2 |
| Powdered milk | Nickel | 0.0202 ppm | 0.002-0.032 ppm | mean 20.2 ppb; range 2-32 ppb | Table 2 |
| Fresh milk | Nickel | 0.0065 ppm | 0.003-0.009 ppm | mean 6.5 ppb; range 3-9 ppb | Table 2 |
| Processed milk | Nickel | 0.0066 ppm | 0.004-0.009 ppm | mean 6.6 ppb; range 4-9 ppb | Table 2 |
Methods Brief
The study used nitric/perchloric acid wet digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples were prepared in triplicate.
Limitations
The infant-formula subset is not separated by soy versus non-soy formulation, and the source reports mean/range values rather than p10, p50, p90, or individual-product rows. The market is Peshawar, Pakistan; jurisdiction should be retained as metadata for aggregate evidence review rather than treated as a hard exclusion.
Implications
Certification: Useful supporting context for nickel in powdered infant formula, especially for source-scope maximum context. It is not row-specific evidence for cow-milk/non-soy formula and does not establish an HMT&C p90.
Courses: Useful example of why ppm-to-ppb normalization and market-scope caveats matter.
App: Supports a provisional nickel signal for formula-powder evidence retrieval after row-fit review.
Microbiome: No direct microbiome endpoint.
Wiki Pages Updated On Ingest
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Change | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| a8052bb | 2026-08-09 | major | 7 sections added; narrative text revised |