Lutfullah et al. 2014 — Dried And Fluid Milk Metals
Summary
This peer-reviewed study measured essential and toxic metals in dried infant formula, powdered milk, fresh milk, and processed milk collected from markets in Peshawar, Pakistan. It is useful as broad formula-powder context because Table 2 reports nickel in the infant-formula group, but it is not cow-milk/non-soy resolved and does not provide an individual-product p90 distribution.
Key Numbers
| Product group | Metal | Mean + SD | Range | Approximate ppb equivalent | Table |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant formula | Nickel | 0.0277 ppm | 0.022-0.032 ppm | mean 27.7 ppb; range 22-32 ppb | Table 2 |
| Powdered milk | Nickel | 0.0202 ppm | 0.002-0.032 ppm | mean 20.2 ppb; range 2-32 ppb | Table 2 |
| Fresh milk | Nickel | 0.0065 ppm | 0.003-0.009 ppm | mean 6.5 ppb; range 3-9 ppb | Table 2 |
| Processed milk | Nickel | 0.0066 ppm | 0.004-0.009 ppm | mean 6.6 ppb; range 4-9 ppb | Table 2 |
Methods Brief
The study used nitric/perchloric acid wet digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples were prepared in triplicate.
Limitations
The infant-formula subset is not separated by soy versus non-soy formulation, and the source reports mean/range values rather than p10, p50, p90, or individual-product rows. The market is Peshawar, Pakistan; jurisdiction should be retained as metadata for aggregate evidence review rather than treated as a hard exclusion.
Implications
Certification: Useful supporting context for nickel in powdered infant formula, especially for source-scope maximum context. It is not row-specific evidence for cow-milk/non-soy formula and does not establish an HMT&C p90.
Courses: Useful example of why ppm-to-ppb normalization and market-scope caveats matter.
App: Supports a provisional nickel signal for formula-powder evidence retrieval after row-fit review.
Microbiome: No direct microbiome endpoint.