Aluminum
This page draws on the EFSA AFC Panel 2008 Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Aluminium from Dietary Intake (EFSA 2008), the ATSDR 2008 Toxicological Profile for Aluminum (ATSDR 2008), and the JECFA Combined Compendium of Food Additive Specifications (JECFA FA Compendium).
Chapter-level cross-metal toxicology context for aluminum exposure, poor oral absorption, transferrin binding, renal excretion, dialysis dementia, bone effects, neurotoxicity, and chelation treatment is connected from Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021.
Overview
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in Earth’s crust and a non-essential metal that enters the human food system through aluminum-containing food additives, aluminum-amended drinking water (used as a flocculant in water treatment), aluminum cookware and food packaging in contact with acidic foods, antacid medications, and natural occurrence in some plant-based foods. Aluminum is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (typically less than 1 percent), but cumulative exposure across the food supply produces dietary intakes that the EFSA AFC Panel 2008 concluded routinely exceed the established tolerable weekly intake of 1 mg Al/kg body weight per week in significant portions of the European population.
The toxicological concerns associated with aluminum focus on neurotoxicity (most clearly documented in dialysis-related encephalopathy from aluminum-contaminated dialysate fluid in the 1970s and 1980s, and in chronic occupational exposure), reproductive and developmental effects, and bone effects (aluminum-induced osteomalacia in dialysis patients was a significant clinical entity before water treatment for dialysis was redesigned). The EFSA TWI of 1 mg/kg b.w./week replaced an earlier JECFA provisional tolerable weekly intake of 7 mg/kg b.w./week with a sevenfold reduction; JECFA subsequently aligned its PTWI to 1 mg/kg b.w./week.
Aluminum’s health profile is qualitatively different from the other metals on this wiki. The clearest documented adverse health effects (dialysis encephalopathy, dialysis osteomalacia) occur in patient populations with impaired aluminum excretion (renal failure) and intravenous-route exposure that bypasses GI absorption barriers; for the general population with normal renal function and oral exposure, the dose-response evidence for aluminum-related disease is weaker than for cadmium, lead, mercury, or arsenic, and the regulatory TWI rests largely on extrapolation from animal neurotoxicity studies rather than on robust human cohort data at typical dietary exposure levels.
Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 is attached here as textbook-level toxicology context only. It does not supply aluminum occurrence values for foods or product categories.
At a glance
Three facts that matter most for a consumer trying to interpret aluminum exposure.
First, aluminum exposure for most consumers is dominated by aluminum-containing food additives (sodium aluminium phosphate as a leavening agent in baked goods, sodium aluminium silicate as an anti-caking agent in salt and powdered foods, aluminium-containing colorants), antacid medications, and aluminum-cookware contact with acidic foods (tomato sauce, pickles, citrus). Naturally occurring aluminum in plants is generally a smaller contributor. EFSA 2008 concluded that the population-level TWI of 1 mg/kg b.w./week is exceeded in significant fractions of the European population, particularly among consumers of foods containing aluminium-based additives.
Second, the clearest documented adverse health effects of aluminum (dialysis encephalopathy, dialysis osteomalacia) occur in patient populations with impaired renal excretion of aluminum and via routes (intravenous dialysate) that bypass the protective GI absorption barrier of typical dietary exposure. For the general consumer with normal renal function and oral exposure only, the regulatory TWI is the primary benchmark; documented neurological or musculoskeletal disease from typical dietary aluminum is uncommon and difficult to attribute to aluminum specifically rather than to confounding factors.
Third, aluminum cookware does contribute to dietary aluminum, particularly when cooking acidic foods (tomato sauce, citrus dishes, vinegar-based preparations) for prolonged periods. Anodized aluminum cookware substantially reduces this leaching; stainless steel and cast iron alternatives eliminate it. The leaching contribution is generally modest relative to additive and antacid contributions for the average consumer.
Toxicology
The EFSA AFC Panel 2008 TWI of 1 mg Al/kg b.w./week is anchored on neurotoxic, reproductive, and developmental effects in animal studies. The Panel did not derive a single critical study and reference point; the TWI integrates evidence across multiple animal endpoints with safety factors for interspecies extrapolation and human variability. The replacement of the prior JECFA PTWI of 7 mg/kg b.w./week with the EFSA value of 1 mg/kg b.w./week reflects accumulated evidence at lower exposures and a more conservative evaluation.
The clearest documented human aluminum disease entities are dialysis encephalopathy and dialysis osteomalacia, both observed in chronic hemodialysis patients exposed to aluminum-contaminated dialysate fluid in the 1970s and 1980s before water treatment for dialysis was redesigned (ATSDR 2008). Dialysis encephalopathy presented with progressive dementia, dysarthria, myoclonus, and seizures; dialysis osteomalacia produced bone pain, fractures, and characteristic radiographic and histological findings. Both entities are essentially eliminated in modern dialysis practice because dialysate water is now routinely treated to remove aluminum.
Typical exposure routes
Dietary intake is the dominant route. EFSA 2008 estimated typical adult European dietary aluminum exposure at 0.2 to 1.5 mg/kg b.w./week (potentially higher in some sub-populations), with substantial variation across Member States driven by aluminum-additive use patterns. Antacid medications can contribute substantially to aluminum intake in users (typical aluminum-containing antacid daily aluminum delivery 100 to 1000 mg, dwarfing typical dietary intake of 5 to 15 mg/day) (ATSDR 2008). Drinking water aluminum (from aluminum-based water-treatment flocculants in some municipal systems) is typically below 0.2 mg/L and a smaller contributor than dietary additives (ATSDR 2008).
GI absorption of aluminum is typically less than 1 percent (ATSDR 2008: 0.07-0.39 percent for drinking water, ~0.1 percent for diet).
Excretion is primarily renal. Renal failure is the major risk factor for aluminum body-burden accumulation; this is why dialysis-related encephalopathy and osteomalacia were the canonical aluminum disease entities before dialysate-water treatment was implemented (ATSDR 2008).
Food sources
| Matrix | Aluminum concern |
|---|---|
| Foods with aluminium-based additives | Sodium aluminium phosphate (leavening), sodium aluminium silicate (anti-caking), aluminium-containing colorants |
| Aluminum-containing antacids | Single largest aluminum exposure source for users (100 to 1000 mg/day) |
| Acidic foods cooked or stored in aluminum | Tomato sauce, citrus, vinegar-based preparations cooked for prolonged periods in non-anodized aluminum cookware |
| Drinking water (post-aluminum-flocculation treatment) | Typically <0.2 mg/L; varies by treatment-plant practice |
| Tea | Naturally elevated aluminum content; brewed tea can deliver 1 to 5 mg/L |
| Processed cheese (aluminium-containing emulsifying salts) | Sodium aluminium phosphate as emulsifier in some products |
| Baked goods with aluminium-based leavening | Cakes, biscuits, pancakes using aluminum baking powder |
| Infant formula | Variable by product; some soy-based formulas higher than milk-based; prescription formulas span 41.4 to 1956 µg/L (Redgrove 2019) |
EFSA 2008 estimated dietary exposure at 0.3 to 0.9 mg/kg b.w./week for milk-based infant formulas and 1.1 mg/kg b.w./week for soya-based formulas; breast-fed infants were estimated at less than 0.07 mg/kg b.w./week.
Primary occurrence: complementary infant foods (Brazilian market)
de Paiva et al. 2020 surveyed 95 infant food samples across 9 commercial brands in Campinas, Brazil, covering salty purees, fruit purees, infant drinks (including soy-based), and petit-suisse. Total Al by ICP-OES after microwave digestion; bioaccessibility by optimized in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The highest total Al concentrations: petit-suisse 4170 µg/kg, soy-based drink 2860 µg/kg, mixed-vegetable salty purees 2310-2760 µg/kg, dark chocolate milk drink 2175 µg/kg, fruit purees 1900-2500 µg/kg. The bioaccessibility findings substantially modify the exposure picture: percent of total Al released to gut absorption ranges from 0.5 percent (apple-and-plum puree) to 48 percent (cereal milk drink), a 96-fold spread driven by matrix composition. High-cellulose plant purees and high-protein dairy reduce bioaccessibility through Al-cellulose and Al-protein binding; high-polyphenol or low-fiber matrices increase it. Consumption of three portions per day of soy-based drink delivers a substantial fraction of the EFSA TWI; handmade-gourmet brands carried 2-3x higher Al than industrial counterparts at similar compositions, reflecting variable contamination control across production scales. The bioaccessibility distinction is methodologically important and currently absent from EU and US regulatory frameworks for Al in infant food.
Primary occurrence: prescription infant formulas
Redgrove et al. 2019 surveyed 24 UK prescription infant formulas (ready-to-drink and powdered) by transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry following microwave-assisted acid/peroxide digestion. Ready-to-drink concentrations ranged from 49.9 µg/L (Cow & Gate Nutriprem 1 for preterm infants) to 1956.3 µg/L (Abbott PediaSure Plus Juice Apple, a weight-gain supplement), a roughly 40-fold range across products fed to medically vulnerable infants. Abbott PediaSure Plus Juice Apple delivers 391 µg Al per 200 mL serving. The fortified-weight-gain product subcategory (Danone Nutricia Fortini range, Abbott PediaSure Plus, Nutrinovo ProSource) consistently exceeded 500 µg/L. The amino-acid-based and peptide-based powdered subcategory (SMA Alfamino, Neocate LCP, Aptamil Pepti 1) showed the lowest concentrations: SMA Alfamino at 41.4 µg/L was the lowest-Al formula measured in the Keele group’s accumulated literature. The roughly 50-fold range from cleanest to most contaminated demonstrates that infant formula Al contamination is not inevitable; selected ingredients can produce dramatically lower Al concentrations even within prescription-grade products. The likely sources of contamination identified by Redgrove include whey protein hydrolysate ingredients (the Keele group separately measured 4.1 to 8.1 µg/g Al in whey hydrolysates supplied to a major formula manufacturer), fruit and fruit-flavoring components, packaging, and aluminum-based processing equipment.
What this means for food choice
For consumers with normal renal function: the EFSA TWI exceedance documented at the population level does not translate to a clear individual action threshold for most consumers. The leverage points in approximate order of impact:
For frequent antacid users: aluminum-containing antacids deliver 100 to 1000 mg of aluminum per daily dose, dwarfing dietary intake. Switching to non-aluminum antacids (calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, proton pump inhibitors) eliminates this exposure. Patients with chronic acid-related symptoms should discuss antacid choice with their physician, particularly if renal function is impaired.
For consumers concerned about additive intake: reading ingredient labels for sodium aluminium phosphate (SALP), sodium aluminium silicate, aluminium ammonium sulfate, and aluminum-containing colorants (including some FD&C lake colors) identifies the additive sources. Choosing baked goods with non-aluminum leavening (cream of tartar plus baking soda, or “aluminum-free” baking powder), and choosing salt and powdered products without anti-caking-agent aluminum, are the operative substitutions. Many “aluminum-free” baking powders are now available in mainstream markets.
For aluminum cookware users: anodized aluminum cookware substantially reduces aluminum leaching into food. Stainless steel, cast iron, glass, and ceramic cookware eliminate aluminum leaching. The cookware contribution is generally modest relative to additive and antacid contributions, but for consumers cooking acidic foods (tomato sauce, citrus, vinegar) regularly in non-anodized aluminum, switching cookware is a reasonable precaution.
For pregnant women and parents of infants: soy-based infant formulas were documented by EFSA 2008 to deliver higher aluminum than milk-based formulas, which deliver higher aluminum than breastfeeding. For non-breastfeeding situations, milk-based formula is the lower-aluminum choice unless other clinical factors (allergy, intolerance) require soy.
Regulatory limits
| Jurisdiction / Body | Type | Value | Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| EFSA (EU) | Dietary TWI | 1 mg Al/kg b.w./week | efsa-aluminium-twi |
| JECFA (international) | PTWI | 1 mg Al/kg b.w./week (aligned with EFSA after 2008) | Pending separate ingest |
| Prior JECFA PTWI (replaced) | 7 mg Al/kg b.w./week | Replaced 2008 | |
| US ATSDR | Chronic oral MRL | 1 mg Al/kg/day | atsdr-aluminum-mrls |
| US ATSDR | Intermediate oral MRL | 1 mg Al/kg/day | atsdr-aluminum-mrls |
| EU | Maximum levels for aluminium in food contact materials | Regulation (EU) 10/2011 amendments | Pending separate ingest |
What the reference values mean in practice
The EFSA TWI of 1 mg Al/kg b.w./week corresponds to 70 mg Al/week or 10 mg Al/day for a 70-kilogram adult. EFSA’s estimate of typical European adult dietary intake is 0.2 to 1.5 mg/kg b.w./week (14 to 105 mg/week for the same adult), placing the population mean at the upper end of the TWI range and the high consumers above. This is the regulatory finding that “the TWI is likely to be exceeded in a significant part of the European population.”
For an individual consumer: a daily diet without aluminum-additive-heavy processed foods, without antacid use, and using non-aluminum cookware would typically deliver well under the TWI. Adding aluminum-containing antacids to the dietary baseline can rapidly push intake to 10 to 100 times the TWI; this is why antacid users are the most consequential subpopulation for aluminum exposure regulatory concern.
Testing
Biomonitoring for aluminum exposure typically measures serum or plasma aluminum (operative for dialysis-patient monitoring) or urinary aluminum (recent integrated exposure).
Microbiome effects
Pending dedicated microbiome ingests. Aluminum-microbiome interactions are not a major area of established evidence. The wikibiome-crosswalk anchors are not yet established.
Historical context: dialysis encephalopathy
Dialysis encephalopathy (also called dialysis dementia) was the canonical clinical entity that established aluminum’s neurotoxicity in humans. Beginning in the 1970s, hemodialysis patients in some centers developed progressive dementia with dysarthria, myoclonus, and seizures. The cause was traced to aluminum contamination of dialysate water, which entered patients’ circulation directly via the dialyzer. After the etiology was identified, treatment of dialysate water to remove aluminum (typically with reverse osmosis) eliminated new cases. Concurrent dialysis osteomalacia, with similar dialysate-aluminum etiology, also resolved with the dialysate-water-treatment intervention. These two clinical entities together constitute the strongest human evidence for aluminum’s adverse health effects and are the empirical anchor for aluminum-related neurotoxicity and bone-effect concerns at the regulatory level.
The lessons from dialysis encephalopathy are: (a) aluminum is a potential neurotoxicant and bone-affecting agent in humans at sufficient body-burden levels; (b) renal function is the critical variable controlling aluminum body-burden accumulation; (c) intravenous and dialysis routes bypass the protective GI absorption barrier and produce body-burden far above what oral dietary exposure achieves at any reasonable intake. The TWI is set as a population-protective threshold for normal-renal-function oral-exposure consumers, with the dialysis evidence providing the proof-of-concept that aluminum can produce disease at sufficient body burden.
Vulnerable populations
| Population | Basis |
|---|---|
| Hemodialysis patients (legacy concern) | Dialysate-water aluminum was the cause of dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia; modern dialysis water treatment essentially eliminates this exposure |
| Patients with chronic renal impairment | Reduced aluminum excretion produces body-burden accumulation; aluminum-containing antacids and phosphate binders are particular concerns |
| Frequent users of aluminum-containing antacids | Daily aluminum delivery 100 to 1000 mg dwarfs dietary intake |
| Consumers of aluminum-additive-heavy diets | Population-level TWI exceedance documented in EFSA 2008 |
| Infants on soy-based formula | Higher aluminum than milk-based formula or breastfeeding (EFSA 2008) |
| Aluminum-industry workers | Inhalation exposure to aluminum dust in smelter and finishing operations |
If you are in one of these groups
For patients with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis: aluminum is a clinical concern your nephrology team monitors. Aluminum-containing antacids and aluminum-containing phosphate binders are typically avoided in this population; non-aluminum alternatives are standard. Discuss any over-the-counter antacid use with your nephrology team.
For frequent antacid users with normal renal function: consider switching from aluminum-containing antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Amphojel) to non-aluminum alternatives (calcium carbonate antacids like Tums, magnesium hydroxide preparations, proton pump inhibitors for chronic acid-related conditions). The decision depends on your clinical pattern; discuss with a physician if you use antacids more than occasionally.
For parents of infants: breastfeeding is the lowest-aluminum infant feeding option. When formula feeding is required, milk-based formula carries less aluminum than soy-based formula. Specialized formulas for medical conditions should be chosen on clinical rather than aluminum grounds; aluminum is not a primary consideration for most formula-feeding decisions in non-renal-impaired infants.
For consumers concerned about additive intake: read labels for “sodium aluminium phosphate,” “sodium aluminium silicate,” “aluminium ammonium sulfate,” and aluminum-containing colorants. Choose non-aluminum-leavened baked goods (look for “aluminum-free baking powder” on labels). Anodized aluminum cookware reduces leaching relative to non-anodized; stainless steel, cast iron, and glass eliminate it.
App-layer integration
Machine-readable takeaways from this synthesis for the Heavy Metal Index consumer app pipeline.
The aluminum reference value is a single TWI of 1 mg/kg b.w./week (EFSA, JECFA-aligned). The app can present a “percent of TWI” benchmark as the primary aluminum signal. Default reference: 1 mg Al/kg b.w./week.
Critical app handling: aluminum-containing antacid use is the dominant single exposure source for users and dwarfs dietary intake. The app should explicitly query antacid use as a separate input and add antacid-derived aluminum to dietary aluminum for total exposure estimation. Without this query, dietary-only estimates substantially understate total aluminum intake for antacid users.
Pediatric multipliers: EFSA 2008 documented soy-based formula aluminum at approximately 1.1 mg/kg b.w./week vs milk-based at 0.3 to 0.9 vs breast milk at less than 0.07. App pediatric mode should query feeding modality and apply formula-specific exposure defaults.
Structured outputs:
- GI absorption (general): less than 1 percent.
- GI absorption (citrate-complexed): higher, up to several percent.
- Antacid daily aluminum delivery (typical user): 100 to 1000 mg/day.
- High-Al food categories: foods with aluminium-additives, processed cheese with aluminum emulsifiers, baked goods with aluminum baking powder, tea, soy-based infant formula.
- Cookware contribution flag: non-anodized aluminum + acidic food + prolonged cooking = elevated leaching.
- Renal function multiplier: in CKD, body-burden accumulation rate is amplified; this is a clinical population not generally targeted by the consumer app.
Open questions
Two load-bearing open questions for aluminum:
First, the population-level TWI exceedance documented by EFSA 2008 is a regulatory finding that has not produced a clear policy intervention. Reducing dietary aluminum below the TWI through ordinary food choice is difficult given aluminum’s broad use as a food additive; whether the TWI is too conservative, or whether population aluminum exposure warrants additive-restriction policy, is an active regulatory debate.
Second, the relationship between dietary aluminum exposure and Alzheimer’s disease has been investigated extensively over decades without a definitive consensus emerging. Current dominant view is that aluminum is not a primary causal factor in Alzheimer’s, but the literature remains contested in some quarters. The wiki tracks this as a live methodological question without taking a position pending stronger meta-analytic synthesis.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ANSES 2026. Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and lead, ANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010 | 2026 | Government report | FR Al, Ag, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in French TDS3 foods selected from 276 foods across 44 groups, with 718 samples collected in Loiret, Puy-de-Dome, and… (n=718) |
| 2 | Charfi et al. 2026. Food safety in the production of olive oils. Presence of heavy metals and phthalic acid esters using different types of packaging, Journal of Food Science and Technology | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | ES Pb, Cd, Ni, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Commercial Spanish olive oil samples (extra virgin, virgin, olive oil, olive pomace oil) purchased from the Spanish market… (n=18) |
| 3 | Muhammed et al. 2026. Determination of essential and toxic elements in black teas sold in Turkiye, Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Pb, tAs, Cd, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn occurrence in Eight black tea brands sold in Turkiye, analyzed as dry leaves and infusions |
| 4 | Katrynska et al. 2026. Human Milk as a Biomonitor of Toxic Metal Exposure: Sources, Transfer Mechanisms, and Implications for Infant Health — A Review, Nutrients | 2026 | Review | Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Al occurrence in Structured narrative review with systematic search; 112 studies included from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (2010–2025), globally distributed |
| 5 | Largueza et al. 2026. Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements in Commercial Milk Formulas: Health Risk Assessment Through a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Biological Trace Element Research | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | BR/EU/US Al, iAs, tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, Zn occurrence in Systematic review with meta-analysis of 30 observational studies (PRISMA, OSF.IO/2YNKB registered), 18 with pooled meta-analysis data, covering three… (n=30) |
| 6 | Rahati et al. 2026. Monte Carlo simulation approach for health risk analysis of heavy metals’ contamination in infant formula and food on the Iranian market, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 45:13 | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, tHg, Al, Cr occurrence in 80 infant formula samples (0–6 months, 6–12 months, above 1 year) from 8 commercial brands, and 27 baby… (n=107) |
| 7 | Rüstemli et al. 2026. Mineral and heavy metal content in canned tuna: Implications for veterinary public health and consumer safety, Veterinary Research Communications | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | TR Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, tAs, Sn, Ba, tHg, Pb occurrence in 105 canned tuna samples (35 water-packed, 35 oil-packed, 35 sauce-packed) from seven domestic Turkish brands, collected in Van… (n=105) |
| 8 | Elhassan et al. 2026. Heavy metals in commercial tea brands in Saudi Arabia, Scientific Reports | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, tAs occurrence in Twenty commercial tea samples imported into Saudi Arabia |
| 9 | WHO 2026. WHO GEMS/Food contaminants database (Global Environment Monitoring System — Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme), WHO GEMS/Food | 2026 | Agency database | global Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn concentrations |
| 10 | WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme | 2026 | Government dataset | WHO GEMS/Food contaminants database: global Al occurrence monitoring data across food commodities |
| 11 | Abedi et al. 2025. Comparison Between Emerging and Conventional Methods for Edible Oils Bleaching, Food Science & Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Al, Cu, Fe occurrence in Narrative review of published literature on industrial and emerging bleaching technologies for edible vegetable oils. No primary measurements;… |
| 12 | Aisyiah et al. 2025. Heavy Metal Content in Breast Milk and Contributing Environmental and Maternal Factors: A Systematic Review, Jurnal Bidan Cerdas | 2025 | Review | TW/ES/PL Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Systematic review of 9 primary studies (2013–2023) on heavy metals in human breast milk; populations from Taiwan, Spain,… |
| 13 | Ali et al. 2025. Carbon Dots Fluorometric Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Aluminum and Cobalt in Canned Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor method for Al detection, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 14 | Anastario et al. 2025. Metal profiling of Hass avocados: a cross-sectional study using ICP-MS and pXRF, BMC Research Notes | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US/MX Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al occurrence in Commercial Hass avocados stratified by country of origin (California USA, Michoacán Mexico) and agricultural practice (organic, conventional); purchased… (n=24) |
| 15 | Asadi et al. 2025. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in bread from Iranian markets using Monte Carlo simulation, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, tHg, Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn, Co occurrence in 248 bread samples collected from 11 Iranian provinces during winter 2020; four traditional bread types: lavash (n=69), taftoon… (n=248) |
| 16 | Asadi et al. 2025. Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast Iran, PLoS ONE 20(7): e0327652 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in bread (n=270) |
| 17 | SMPP et al. 2025. Formulation of Standardized Herbal Tea from Whole Flowers, Stamens and Immature Fruits of Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa), World Journal of Agricultural Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, tAs, Cd, tHg, Ba occurrence in Prepared herbal teas from dried whole flowers, stamens, and immature fruits of bael (Aegle marmelos) sourced in Sri… (n=3) |
| 18 | Barabash et al. 2025. Release of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles from sunscreens into natural waters: detection and discrimination from natural particles using SP ICP-ToF-MS, Environmental Science: Nano 12:4994-5007 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CA Zn, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr occurrence in Two unbranded commercial mineral sunscreens designated SS1 and SS2. SS1 contained 24.08% (w/w) ZnO per the manufacturer’s specification;… (n=2) |
| 19 | RdL et al. 2025. Assessment of Essential Elements and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Organic and Conventional Flaxseeds: Implications for Dietary Exposure and Food Safety, Applied Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | EU/PL/ES Cd, Pb, Al, Ni, Cr occurrence in Commercial flaxseed samples (37 conventional, 15 organic) obtained in the EU and other European countries from supermarkets, herbalists,… (n=52) |
| 20 | Chengappa et al. 2025. Heavy metal content of over-the-counter toothpastes—a systematic review of in vitro studies, Frontiers in Dental Medicine 6:1543972 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG/SA/BD Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Ag, Al, Mn occurrence in Eleven in vitro studies meeting PICOS inclusion criteria, selected from 9,409 records identified in Google Scholar (8,730), PubMed/MEDLINE… (n=11) |
| 21 | Craven et al. 2025. Lead Astray? The Hidden Contaminants in Australian Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Market and Their Potential Health Impact, Drug and Alcohol Review | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | AU Pb, Cd, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni occurrence in 28 illicit anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) products anonymously donated by people who use AAS in Australia (reportedly purchased 2022–2024):… (n=28) |
| 22 | Demir et al. 2025. Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in Turkiye, Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3) | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Ba, Cr, Ni, Pb, tAs, Cd, Sb occurrence in Ten brewed commercial coffee samples from different product/brand types in Turkiye: classic, milicano, green, gold, decaffeinated, filter, and… (n=10) |
| 23 | Dinesh et al. 2025. Comparative evaluation of heavy metal concentration in three commercially important fish: insights from organ-specific and interspecies variability, Frontiers in Marine Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Al occurrence in three commercially important fish species assessed by tissue and organ |
| 24 | Erol et al. 2025. Safety and Nutritional Profile of Traditional Turkish Cheeses: A Comprehensive Study on Their Mineral Content, Heavy Metal Contamination, and Health Risks of Aho, Golot, and Telli, Food Science & Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in cheese (n=30) by ICP-MS |
| 25 | Fan et al. 2025. Occurrence, exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metals in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=120) by ICP-MS |
| 26 | FDA 2025. Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic (Program 7304.019), US Food and Drug Administration | 2025 | Government report | FDA Compliance Program 7304.019: Al surveillance in food and foodware, analytical methods and enforcement thresholds |
| 27 | Gundogdu et al. 2025. ICP-MS Method for Aluminum, Sodium, and Potassium Determination in Human Albumin Infusion Solutions | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | ICP-MS method for Al in pharmaceutical parenteral solutions, cited for analytical method context |
| 28 | Ibrahim et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic and Essential Metals in Various Flavored Dairy Products, Biological Trace Element Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in milk (n=180) by ICP-MS |
| 29 | Jităreanu et al. 2025. An Overview of Heavy Metals in Cosmetic Products and Their Toxicological Impact, Applied Sciences 15: 12883 | 2025 | Review | EU/US/CA Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, iAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co occurrence in Narrative review of heavy-metal contamination in cosmetics; literature 1990 - November 2025 retrieved via PubMed, Web of Science,… |
| 30 | Krasnopyorova et al. 2025. Trace element composition of drinking water in Almaty, Kazakhstan, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | KZ As, Cd, Pb, Ni, U, Hg, Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu occurrence in Drinking water samples from municipal tap water and bottled water sources in Almaty, Kazakhstan, collected across seasons in… (n=78) |
| 31 | LHAAC 2025. Coordinated Sampling Project 41: Microbial and Heavy Metal Detections in Herbs and Spices, Local Health Authorities Analytical Committee, Edith Cowan University | 2025 | Government report | AU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Cr, Ni occurrence in Commercially available herbs and spices from retail food businesses across Western Australia; 23 local government areas; fresh herbs,… (n=380) |
| 32 | Li et al. 2025. A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Al3+ and Cu2+ detection in food samples, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor method for Al detection, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 33 | Maćkiewicz et al. 2025. Application of the ICP-OES and SEM-EDS Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Various Types of Cosmetic Products with Antiperspirant and Deodorant Properties Available on the EU Market, Molecules | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Zr occurrence in 72 deodorant and antiperspirant products purchased from Polish-market commercial outlets between 2022 and 2025: 57 antiperspirants and 15… (n=72) |
| 34 | Marcelis et al. 2025. Chemical characterization of menstrual and intimate care products: An extractables & leachables investigation, Environment International | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | EU/US/CN Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in 64 menstrual and intimate care products originating from the EU, US, and China: tampons n=9, menstrual pads n=6,… (n=64) |
| 35 | Molla et al. 2025. The Effects of Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW) Fine Residues on Landfill Environments: A Column Leaching Experiment, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | AU Pb, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, Al, Fe occurrence in Eighteen laboratory column-leaching mesocosms (UPVC columns, 150 mm diameter, 75 cm packed height) simulating Hunter/Central Coast NSW landfill… (n=18) |
| 36 | Moriceau et al. 2025. Measurement of traces of heavy metals in cosmetic raw materials and finished products according to ISO/DIS 21392:2021 using triple quadrupole ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific Application Note 003602 | 2025 | Industry | EU/FR Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Sb, Al, Sn, Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Be, Se, Tl, Ti, W, Pt occurrence in 17 finished cosmetic products sold on the French and European market (creams, gels, pastes, liquids, varnishes, solids) plus… (n=27) |
| 37 | Murtaza et al. 2025. Combine effects of Broussonetia papyrifera-derived biochar and selenium nanoparticles for lead-polluted saline soils remediation during barley cultivation, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr, Al, tHg occurrence in Field plots at the Agricultural Research Centre Bahawalpur, Pakistan, cultivated with barley in lead-polluted saline soil; soil, root,… (n=3) |
| 38 | Naccari et al. 2025. Study of Toxic Metals and Microelements in Honey as a Tool to Support Beekeeping Production and Consumer Safety, Foods 2025, 14, 1986 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in honey (n=38) by ICP-MS |
| 39 | See et al. 2025. Heavy Metals Assessment in Selected Leafy Vegetables from Selangor, Malaysia, Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | MY Al, Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe occurrence in Four leafy vegetable types (cabbage, mustard, spinach, pak choi) from Pasar Borong Selangor wholesale wet market, Seri Kembangan,… (n=12) |
| 40 | VdS et al. 2025. Edible Oils from Health to Sustainability: Influence of the Production Processes in the Quality, Consumption Benefits and Risks, Lipidology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | MA/IR/GR Pb, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr, Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, V, tHg occurrence in Systematic review of 35 studies meeting eligibility criteria (of 125 articles screened), including 7 studies on contaminants (PAHs… |
| 41 | Sochacka et al. 2025. Spirulina and Chlorella Dietary Supplements—Are They a Source Solely of Valuable Nutrients?, International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tl, V, Zn occurrence in 52 commercially available microalgae-based dietary supplements sold on the Polish market: 29 Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) products and 23… (n=52) |
| 42 | Tinggi et al. 2025. Heavy metal analysis in commercial spices and herbs by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and estimated dietary exposure, Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | AU/IN/CN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Commercial dried spices and herbs purchased from Queensland, Australia markets; plus 20 turmeric samples (13 conventional, 7 organic) (n=69) |
| 43 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Journal of Nephrology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | LK Cd, Pb, iAs, tAs, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, tHg occurrence in 57 studies (of 1,067 identified) reporting food and water quality in Sri Lanka CKDu-endemic areas, primarily North Central… (n=57) |
| 44 | Jr et al. 2025. Elevated Metal Levels in U.S. Honeys: Is There a Concern for Human Health?, Biological Trace Element Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in 28 honey samples purchased from small-scale beekeepers across 15 U.S. states, collected 2022–2023; 20 wildflower, 2 tupelo, plus… (n=28) |
| 45 | Yan et al. 2025. Association between infants’ serum levels of 26 metals and gut microbiota: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in China, Frontiers in Microbiology 16:1669475 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Infant serum Al and gut microbiota composition associations, hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| 46 | Zhou et al. 2025. Exogenous Impurities in Baijiu: Sources, Detection, and Safety Strategies, Beverages | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN/EU Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Al, Cr, Fe occurrence in Narrative review of secondary literature on exogenous impurities in baijiu (Chinese distilled spirit). No new measurements; heavy-metal concentration… |
| 47 | Adhikari et al. 2024. Concentrations and health risks of selected elements in leafy vegetables: a comparison between roadside open-air markets and large stores in Johannesburg, South Africa | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | ZA Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Composite leafy vegetable samples from roadside open-air markets (unwashed and washed) and large stores (supermarkets, vegetable markets), Johannesburg,… (n=20) |
| 48 | Alinezhad et al. 2024. Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of Al in milk: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 49 | Atanasov et al. 2024. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ammonium Nitrate Using Al Structures, Fabricated by Laser Processing of AlN Ceramic, Materials | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | SERS substrate using AlN nanostructures for ammonium nitrate detection, cited for analytical-methods context only |
| 50 | Berber et al. 2024. Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Mn, Se, As, Hg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Pontastacus leptodactylus (narrow-clawed crayfish) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Çanakkale, Turkey; monthly sampling over 12 months; male and female… |
| 51 | Bzikowska-Jura et al. 2024. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposure, Scientific Reports 14:8140 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | PL Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, tHg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, Th, U, V occurrence in Thirty human-milk samples from exclusively breastfeeding mothers in Warsaw, Poland, collected 4-6 weeks postpartum (n=30) |
| 52 | Czarnek et al. 2024. Nutritional Risks of Heavy Metals in the Human Diet—Multi-Elemental Analysis of Energy Drinks, Nutrients | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | PL Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, V, Sr, Ba, B occurrence in Nine commercially available energy-drink brands (anonymised ED1–ED9) sold in Lublin, Poland; all in aluminum cans; selected as the… (n=27) |
| 53 | HealthCare 2024. Metals and alloys used in food contact materials and articles: a technical guide for manufacturers and regulators, 2nd edition, Council of Europe / EDQM, European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles (CD-P-MCA) | 2024 | Regulatory report | EU Al, Sb, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ag, Sn, Ti, V, Zn, Zr, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Pb, Li, tHg, Tl occurrence in Regulatory technical guide supplementing Council of Europe Resolution CM/Res(2020)9; no primary sample population. |
| 54 | ElMosbah et al. 2024. Preclinical efficacy of oral and nasal rivastigmine-loaded chitosan nano-particles on AlCl3-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease in rats, Inflammopharmacology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EG Al occurrence in Thirty adult male albino rats in a Cairo University preclinical model; AlCl3 was used to induce Alzheimer’s-like disease… (n=30) |
| 55 | Garuba et al. 2024. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commercial Baby Foods, Archives of Food and Nutritional Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, Al, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu occurrence in 10 commercial baby food products (7 brands), US market, stages 1-3 infant/toddler formulations; purchased from retail stores in… (n=10) |
| 56 | Gautam et al. 2024. Health Risk Assessment: Formaldehyde and Heavy Metals in Finger Paints, Institute of Environmental Science and Research client report FW24026 for Health New Zealand, National Public Health Service, November 2024 | 2024 | Agency report | NZ/EU/AU tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Al, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn occurrence in No original New Zealand market sampling. ESR/Health New Zealand risk assessment summarizing published finger-paint studies, European Safety Gate/RAPEX… |
| 57 | Grzadka et al. 2024. Do You Know What You Drink? Comparative Research on the Contents of Radioisotopes and Heavy Metals in Different Types of Tea from Various Parts of the World, Foods | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | PL/LK/IN Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V occurrence in Thirty commercial true-tea samples imported to the Polish market from 2021 to 2023: black tea (n=16), green tea… (n=30) |
| 58 | Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in canned fish products (n=100) by AAS |
| 59 | Kaya et al. 2024. Determination of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Milk and Their Packaging Materials and Statistical Analysis, Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, tAs, Cd, Ni, Al occurrence in 10 commercial liquid milk brands (labeled T1–T10) sold in Turkish markets, each analyzed alongside their corresponding packaging material;… (n=10) |
| 60 | Kopru et al. 2024. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection of trace metal contents of children cosmetics, Optical and Quantum Electronics 56(8):399 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR/US/CA Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Thirty cosmetic products purchased from local markets in Turkey, marketed as children’s cosmetics and sold within three different… (n=30) |
| 61 | Kovacik et al. 2024. Microelements, Fatty Acid Profile, and Selected Biomarkers in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Muscle Tissue: Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment, Research (journal not specified in text; published online 9 May 2024) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | State-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: Al measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment |
| 62 | Krasnopyorova et al. 2024. Trace Element Composition of Surface Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | KZ Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, Al, U, Hg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Be, Li, Mo, Se, Ba, Sr, V occurrence in Surface water samples from 4 rivers (Bolshaya Almatinka, Malaya Almatinka, Esentai, Kargalinka), 16 sampling sites, 4 seasons (2023),… (n=64) |
| 63 | Laoye et al. 2024. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in fish, fruits, and vegetables in Southwest Nigeria: A systematic review, F1000Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tHg, iAs, tAs, Al occurrence in 64 studies (screened from 10,212) reporting heavy metal contamination in fish, fruits, and vegetables in Southwest Nigeria (Lagos,… (n=64) |
| 64 | Mahdi et al. 2024. Detection of some heavy metals in meat cooked in different utensils, Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IQ Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Al occurrence in Meat cooked in clay, iron, copper, aluminium, Tefal/Teflon, and glass/Pyrex utensils in Tikrit, Iraq. (n=6) |
| 65 | Marcelis 2024. Development of a generic safety assessment strategy for feminine intimate products, PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel | 2024 | Thesis | EU/US/CN Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in PhD thesis built around a market survey of 64 feminine intimate products from the EU, US, and Asia/China:… (n=64) |
| 66 | Meli et al. 2024. Chemical characterization of baby food consumed in Italy, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in baby food |
| 67 | Mercan et al. 2024. Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31: 33975–33992 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR/CN/EU Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, Zn occurrence in Sixty-three toy makeup products purchased from toy stores in Istanbul, Turkey, representing ten different brands coded BRAND A–J… (n=63) |
| 68 | Muntean et al. 2024. Evaluation of Alternative Sources of Proteins and Other Nutrients with Potential Applications in Fish Nutrition, Molecules | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | RO Al, Ni, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Alternative protein flours for potential fish-nutrition use, including gastropod flours, hepatopancreas flour, sunflower, hemp, flax, pumpkin, coffee grounds,… (n=55) |
| 69 | Onyena et al. 2024. Lactational exposure of human infants to metal(loid)s in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Current Research in Toxicology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG/GH/ZA Al, tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb, Ni, Cr occurrence in Healthy lactating mothers from Sub-Saharan Africa (25 studies) and Mediterranean Europe (17 studies) with breast milk samples (n=42) |
| 70 | Öztürk et al. 2024. Determination of aluminium concentrations in black, green, and white tea samples: effects of different infusion times and teapot species on aluminium release, European Food Research and Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al occurrence in Commercially purchased black, green, and white tea brewed in 5 teapot materials for 3 infusion times (n=45 condition… (n=45) |
| 71 | Soni et al. 2024. Food additives and contaminants in infant foods: a critical review of their health risk, trends and recent developments, Food Production, Processing and Nutrition | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU/IN Al occurrence in Narrative review of food additives and contaminants in infant foods; no original measurements. Synthesizes EFSA opinions, US FDA… |
| 72 | Sushila et al. 2024. Literature review and health risks assessment of heavy metal contamination in human milk, Discover Minerals | 2024 | Review | IR/CY/PK Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Systematic review of 22 studies on heavy metals in human breast milk, multiple countries (Iran, Cyprus, Pakistan, China,… |
| 73 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in infant rice cereal (n=18) |
| 74 | Zakaria et al. 2024. Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrations, BMC Veterinary Research 20:34 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cu, Al occurrence in Raw milk from 30 dromedary she-camels in South Egypt: 15 grazing in non-industrial areas and 15 grazing around… (n=30) |
| 75 | Abebe et al. 2023. Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET As, Al, Mn, Mo, V, Fe, Ba occurrence in 205 surface water and groundwater samples from 21 stations in the Awash River basin, Ethiopia; sampling February 2020… (n=205) |
| 76 | Abu et al. 2023. Unraveling the hydrogeochemical evolution and pollution sources of shallow aquifer using multivariate statistical analysis and hydrogeochemical techniques: a case study of the Quaternary aquifer in Beni Suef area, Egypt, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Quaternary aquifer groundwater samples, Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt (n=18) |
| 77 | Ammar et al. 2023. Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS, Applied Sciences (MDPI) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SA Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb occurrence in Eight cooked-food test conditions (AC-1 through APP-5) using four aluminum cooking pots — two traditional pots (codes AC,… (n=16) |
| 78 | Bauer et al. 2023. Assessment of Human Health Risk of Metal(Loid) Content in Brazilian Sardine Along the Southwestern Atlantic, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR tAs, tHg, Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn occurrence in Brazilian sardine Sardinella aurita muscle tissue from commercial landings in the northern CSSWA sector off Rio de Janeiro… (n=74) |
| 79 | Beyene et al. 2023. The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthma, International Breastfeeding Journal | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AU Al, tAs, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, V occurrence in Breast milk samples from 77 women with asthma in eastern Australia, collected during and outside the 2019/2020 landscape… (n=92) |
| 80 | Bezrodnykh et al. 2023. A Walkway from Crayfish to Oligochitosan, Applied Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | RU Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Al occurrence in One laboratory processing batch from 4 kg fresh-frozen narrow-toed crayfish (Actacus leptodactylus) bought on a local market and… (n=1) |
| 81 | BfR 2023. What’s in your food — BfR MEAL Study Final Report (Germany’s first Total Diet Study), BfR Science Report | 2023 | Government report | DE/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Al, Sn, Sb occurrence in Germany’s first Total Diet Study. Core element module: 869 pooled samples (868 for nitrate) comprised of 13,552 subsamples… (n=869) |
| 82 | Brzezinska-Rojek et al. 2023. Evaluation of the Safety and Potential Benefits of Beetroot-Based Dietary Supplements According to Their Elemental Composition, Biological Trace Element Research (published online 7 October 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in dietary supplements (n=37) |
| 83 | Bunu et al. 2023. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) Analysis of Heavy Metals and Health Risks Assessment of some Common Energy Drinks, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, tAs, Al, Zn occurrence in Twelve commercially marketed soft-drink and energy-drink brands purchased from supermarkets in Lokoja, Kogi State, Southwest Nigeria; labelled B1–B12… (n=12) |
| 84 | Capcarova et al. 2023. Levels of Essential and Trace Elements in Mozzarella Available on the Slovak Market with the Estimation of Consumer Exposure, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | SK Al, tAs, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sn occurrence in 27 commercially available mozzarella cheese samples from markets in Nitra, western Slovakia (imported from Italy, 2021) (n=27) |
| 85 | Ciftci 2023. Determination of heavy metals and essential elements in nasal sprays and drops (Saline/Sea Water) and evaluation in terms of toxicity, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn occurrence in Twenty-two saline, sea-water, or ocean-water nasal spray/drop samples sold as pharmacy products; the extracted text does not report… (n=22) |
| 86 | source) 2023. Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish Market, Nutrients | 2023 | Journal article | Cited reference from Nutrients |
| 87 | De et al. 2023. Land application of industrial wastes: impacts on soil quality, biota, and human health, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AU/GB/US tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Al occurrence in Systematic narrative review of published literature on industrial waste land application globally; no primary sample collection |
| 88 | Deka et al. 2023. Monitoring Strategies for Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Limitations for Human Health Risks, IntechOpen (Heavy Metals – Recent Advances) | 2023 | Book chapter | Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al, tAs occurrence in Review chapter; no primary samples. Covers foods and beverages broadly including cereals, fish, meat, fruits, herbal drinks, alcoholic… |
| 89 | Demir et al. 2023. Estimated daily intake and health risk assessment of toxic elements in infant formulas, British Journal of Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR/EU Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg occurrence in 72 powdered cow-milk-based infant formula products from 16 anonymized brands in Turkiye, covering 0-6 month infant formula, follow-on… (n=72) |
| 90 | Diogène et al. 2023. Risk Assessment Strategies for Contaminants in Seafood (RASCS), EFSA Supporting Publications 2023:EN-8419 | 2023 | Government report | EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Strategy/programmatic report from a seven-institution EU consortium (IRTA Spain coordinator, CREDA Spain, IPMA Portugal, ISS Italy, Ghent University… |
| 91 | Famurewa et al. 2023. Comparative assessment of different coconut oils: Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses of pesticide residues, toxic heavy metals, and associated contents, Measurement: Food | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG/PK Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Be, Ag, Mo, Se, Au occurrence in Three coconut oil samples sold or produced for the Nigerian market: one imported oil and two locally produced… (n=3) |
| 92 | Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023. Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish Market, Nutrients 15(14):3251 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in ready-to-eat baby purees (n=159) by ICP-MS |
| 93 | Hussein et al. 2023. Risk assessment of toxic residues among some freshwater and marine water fish species, Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Al occurrence in Six fish species (n=20 each) from El-Obour city fish market, Egypt; freshwater: Oreochromis niloticus, Mugil cephalus, Lates niloticus;… (n=120) |
| 94 | Kamaly et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of metals in chicken meat and liver in Egypt, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Al, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr occurrence in Broiler chicken chest muscle, thigh muscle, and liver from 6 commercial brands in Assiut, Egypt (n=20 per brand… (n=360) |
| 95 | Kazeminia et al. 2023. Heavy metals and their adverse effects: sources, risks, and strategies to reduce accumulation in tea herb — a systematic review, Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of Al in tea herb: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 96 | Kongta et al. 2023. Assessment of Exposure to Aluminum through Consumption of Noodle Products, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al occurrence in Twenty samples each of rice stick noodles, egg noodles, wide rice noodles, and Thai rice noodles collected from… (n=80) |
| 97 | Kosker et al. 2023. Metal levels of canned fish sold in Türkiye: health risk assessment, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, Cd, tAs, Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se occurrence in Canned fish products (28 tuna, 3 salmon, 1 mackerel, 1 anchovy) from 13 brands, Turkey 2021 (n=34) |
| 98 | Lozano-Bilbao et al. 2023. Risk Assessment and Characterization in Tuna Species of the Canary Islands According to Their Metal Content, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Zn occurrence in Seventy-five tuna specimens caught by the Canarian fishing fleet in 2021; 15 specimens each of five species (Acanthocybium… (n=75) |
| 99 | Marriott et al. 2023. Considerations for environmental biogeochemistry and food security for aquaculture around Lake Victoria, Kenya, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | KE tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Al, Ni occurrence in Wild and aquaculture Nile tilapia from Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya; water collected 2018-2019 |
| 100 | Martín-Carrasco et al. 2023. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer reviewed review | EU/MA/NG Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Sn, Se, Sb occurrence in Narrative review of 65 breast-milk studies and 73 infant-formula studies published 2012–2022, covering metals, heat-treatment products, pharmaceuticals, mycotoxins,… |
| 101 | Milani et al. 2023. Trace Elements in Soy-Based Beverages: A Comprehensive Study of Total Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al data: This A-tier peer-reviewed paper is the first promoted Category 5 occurrence source for the soy-based plant-milk row. |
| 102 | Morshdy et al. 2023. Risks assessment of toxic metals in canned meat and chicken, Food Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Sn occurrence in Sixty canned meat and chicken samples collected randomly from grocery stores and hypermarkets in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, April-October… (n=60) |
| 103 | Peng et al. 2023. Aluminum and Fluoride Stresses Altered Organic Acid and Secondary Metabolism in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants: Influences on Plant Tolerance, Tea Quality and Safety, International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al occurrence in Two-year-old tea seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. Shuchazao and Chuyeqi, grown in greenhouse hydroponic culture… |
| 104 | Pradhan 2023. Inductive coupled plasma analysis of Heracleum nepalense D. Don (Umbelliferae), Exploratory Animal and Medical Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, tAs, Hg, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, U occurrence in Three ICP replicas from mature Heracleum nepalense fruit collected in Sikkim, India (n=3) |
| 105 | Rebellato et al. 2023. Inorganic Contaminants in Plant-Based Yogurts Commercialized in Brazil, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR Al, Cr, Co, Ni, tAs, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, tHg, Pb occurrence in Forty-three samples of plant-based yogurt (17 different flavors across 5 brands) and 1 sample of cow-milk natural yogurt… (n=44) |
| 106 | Rebellato et al. 2023. Composition and bioaccessibility of inorganic elements in plant-based yogurts, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Ba occurrence in Forty-four plant-based yogurt sample-lots and one cow-milk natural yogurt sample-lot purchased from August to October 2022 in commercial… (n=45) |
| 107 | Salles et al. 2023. Potentially Toxic Elements in Costume Cosmetics Used by Children and Adults Are Associated with Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:531 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR/US Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn occurrence in 95 samples of face paints (n=90) and pancakes (n=5) purchased at the largest high-street commercial center in São… (n=95) |
| 108 | Salmani et al. 2023. Comparison of Essential and Toxic Metals Levels in some Herbal Teas: a Systematic Review, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Review | Systematic review of Al in black tea: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 109 | Samsidar et al. 2023. X-Ray Fluorescence Monitoring Metal Content and Nutrient Elements for Predicting Soil Fertility Parameters Based on pH in Ultisol Soil, International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ID Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ti, V occurrence in Eight composite Ultisol soil samples from top and sub layers across palm plantation, mixed palm/rubber/forest, forest, and vegetable… (n=8) |
| 110 | Scutarasu et al. 2023. Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Global Situation, Health Risks and Reduction Methods, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IR/CN/GR Pb, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr, tHg, Al, Cu, Zn occurrence in Narrative literature review covering heavy metals in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy, meat, edible oils, wine, and… |
| 111 | Simionov et al. 2023. Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and microplastics accumulation in products from the Danube River Basin fish market, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | RO/GR/IT Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg occurrence in Fish and seafood specimens purchased from retailers in Galati, Romania: 18 fish species and 5 seafood species, n=10… (n=230) |
| 112 | Ali et al. 2023. Assessing Leaching of Potentially Hazardous Elements from Cookware during Cooking: A Serious Public Health Concern, Toxics | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PK Al, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Sn occurrence in Locally purchased Pakistani cookware samples: non-anodized aluminum (n=8), anodized aluminum (n=8), stainless steel (n=7), and copper cookware (n=7),… (n=30) |
| 113 | Suomi et al. 2023. Cumulative risk assessment of the dietary heavy metal and aluminum exposure of Finnish adults, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | FI/EU Cd, Pb, iAs, MeHg, Ni, Al occurrence in Finnish adults aged 25–74 years from FinDiet 2012 national dietary survey (48-h recall; 5 geographic areas) (n=1295) |
| 114 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn, tHg occurrence in Review of global literature on cereal crops (wheat, rice, maize, barley) in contaminated soils |
| 115 | Wang et al. 2023. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Al, tAs, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb occurrence in 187 samples (36 drinking water + 151 food) from villages and towns in industrial regions of northern Ningxia,… (n=187) |
| 116 | Zergui et al. 2023. Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by ICP-MS: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessment, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in coffee (n=44) by ICP-MS |
| 117 | Zhang et al. 2023. Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Cr, Cd, tAs, Pb, Ni, Sn, Sb occurrence in Eight material-extrusion 3D-printing filaments and their emitted particle samples, including PLA, nylon, bronze-filled PLA, stainless-steel-filled filament, and flame-retarded… (n=8) |
| 118 | Scheme 2022. Use of Aluminium in Antiperspirants: Evaluation statement, AICIS evaluation statement EVA00100 | 2022 | Government report | AU/EU Al occurrence in AICIS public-risk evaluation of aluminium salts used in antiperspirants and deodorants, drawing on NICNAS IMAP assessments, SCCS 2014/2020/2022… |
| 119 | Al-Kahachi et al. 2022. Distribution and Enrichments of Abundant and Trace Elements in Al-Khassa Sub Basin Soil, Kirkuk, Northeastern of Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Science | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IQ Pb, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Mo, V, Al occurrence in 34 surface soil samples (35–45 cm depth) collected systematically at one sample per 4 km² across the Al-Khassa… (n=34) |
| 120 | Almeida et al. 2022. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(18):11178 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula |
| 121 | Almukainzi et al. 2022. Quality and safety investigation of commonly used topical cosmetic preparations, Scientific Reports 12:18299 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | SA/US/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co occurrence in Twenty-one topical cosmetic products purchased from local markets and drug stores in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Product selection was… (n=21) |
| 122 | Balbo et al. 2022. Dietary exposure and risk characterisation of multiple chemical contaminants in rye-wheat bread marketed in Poland, EFSA Journal | 2022 | Government report | PL/EU Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni occurrence in 51 loaves of rye-wheat bread (refined flour, category A005N per FoodEx2) collected from popular supermarkets in Warsaw, Poland;… (n=51) |
| 123 | Chen et al. 2022. Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterization, RSC Advances | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al occurrence in Peanuts from 6 Chinese provinces (Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Hebei, Guangxi, Guangdong) (n=66) |
| 124 | Cicero et al. 2022. Mineral and Microbiological Analysis of Spices and Aromatic Herbs, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IT/SA/IN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn occurrence in 13 spice and aromatic herb samples purchased in an international market in Saudi Arabia, representing products from India,… (n=13) |
| 125 | Ciont et al. 2022. Beer Safety: New Challenges and Future Trends within Craft and Large-Scale Production, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | GLOBAL/ET Pb, Cd, Al, Sn, Cu, Mn, Zn occurrence in Narrative review; no new samples were measured. The Data Availability Statement on page 16 states: ‘No new data… |
| 126 | Souza et al. 2022. Determination of the Trace Element Contents of Fruit Juice Samples by ICP OES and ICP-MS, Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT Al, tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn occurrence in 21 fruit juice and nectar samples: 16 commercial fruit juices, 2 commercial nectars, 2 laboratory-squeezed orange juices, and… (n=21) |
| 127 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation | 2022 | Government report | FDA TDS FY2018-2020 analytical key: Al measurement LODs and QA/QC parameters by food category |
| 128 | Gredilla et al. 2022. A Rapid Routine Methodology Based on Chemometrics to Evaluate the Toxicity of Commercial Infant Milks Due to Hazardous Elements, Food Analytical Methods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BR/CO Li, Al, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, tHg, Tl, Pb, Mo occurrence in Twelve commercial powdered milk formulas purchased in representative cities of Brazil and Colombia: nine child/infant milks and three… (n=12) |
| 129 | Kim et al. 2022. Dietary effects of black soldier fly larvae oil on laying hen performance, egg quality, and egg safety, Animal Bioscience | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | KR Al, tAs, Pb, tHg, Cd occurrence in Laying hens fed diets with varying proportions of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil as a substitute… |
| 130 | Kletikova et al. 2022. Effect of Feed Additive on the Mineral Composition of Quail Blood, Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | RU Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Cr, Mn, Co, tAs, Li, Ni, Sb, Al, Ti, Pb, tHg, Cd occurrence in Ten control and ten experimental Japanese laying quails sampled for blood serum minerals at 120 days after the… (n=20) |
| 131 | Kumar et al. 2022. Freshwater Macrophytes: A Potential Source of Minerals and Fatty Acids for Fish, Poultry, and Livestock, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, Sn, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Twelve freshwater macrophyte species cultured in outdoor cemented tanks with organic manures, New Delhi/Uttar Pradesh/West Bengal, India (n=12) |
| 132 | Mercan 2022. Determination of Aflatoxin and Heavy Metal Levels in Some Spices Sold as Unpackaged in Van Province and Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals, Balikesir Health Sciences Journal | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | TR Ni, tAs, Cd, Pb, Al occurrence in 60 unpackaged spice samples sold in Van Province, Turkey: black pepper n=20, cumin n=20, and red pepper n=20. (n=60) |
| 133 | Mercan 2022. Determination of Aflatoxin and Heavy Metal Levels in Some Spices Sold as Unpackaged in Van Province and Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals, Balikesir Health Sciences Journal | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | TR Ni, tAs, Cd, Pb, Al occurrence in Unpackaged red pepper, black pepper, and cumin samples sold in Van province, Turkey (n=60) |
| 134 | Rempelos et al. 2022. Diet, but not food type, significantly affects micronutrient and toxic metal profiles in urine and/or plasma; a randomized, controlled intervention trial, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | GB/GR Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb occurrence in Twenty-seven healthy adult students in a 5-week randomized diet switch-over trial: habitual Western diet, 2-week Mediterranean diet in… (n=27) |
| 135 | Riyazuddin et al. 2022. A Comprehensive Review on the Heavy Metal Toxicity and Sequestration in Plants, Biomolecules | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, tAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al occurrence in Narrative review; no primary measurements. |
| 136 | Sarkar et al. 2022. Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers, Journal of Environmental and Public Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NP Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, tHg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, U, V, Zn occurrence in 35 public drinking water sources (7 dug wells, 18 tube wells, 9 stone spouts, 1 municipal tap) in… (n=35) |
| 137 | Shalev 2022. Studying Peptide-Metal Ion Complex Structures by Solution-State NMR, International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Ni, Al occurrence in Narrative methodological review; no primary measurements. |
| 138 | Shchukin et al. 2022. Evaluation of Elemental Impurities in Peppermint Herb and Peppermint-Based Herbal Products, Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | RU Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, tAs occurrence in Peppermint leaves and peppermint-based herbal products evaluated in Russia |
| 139 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2022. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants’ First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, Exposure and Health | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Al, Sb, Sn occurrence in Exclusively breastfed US infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS); urine collected at 6 weeks… (n=187) |
| 140 | Trueman et al. 2022. Seasonal Lead Release into Drinking Water and the Effect of Aluminum, ACS ES&T Water | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Al occurrence in Point-of-use and distribution system samples from Halifax, Canada drinking water system (total Al n=849; residential first-draw Pb n=193;… (n=849) |
| 141 | WHO 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda, Geneva: World Health Organization | 2022 | Government report | WHO/Global Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, U, Sb occurrence in Drinking-water consumers globally; guideline values derived for a 60 kg adult consuming 2 L/day, with bottle-fed infants flagged… |
| 142 | Albals et al. 2021. Multi-element determination of essential and toxic metals in green and roasted coffee beans: A comparative study among different origins using ICP-MS, Science Progress | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | JO Pb, Cd, Al, Cr, Ni, U occurrence in Green and roasted coffee beans from five origins (Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Yemen) sold on the Jordanian market (n=56) |
| 143 | Alrajhi et al. 2021. Investigation of metals released from imported cookware collected from a local market in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | SA Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, tAs, Zn, Ni, Al, Cd, Pb occurrence in Forty-six imported metallic aluminium cookware items purchased from a local market in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (n=46) |
| 144 | Astolfi et al. 2021. Determination of 40 Elements in Powdered Infant Formulas and Related Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=22) |
| 145 | Limani et al. 2021. Characterization of honey: determination of metal and sugar content, Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MK/RS Pb, Cd, tAs, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr, Ni occurrence in Five unprocessed flower-honey samples from Skopje and Kumanovo in North Macedonia and Preshevo in Serbia, including four beekeeper… (n=5) |
| 146 | de et al. 2021. Data on metals, nonmetal, and metalloid in the samples of the canned tuna and canned sardines sold in Brazil, Data in Brief | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | BR tAs, Al, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr occurrence in 4 brands of canned tuna (grated and solid, in water and oil; 16 product variants total × 3… (n=20) |
| 147 | EUFIC 2021. Aluminium in Food (Q&A): Sources, Safety and Regulations, European Food Information Council (EUFIC) | 2021 | NGO report | EU Al occurrence in General population dietary aluminium exposure, EU context |
| 148 | Sierra et al. 2021. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Tropical Soils an Overview, Sustainability | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CO/BR/CU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al occurrence in Narrative review; no primary samples. Synthesizes 204 references on tropical-soil characteristics, heavy metal sources, plant phytoremediation mechanisms, and… |
| 149 | Hamid et al. 2021. Bacterial Plant Biostimulants: A Sustainable Way towards Improving Growth, Productivity, and Health of Crops, Sustainability 13(5):2856 | 2021 | Review | tHg, tAs, Cd, Pb, Al occurrence in Narrative review of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bacterial plant biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Synthesizes literature published 2015–2020… |
| 150 | Canada 2021. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality — Guideline Technical Document: Aluminum, Health Canada — Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water | 2021 | Regulatory guideline | CA Al occurrence in Federal-Provincial-Territorial review document; occurrence data compiled from Canadian provincial and territorial monitoring programs (2012–2017) covering 10 jurisdictions plus… |
| 151 | Khandaker et al. 2021. Elevated Concentrations of Metal(loids) in Seaweed and the Concomitant Exposure to Humans, Foods | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | MY K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Se, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, iAs, Na, Ni, Cr-VI, Ag, Si occurrence in Fresh Eucheuma cottoni seaweed from three Malaysian seaweed-farming locations: Langkawi (LKW, n = 3), Semporna (SPN, n =… (n=8) |
| 152 | Manouchehri et al. 2021. The Possible Effects of Heavy Metals in Honey as Toxic and Carcinogenic Substances on Human Health: A Systematic Review, Arı Dergisi / Uludag Bee Journal | 2021 | Review | IR/TR/NG Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al occurrence in Systematic review of published literature on heavy metals in honey, drawing from studies in Iran, Turkey, Nigeria, Argentina,… |
| 153 | Gül et al. 2021. Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Oil Sunflower Seeds Grown in the North of Turkey, European Journal of Science and Technology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn occurrence in 18 sunflower seed samples from six Middle Black Sea Region sunflower-growing areas (n=18) |
| 154 | Selvam et al. 2021. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in coastal aquifer groundwater of Alappuzha district (Kerala, India) using OSPRC framework, Scientific Reports | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | IN As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Al occurrence in Coastal aquifer groundwater samples from Alappuzha district, Kerala, India (pre- and post-monsoon 2021/2022) (n=50) |
| 155 | Stanton et al. 2021. The Metallome as a Link Between the Omes in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 14:695873 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Al dyshomeostasis in neurodevelopmental conditions: metallome dysregulation context |
| 156 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | Toxicology reference text on aluminum: mechanisms of toxicity, target organs, and clinical manifestations |
| 157 | Zafeiraki et al. 2021. Macro and Trace Elements in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Greece: Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | GR/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in 90 Cannabis sativa L. leaf/flower samples from 9 varieties cultivated across 13 regions in Greece, collected 2018-2019; 21… (n=90) |
| 158 | Alrajhi et al. 2020. Concentration of Trace Metals in Some Major Edible Oils of Riyadh, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | SA Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Pb, tAs occurrence in Fifty-four edible vegetable oil samples, described as soybean, palm, and olive oils, collected from supermarkets around Riyadh, Saudi… (n=54) |
| 159 | BfR 2020. FAQs about aluminium in food and products intended for consumers, BfR FAQ of 20 July 2020 | 2020 | Government report | DE/EU Al occurrence in null |
| 160 | Ibrahim 2020. Determination of trace element levels in flowers and leaves of vicia faba by ICP-MS, Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cr, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni occurrence in Dried Vicia faba flowers and leaves analyzed as medicinal plant material in Turkey |
| 161 | Chen et al. 2020. Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), RSC Advances | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Se occurrence in Raw untreated milk from small farm cooperatives and large-scale farms across five Chinese provinces: 100 goat (Shandong +… (n=350) |
| 162 | Paiva et al. 2020. Aluminium in infant foods: Total content, effect of in vitro digestion on bioaccessible fraction and preliminary exposure assessment, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 90:103493 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant/baby food |
| 163 | de et al. 2020. Aluminum content and effect of in vitro digestion on bioaccessible fraction in cereal-based baby foods, Food Research International 131:108965 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in baby food (n=35) |
| 164 | EL et al. 2020. Aluminum exposure from food in the population of Lebanon, Toxicology Reports | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | LB Al occurrence in Ninety-seven food items collected May–September 2018 from the Beirut retail market (105 sampled; 8 discarded for turbidity), comprising… (n=97) |
| 165 | Elsheikh et al. 2020. Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OES, Asian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in powdered infant formula (n=57) |
| 166 | Gutierrez-Ravelo et al. 2020. Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, Pb) and Trace Element (B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) Levels in Sarpa Salpa from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean Region, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES Al, Cd, Pb, B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn occurrence in Thirty Sarpa salpa specimens from three Tenerife coastal zones, with ten fish from each metropolitan, south, and north… (n=30) |
| 167 | Igweze et al. 2020. Public Health and Paediatric Risk Assessment of Aluminium, Arsenic and Mercury in Infant Formulas Marketed in Nigeria, Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 20(1):e63-e70 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=26) |
| 168 | Karavoltsos et al. 2020. Copper Complexing Capacity and Trace Metal Content in Common and Balsamic Vinegars: Impact of Organic Matter, Molecules | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | GR As, Pb, Cd, Al, Cr, Ni, Cu occurrence in 43 vinegars retailed in Greece: 20 balsamic (12 red, 5 red-with-honey, 3 white), 23 common (10 red wine,… (n=43) |
| 169 | Klopper et al. 2020. Chemical composition and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols on the Namibian coast, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NA Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Pb, Cd, Ba occurrence in PM10 filter samples collected during 26 non-consecutive sampling weeks in 2016 and 2017 at the Henties Bay Aerosol… (n=385) |
| 170 | Lukin et al. 2020. Mineral composition of chicken meat semi-finished products from different producers, Innovations and Food Safety | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | RU tAs, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Sn, Al, Sb occurrence in Chilled broiler drumsticks from two producers sold in Chelyabinsk, Russia |
| 171 | Olafisoye et al. 2020. Synthetic antioxidants and metallic elements as additives/contaminants in virgin palm oil, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Al, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Virgin palm oil samples from fifteen plantation locations in southern Nigeria, including NIFOR/substation and other southern-state oil-palm areas. (n=15) |
| 172 | Tomczyk et al. 2020. Transfer of some toxic metals from soil to honey depending on bee habitat conditions, Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: Food Technology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | PL Cd, Pb, Al, Mn, Ni occurrence in Honeydew, goldenrod, dandelion, rapeseed, and tilia honeys collected from ten apiary sampling points in Podkarpackie, Poland, split between… (n=50) |
| 173 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 174 | Adler et al. 2019. Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd) in coffee, Zdravstveno Varstvo / Slovenian Journal of Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | BA Al, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg occurrence in Two green coffee bean samples and six roasted coffee bean samples purchased in small local stores in Sarajevo,… (n=8) |
| 175 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Al occurrence data from a Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers: concentrations across food categories |
| 176 | Dordevic et al. 2019. Aluminum contamination of food during culinary preparation: Case study with aluminum foil and consumers’ preferences, Food Science & Nutrition | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CZ/EU Al occurrence in Eleven food types (Atlantic salmon fillet, mackerel, duck breasts with and without skin, cheese Hermelín, fresh tomato, fresh… (n=11) |
| 177 | Fechner et al. 2019. Dietary exposure assessment of aluminium and cadmium from cocoa in relation to cocoa origin, PLoS ONE | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Al dietary exposure estimates in cocoa/chocolate |
| 178 | Erzsebet et al. 2019. Aluminium contamination of several types of tea, Orvostudomanyi Ertesito | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | RO Al occurrence in Green, black, fruit, and herbal tea infusions prepared from sampled tea materials (n=48) |
| 179 | Jayanthi et al. 2019. Assessment of non-essential heavy metals in ready-to-eat chicken meat products of Chennai city, International Journal of Chemical Studies | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IN Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, tHg, Pb occurrence in Two hundred eighty-eight ready-to-eat chicken meat product samples from street food outlets in northern, central, and southern Chennai,… (n=288) |
| 180 | Lee et al. 2019. Effects of food processing methods on migration of heavy metals to food, Applied Biological Chemistry | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | KR/LK Pb, Cd, tAs, Al occurrence in Korean market oilseeds (sesame, perilla, flaxseed), noodles (flour and glass), and teas (black, green, Solomon’s seal) — 3… (n=27) |
| 181 | Li et al. 2019. Evaluation of heavy metal migration from plastic food packaging materials to aqueous simulants by ICP-MS, Shimadzu Application News No. AD-0207 | 2019 | Application note | EU Al, tAs, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn occurrence in Three plastic food-packaging material types obtained from local food markets: polystyrene container, polypropylene container, and polyethylene film. (n=3) |
| 182 | Pankavec et al. 2019. Mineral Constituents of Conserved White Button Mushrooms: Similarities and Differences, Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr, U, Sb occurrence in 100 unit packages of commercially available pickled white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from 6 manufacturers sold in Gdańsk,… (n=100) |
| 183 | Redgrove et al. 2019. Prescription Infant Formulas Are Contaminated with Aluminium, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(5):899 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula |
| 184 | Savić et al. 2019. Determination of the mineral content of spices by ICP-OES, Advanced Technologies | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | RS Pb, Cd, Al, Ni, Cr occurrence in Ten spice samples available on the Serbian market: curcuma, star anise, cinnamon, ginger, coriander, cardamom, sesame, black pepper,… (n=10) |
| 185 | Aldayel et al. 2018. Heavy Metals Concentration in Facial Cosmetics, Natural Products Chemistry & Research 6(1): 1000303 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | SA Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, U, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ag, Ba, V, Mo, Li occurrence in Thirty facial-cosmetic samples representing nine ‘most expensive’ facial-cosmetic brands purchased from the Saudi Arabian (Riyadh) market. Four product… (n=30) |
| 186 | Oliveira et al. 2018. Metal concentrations in traditional and herbal teas and their potential risks to human health, Science of the Total Environment | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb occurrence in Forty-seven tea products collected in the US market, covering 16 herbal teas, 16 black teas, 11 green teas,… (n=47) |
| 187 | S.Y.S. et al. 2018. Suitability of Clay Water Filter for the Removal of Nephrotoxic Constituents in CKDu Prevalent Areas, Proceedings of the 22nd International Forestry and Environment Symposium | 2018 | Conference proceedings | LK Cd, Al occurrence in Synthetic feed waters representing wet-season and extreme-wet-season conditions in Sri Lanka dry-zone CKDu-prevalent areas, tested through a clay-and-rice-husk… |
| 188 | Rittirong et al. 2018. Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TH Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Cooked rice prepared from Thailand-market rice using five utensil conditions and four water conditions, with raw rice as… (n=20) |
| 189 | Shchukin et al. 2018. Comparative analysis of the content of heavy metals, aluminum, and arsenic in brown algae of various origins, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | RU/CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn occurrence in Six pharmacy-purchased medicinal herbal preparations described as Laminaria thalli, bought in Moscow pharmacy chains. Raw material origins were… (n=6) |
| 190 | Tajdar-oranj et al. 2018. The concentration of heavy metals in noodle samples from Iran’s market: probabilistic health risk assessment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cr, Cd, Al occurrence in 27 instant noodle samples drawn from four commercial brands sold on the Tehran market in Spring 2017: three… (n=27) |
| 191 | Takanashi et al. 2018. Survey of Aluminium Content of Processed Food Using Baking Powder (2015–2016), Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi (Food Hygiene and Safety Science) | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | JP Al occurrence in Japanese confectionery, baked goods, and flour-processed foods from Tokyo-area markets, 2015–2016 (n=123) |
| 192 | Youssao et al. 2018. Levels of Minor and Trace Elements of Some Commercial Fruit Juices and Syrup Produced in Artisanal and Semi-Industrial Units in Benin Republic, International Journal of Chemistry | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BJ/FR Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Tl, U occurrence in 92 fruit-juice and syrup samples: 85 Benin-produced bottled pineapple juices/cocktails from artisanal and semi-industrial units, 6 French pineapple… (n=92) |
| 193 | Yozukmaz et al. 2018. Heavy metal bioaccumulation in Enteromorpha intestinalis, (L.) Nees, a macrophytic algae: The example of Kadin Creek (Western Anatolia), Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Seasonal Enteromorpha intestinalis, water, and sediment samples from Kadin Creek in western Anatolia collected in 2011 and 2012. (n=20) |
| 194 | Zhang et al. 2018. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=26) by ICP-MS |
| 195 | Charles et al. 2017. Health risk assessment of instant noodles commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, tAs, Ni, tHg, Cu, Cd, Al, Cr occurrence in Six commercial instant-noodle brands commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, purchased from retail shops in Choba, Alakahia, Rumuosi,… (n=6) |
| 196 | Galfi et al. 2017. Mineral and Anthropogenic Indicator Inorganics in Urban Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff: Sources and Mobility Patterns, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | SE Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Stormwater, snowmelt-runoff, and baseflow samples from four urban catchments in Ostersund, Sweden; the paper reports 104 samples across… (n=104) |
| 197 | Gomez-Arroyo et al. 2017. Indicators of environmental contamination by heavy metals in leaves of Taraxacum officinale in two zones of the metropolitan area of Mexico City, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | MX Pb, Cd, Al, Cr, Ni, Mn occurrence in Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) leaves collected at two stations in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City: Centro de Ciencias… |
| 198 | Hardisson et al. 2017. Aluminium Exposure Through the Diet, HSOA Journal of Food Science and Nutrition | 2017 | Review | ES/DE/AU Al occurrence in Compiled literature review of Al concentrations across food groups and drinks; intake estimated against Spanish population consumption data… |
| 199 | Lee et al. 2017. Influence of usage environment from camping cooking utensils on migration of hazardous metals, Korean Journal of Food Preservation | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | KR Pb, tAs, Cd, Ni, Al occurrence in Commercial camping pots and pans made of stainless steel, hard aluminium, soft aluminium, and fluorocarbon-resin-coated material, tested under… (n=36) |
| 200 | Levkov et al. 2017. Content of major and trace elements in raw ewes’ milk used for production of traditional white brined cheese, Slovak Journal of Animal Science | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | MK tAs, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Ba, Ag, Sr occurrence in Twelve raw ewes’ milk samples from households in six Macedonian regions used for traditional white brined cheese production. (n=12) |
| 201 | SCHEER 2017. Final Opinion on tolerable intake of aluminium with regards to adapting the migration limits for aluminium in toys, Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER), European Commission | 2017 | Government report | EU Al occurrence in Review of regulatory opinions and dietary exposure data for children and adults |
| 202 | Sobhanardakani et al. 2017. Assessment of Contents and Health Risk of Aluminum and Copper through Consumption of Commercial Fruit Juices, Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR Al occurrence in 48 commercially packaged fruit juice samples of 4 types (cherry, mango, orange, pineapple) from 4 popular brands, purchased… (n=48) |
| 203 | Stahl et al. 2017. Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food - a health risk for consumers? Part I of III: exposure to aluminum, release of aluminum, tolerable weekly intake (TWI), toxicological effects of aluminum, study design, and methods, Environmental Sciences Europe | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/EU Al occurrence in Hessian State Laboratory aluminum results for 1,825 foodstuff samples across 30 product groups, plus Part I study-design context… (n=1825) |
| 204 | Unuvar et al. 2017. Determination of Element Concentrations in Commercial Infant Formulas Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Atomic Spectroscopy | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Pb, Fe, Mg, Zn occurrence in Twenty commercial infant formula samples from five manufacturers, purchased from pharmacies and supermarkets in Malatya, Turkey and grouped… (n=20) |
| 205 | FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS102048 | 2016 | Government report | UK Food Standards Agency 2016 survey: Al concentrations in infant foods and formula |
| 206 | Food Safety Authority of 2016. Report on a Total Diet Study Carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland in the Period 2012–2014, FSAI Chemical Monitoring and Surveillance Series | 2016 | Government report | IE/EU Al, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, tHg, Sn occurrence in 141 food samples (1,043 sub-samples) representing the Irish diet; adults n=1,500 (NANS, age 18+, 2008–2010) and children n=594… (n=141) |
| 207 | Nguyen et al. 2016. Exposure of women to trace elements through the skin by direct contact with underwear clothing, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | Ag, Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, tHg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, Zn occurrence in Women undergarments: 63 cotton, 44 nylon, and 13 polyester samples manufactured in 14 countries and purchased as direct-skin-contact… (n=120) |
| 208 | Ozbek et al. 2016. A Practical Method for the Determination of Al, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn in Different Types of Vinegars by Microwave Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Food Analytical Methods | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | TR Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn occurrence in Commercially produced Turkish vinegars: 17 grape, 12 apple, 3 balsamic, plus homemade, pomegranate, and fig vinegars (n=32) |
| 209 | Suvarapu et al. 2016. Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere: A review, Toxicology and Industrial Health 33(1): 79–96 | 2016 | Review | CN/IN/KR Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Cr, Cr-VI, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Co occurrence in Narrative review of approximately 70 quality research papers on heavy metal determination in ambient air (TSPM, PM10, PM2.5)… |
| 210 | Vitola et al. 2016. The Effect of Cocoa Beans Heavy and Trace Elements on Safety and Stability of Confectionery Products, Rural Sustainability Research 35(330):19-23 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | CM/EC/NG tHg, tAs, Pb, Cd, Al, Zn, Se occurrence in Forastero cocoa-bean lots from Cameroon, Ecuador, Nigeria, and Ghana, sampled from 10 bags per origin and analyzed with… (n=4) |
| 211 | Heckmann et al. 2015. CMR Substances in Toys – Market Surveillance and Risk Assessment, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products No. 141, 2015. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen. ISBN 978-87-93352-79-7. | 2015 | Regulatory agency report | DK/EU Sn, Al, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, tAs occurrence in Phase 2 chemical analyses: 28 toy products extracted by the Danish EPA’s Chemical Inspection Service (CIS) from 30… (n=28) |
| 212 | Baxter et al. 2015. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food, Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 | 2015 | Government report | GB Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, Sb occurrence in 3312 retail food samples from 24 UK locations, combined into 138 food categories and 28 food groups, all… (n=3312) |
| 213 | Li et al. 2015. A comparison of the potential health risk of aluminum and heavy metals in tea leaves and tea infusion of commercially available green tea in Jiangxi, China, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations and health risk assessment in tea infusions (n=26) by ICP-MS |
| 214 | Odhiambo et al. 2015. Toxic trace elements in different brands of milk infant formulae in Nairobi market, Kenya, African Journal of Food Science | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | KE Al, Cd, Pb, Ni occurrence in Seven imported cow-milk infant formula powder products for infants aged 0-6 months, purchased from stores in Nairobi County,… (n=7) |
| 215 | Paulsen et al. 2015. Pilot study on metal contents in meat portions from wild game killed by ‘lead-free’ rifle bullets, Journal of Food Safety and Food Quality | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | AT Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in 108 90-g meat portions: 59 from 6 roe deer (XLC and XRG bullets), 25 from 2 wild boar… (n=108) |
| 216 | Rashid et al. 2015. Determination of Metals Contamination in Rock Melon (Cucumis melo) and Coco Peat, Jurnal Intelek 10(1): 33–36 (ISSN 2231-7716; UiTM Perlis) | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | MY Al, Cr, Pb, Ni occurrence in Rock melon (Cucumis melo, cultivar Glamour) randomly sampled from 5 farm locations in Mantin (Negeri Sembilan) and Jalan… (n=70) |
| 217 | Savic et al. 2015. The Presence of Minerals in Clear Orange Juices, Advanced Technologies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | RS Ag, Al, tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn occurrence in Seven clear orange-juice samples with 50% fruit content, produced by different manufacturers and purchased from the local market… (n=7) |
| 218 | Al-Rajhi 2014. Determination the concentration of some metals in imported canned food and chicken stock, American Journal of Environmental Sciences | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | SA Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, tAs, Se, Al occurrence in Coded imported canned-food and chicken-stock samples purchased from supermarkets around Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; methods text says 21 types… (n=13) |
| 219 | FSA 2014. Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, Food Standards Agency report | 2014 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Forty-seven infant formula samples, 200 commercial infant foods, and 50 composite ‘other foods’ samples purchased from UK retail… (n=297) |
| 220 | Llorent-Martínez et al. 2014. Quantitation of Metals During the Extraction of Virgin Olive Oil from Olives Using ICP-MS after Microwave-assisted Acid Digestion, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU Al, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Sb, Pb occurrence in Picual, Hojiblanca, and Arbequina olive fruits collected January 2012/13 from an irrigated orchard in Jaén (Andalusia), Spain; analyzed… |
| 221 | Mansour 2014. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food, Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Wiley-Blackwell) | 2014 | Book chapter | EG/CN/IN Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Sn, Al occurrence in Book chapter authored by Sameeh A. Mansour (Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo)… |
| 222 | Sipahi et al. 2014. Safety assessment of essential and toxic metals in infant formulas, The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 56(4):385-391 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula (n=63) |
| 223 | Stasinos et al. 2014. The Bioaccumulation and Physiological Effects of Heavy Metals in Carrots, Onions, and Potatoes and Dietary Implications for Cr and Ni: A Review, Journal of Food Science | 2014 | Review | GR/LV/US Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni, Al occurrence in Review of global studies on carrots, onions, and potatoes from polluted irrigation water contexts |
| 224 | Carroquino et al. 2013. Environmental Toxicology: Children at Risk, Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Chapter 11 (Springer) | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Toxicology reference text on aluminum: mechanisms of toxicity, target organs, and clinical manifestations |
| 225 | Centre for Food Safety 2013. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic Contaminants, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2013 | Government report | HK Al, Sb, Cd, Pb, MeHg, Ni, Sn occurrence in Hong Kong general adult population; 150 TDS food items purchased on 4 occasions (March 2010 to February 2011),… (n=1800) |
| 226 | Chuchu et al. 2013. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high, BMC Pediatrics | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula (n=30) |
| 227 | UK Committee on Toxicity 2013. Statement on the potential risks from aluminium in the infant diet, Committee on Toxicity (COT), Statement 2013/01, June 2013 | 2013 | Government report | UK Al occurrence in Synthesis of UK Drinking Water Inspectorate 2011 tap-water survey (n=42,400 England/Wales, n=1,730 Northern Ireland, n=5,020 Scotland); FSA 2006… |
| 228 | EC 2013. Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC — An Explanatory Guidance Document (Rev 1.7), European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, Single Market for Goods; Rev 1.7, 13/12/2013 | 2013 | Government report | EU Al, Sb, tAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sr, Sn occurrence in Regulatory guidance document interpreting EU Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC, including the 19-element migration-limit table at Annex II Part… |
| 229 | Arsenic 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU iAs, tAs, DMA, MMA, Al, U concentrations (n=200) |
| 230 | Bassioni et al. 2012. Risk Assessment of Using Aluminum Foil in Food Preparation, International Journal of Electrochemical Science | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | AE/EG Al occurrence in Six experimental cooking-solution recipes (variants on 40% minced-beef extract + tomato juice + citric acid + NaCl, with… (n=6) |
| 231 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. Safety Issues of Baby Bottles and Children’s Tableware (Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 47), Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 47, January 2012 | 2012 | Government report | HK/EU/US Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI, Al occurrence in Narrative literature review; no original measurements. The review summarises secondary toxicology and migration evidence from FAO/WHO, EFSA, USFDA,… |
| 232 | UL 2012. Chemicals in Children’s Toys: Addressing Stricter Limits and Environmental Concerns, UL LLC White Paper (UL Environment), 8 pp. | 2012 | Industry | US/EU Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Sb occurrence in No primary contamination measurements. UL LLC marketing white paper introducing UL 172, the voluntary UL Standard for Sustainability… |
| 233 | Yuan et al. 2012. Aluminum Overload Increases Oxidative Stress in Four Functional Brain Areas of Neonatal Rats, Journal of Biomedical Science 19(1):51 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | Al toxicological mechanisms, target organ effects, and dose-response evidence |
| 234 | Dabeka et al. 2011. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula (n=243) |
| 235 | Zealand 2011. The 23rd Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2011 | Government report | AU/NZ Al, tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in Ninety-two Australian foods and beverages, including tap and bottled water, represented by 570 composite samples; each composite used… (n=570) |
| 236 | Burrell et al. 2010. There is (still) too much aluminium in infant formulas, BMC Pediatrics | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula (n=15) |
| 237 | Abdullah 2009. Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Fish Sauce, B.Sc. (Hons.) Chemistry final-year project, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia | 2009 | Thesis | MY Pb, Cd, Zn, Al occurrence in Three commercial fish-sauce samples coded sample A, sample B, and sample C. The abstract does not state brand… (n=3) |
| 238 | Parliament et al. 2009. Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 342, 22.12.2009, p. 59-209 | 2009 | Regulation | EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Sb, Ni, Cr, Be, Se, Tl, Al, Sr, Zr occurrence in Not applicable. This is the EU horizontal cosmetic-products regulation, not a market survey. The document text is the… |
| 239 | Kazi et al. 2009. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in infant formula (n=17) |
| 240 | ATSDR 2008. Toxicological Profile for Aluminum, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2008 | Government report | ATSDR toxicological profile for aluminum: exposure routes, health effects, dose-response, and MRL derivation |
| 241 | Committee on Toxicity of 2008. COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and Other Elements, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2008 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Tl, Zn occurrence in 2006 UK Total Diet Study: 119 food categories combined into 20 prepared-as-consumed food groups for metals and other… (n=20) |
| 242 | David et al. 2008. The heavy metals analyses in canned tomato paste, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | RO/IT Pb, Cd, Sn, Al, Cr, Fe, Zn, tAs occurrence in Five commercial canned tomato paste and tomato sauce products tested in Romania: two Romanian-branded products in metal cans,… (n=5) |
| 243 | EFSA 2008. Safety of Aluminium from Dietary Intake, The EFSA Journal 2008;754:1-34 | 2008 | Government report | EFSA 2008 scientific opinion on Al: tolerable weekly intake of 1 mg/kg bw/week, neurotoxicity basis, and dietary exposure |
| 244 | Health Canada Bureau of 2008. ARCHIVED — Health Canada Requests Information from Industry on the Use of Aluminum-Containing Food Additives, Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety | 2008 | Regulation | CA Al occurrence in null |
| 245 | Health Canada Bureau of 2008. ARCHIVED — Health Canada Review of Dietary Exposure to Aluminum, Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety | 2008 | Regulation | CA/GLOBAL Al occurrence in null |
| 246 | Islam EU 2007. Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops, Journal of Zhejiang University Science B | 2007 | Review | CN/UK/US Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, Al occurrence in Review with primary data from Zhejiang University pot/greenhouse experiments on Chinese cabbage, winter greens, pakchoi, and celery; supplemented… |
| 247 | JECFA 2007. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants — Sixty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 940 (Sixty-seventh meeting of JECFA, Rome, 20-29 June 2006) | 2007 | Government report | international Al, MeHg, tHg occurrence in Aluminium: total dietary exposure derived from market-basket and duplicate-diet surveys in adults (France, Germany, UK, USA, China), Total… |
| 248 | Nilsson et al. 2006. Survey and health assesment of chemicals substances in sex toys, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products No. 77, 2006. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. | 2006 | Regulatory agency report | DK/EU Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb occurrence in 16 sex toys and fetish-clothing products purchased for Danish EPA screening: soft-vinyl, natural-latex/rubber, thermoplastic-rubber/SEBS, and hard-plastic products including… (n=16) |
| 249 | Committee on Toxicity of 2003. COT statement on a survey of metals in infant food, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2003 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Commercial UK baby foods and formulae, including infant formulae, manufactured baby foods, desserts, rusks, and infant drinks, surveyed… (n=189) |
| 250 | Ammerman et al. 1977. Contaminating elements in mineral supplements and their potential toxicity: A review, Journal of Animal Science | 1977 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA Pb, tAs, Cd, Al, tHg, V occurrence in Example analyses of feed-grade micro-mineral supplement materials in Table 2: manganese oxide (n=3), iron carbonate/sulfate/oxide (n=5), zinc oxide… (n=12) |
| 251 | Kim et al.. Evaluation of selected ultra-trace minerals in commercially available dry dog foods, Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports | — | Peer-reviewed | Al concentrations in dry pet food (n=49) |
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| b0f3d38 | 2026-06-12 | batch | corpus rescreen b04 old terminal skips |