Inorganic arsenic (iAs) denotes the trivalent and pentavalent arsenic oxyanions that arise primarily from geogenic sources and agricultural uptake. Inorganic arsenic is classified as a human carcinogen and is the fraction of dietary arsenic that governs regulatory posture in most jurisdictions. Rice and rice-derived ingredients dominate population-level inorganic arsenic exposure from food, with apple juice and some root vegetables as secondary contributors. The distinction between inorganic and total arsenic is maintained throughout this wiki because the toxicological and regulatory implications of the two quantities differ sharply; see arsenic, total for the companion page.
Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 supports this species page with textbook-level context on inorganic arsenic absorption, methylation, urinary excretion, skin/hair/nail biomarkers, acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and treatment. It is a toxicology source, not a food occurrence dataset.
Status
This page is a scaffold. Regulatory rows for EU 2023/915 and FDA infant rice cereal/apple juice have been partially routed, but the full toxicology and occurrence synthesis still awaits corpus ingest.
Regulatory Limits
| Jurisdiction / Body | Type | Value | Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU | Binding maximum levels in food | Infant formula powder 20 ug/kg; infant formula liquid 10 ug/kg; baby food 20 ug/kg; fruit juices/nectars 20 ug/kg; rice destined for infant/young-child food 100 ug/kg; non-parboiled milled rice 150 ug/kg; parboiled/husked rice and rice flour 250 ug/kg; rice cakes/crackers/flakes/popped rice 300 ug/kg; non-alcoholic rice-based drinks 30 ug/kg | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels, eu2023-arsenic-rice-based-drinks |
| US FDA | Final guidance action level | Infant rice cereal 100 ug/kg iAs | fda2020-inorganic-arsenic-infant-rice-cereal |
| US FDA | Final guidance action level | Apple juice 10 ug/kg iAs | fda2023-inorganic-arsenic-apple-juice |
The EU rows are binding maximum levels. The FDA rows are final guidance action levels and should be labeled as such on product pages.
Planned sections
Toxicology, typical exposure routes, food sources (linked to ingredients), regulatory limits (linked to regulations), testing methods including speciation (linked to testing), microbiome effects (linked to microbiome), vulnerable populations, open questions, and sources.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D’Amato et al. 2026. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice-Based Beverages: Occurrence in Products Available on the Italian Market and Dietary Exposure Assessment, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | iAs dietary exposure estimates in rice and rice products |
| 2 | WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme | 2026 | Government dataset | WHO GEMS/Food contaminants database: global iAs occurrence monitoring data across food commodities |
| 3 | Dai et al. 2025. The balance between microbial arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils underpins global arsenic risk and straighthead disease in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs microbial methylation/demethylation: gut microbiota roles in speciation and bioaccessibility |
| 4 | EPA 2025. IRIS Toxicological Review of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA/635/R-25/005Fa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2025 | Government report | EPA IRIS toxicological review for inorganic arsenic: oral reference dose, inhalation unit risk, and dose-response derivation |
| 5 | Navaretnam et al. 2025. Arsenic Speciation Using HPLC-ICP-MS in White and Brown Rice and Health Risk Assessment, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 47:411 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products by ICP-MS |
| 6 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice bran (n=6) |
| 7 | Thoerig et al. 2025. Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 122, pp. 1006-1026 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of iAs in infant formula: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 8 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 9 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 10 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 11 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | Codex CCCF 2024 deliberations: iAs maximum level amendments and new commodity inclusions |
| 12 | EFSA 2024. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food, EFSA Journal | 2024 | Government report | EFSA 2024 updated iAs risk assessment: revised BMDL01 of 0.06 µg/kg bw/day, chronic exposure, and EU occurrence data |
| 13 | Kumar et al. 2024. High Arsenic Contamination in the Breast Milk of Mothers Inhabiting the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Major Health Risk to Infants, Environmental Health 23(1) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | iAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure |
| 14 | Laoye et al. 2024. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in fish, fruits, and vegetables in Southwest Nigeria: A systematic review, F1000Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 15 | Limmer et al. 2024. Controlling exposure to As and Cd from rice via irrigation management, Environmental Science & Technology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 16 | Pikounis et al. 2024. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential elements: A comparison of infants fed with human milk or formula, Environmental Epidemiology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | iAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure |
| 17 | Sadee et al. 2024. Recent developments in speciation and determination of arsenic in marine organisms using different analytical techniques. A review, RSC Advances | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 18 | Tian et al. 2024. Efficient voltammetric analysis for total inorganic arsenic detection in rice with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for iAs detection in rice and rice products, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 19 | Toledo et al. 2024. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(4):381 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in infant rice cereal (n=18) |
| 20 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 21 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Regulation 2023/915: updated maximum levels for iAs across food categories, with enforcement provisions |
| 22 | FDA 2023. Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Apple Juice: Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition | 2023 | Government guidance | FDA analytical results for iAs in apple juice: survey data and guidance context |
| 23 | Martinez-Morata et al. 2023. A State-of-the-Science Review on Metal Biomarkers, Current Environmental Health Reports, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 215-249 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | State-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: blood, urine, and tissue matrices for iAs exposure assessment |
| 24 | Patel et al. 2023. A review on arsenic in the environment: contamination, mobility, sources, and exposure, RSC Advances | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of iAs: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 25 | Silva et al. 2023. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment, Toxins 2023, 15, 291 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products (n=36) by ICP-MS |
| 26 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in Brown Rice: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1209574 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products |
| 27 | Su et al. 2023. Arsenic in brown rice: do the benefits outweigh the risks?, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 28 | Suomi et al. 2023. Cumulative risk assessment of the dietary heavy metal and aluminum exposure of Finnish adults, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 29 | Ulusoy 2023. Determination of toxic metals in canned tuna sold in developed and developing countries: Health risk assessment associated with human consumption, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in tuna (n=222) by ICP-MS |
| 30 | Wehmeier et al. 2023. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field-Deployable Method with Cola Extraction, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (published online 23 November 2023) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=30) by ICP-MS |
| 31 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition 9:919913 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of iAs in infant cereal: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 32 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: iAs concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories |
| 33 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation | 2022 | Government report | FDA TDS FY2018-2020 analytical key: iAs measurement LODs and QA/QC parameters by food category |
| 34 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: iAs concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories |
| 35 | Hao et al. 2022. Probabilistic health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and some heavy metals in rice produced from a typical multi-mining county, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice and rice products (n=220) |
| 36 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Pediatric environmental toxicology overview: inorganic arsenic among key metals of concern during developmental exposure windows |
| 37 | Balali-Mood et al. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic, Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:643972 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Multi-metal toxicology review covering iAs: oxidative stress, DNA damage, enzyme inhibition, and carcinogenic mechanisms |
| 38 | EFSA 2021. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic, EFSA Journal | 2021 | Government report | EFSA 2021 chronic dietary exposure assessment for iAs: updated occurrence data and MOE estimates across European population groups |
| 39 | Sadiq et al. 2021. Multi-elemental risk assessment of various baby rice cereals: some cause for concern?, Canadian Journal of Chemistry 99(8):742-750 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice-based infant cereal (n=3) |
| 40 | Thomas 2021. Arsenic Methylation — Lessons from Three Decades of Research, Toxicology 457:152800 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | iAs biological methylation: MMA/DMA speciation pathways, genetic polymorphisms, and toxicokinetic implications |
| 41 | Carey et al. 2020. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain, Exposure and Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in grain crops (n=1180) |
| 42 | FDA 2020. Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants: Action Level; Guidance for Industry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register Notice (Docket FDA-2016-D-1099) | 2020 | Government report | FDA draft guidance on iAs in infant rice cereals: 100 ppb action level basis and analytical context |
| 43 | Gu et al. 2020. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(2):415 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | iAs dietary exposure estimates in rice-based infant cereal |
| 44 | Coryell et al. 2019. The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity, Current Pharmacology Reports, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 491-504 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | iAs gut microbiome interactions: microbial modulation of arsenic toxicity and biotransformation |
| 45 | Coryell et al. 2019. The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity, Current Pharmacology Reports 5(6):491-504 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | iAs gut microbiome interactions: microbial modulation of arsenic toxicity and biotransformation |
| 46 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | Food Standards Australia New Zealand: iAs occurrence and dietary exposure from the 25th Total Diet Study |
| 47 | Muehe et al. 2019. Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic, Nature Communications | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | iAs contamination in rice and rice products from agricultural/mining areas: food-chain transfer assessment |
| 48 | Carey et al. 2018. Dilution of rice with other gluten free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in grain crops (n=106) |
| 49 | FDA 2018. Fiscal Year 2018 Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereals Assignment Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2018 | Government report | FDA analytical data on iAs in infant formula: measured concentrations and compliance context |
| 50 | Meyer et al. 2018. Inorganic arsenic in hydrolysed rice formulas for infants, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in infant formula (n=5) |
| 51 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ Dietary Arsenic Exposure During Transition to Solid Food, Scientific Reports 8(1):7114 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice-based infant cereal (n=15) by ICP-MS |
| 52 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2018. Infants’ dietary arsenic exposure during transition to solid food, Scientific Reports | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | iAs dietary exposure in infants transitioning to solid food: longitudinal urinary arsenic biomarker data linking solid food intake to exposure |
| 53 | FDA 2017. Advice About Eating Fish — For Those Who Might Become or Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding and Children Ages 1 to 11 Years, U.S. FDA and U.S. EPA | 2017 | Government report | FDA/EPA fish consumption advice: iAs exposure thresholds and guidance for pregnant women and vulnerable populations |
| 54 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | JECFA 82nd arsenic evaluation: BMDL0.5 for iAs, dietary exposure from rice and staples, withdrawal of prior PTWI |
| 55 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, PLOS ONE | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=73) |
| 56 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2017. Urinary Arsenic Speciation in Children and Pregnant Women from Spain, Exposure and Health, Vol. 9, pp. 105-111 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | iAs human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators |
| 57 | Carignan et al. 2016. Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal, Annals of Global Health, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice-based infant cereal |
| 58 | Carignan et al. 2016. Contribution of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during the first year of life in a U.S. prospective cohort, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 452-457 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure |
| 59 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results: Inorganic Arsenic in Infant/Toddler Foods (2016), US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | FDA monitoring of iAs in rice and rice-based products: analytical results and regulatory context |
| 60 | FDA 2016. Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment Report, US Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government report | FDA monitoring of iAs in rice and rice-based products: analytical results and regulatory context |
| 61 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and Toddlers, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | FDA analytical data on iAs in infant formula: measured concentrations and compliance context |
| 62 | FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS102048 | 2016 | Government report | UK Food Standards Agency 2016 survey: iAs concentrations in infant foods and formula |
| 63 | Llorente-Mirandes et al. 2016. Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years, Applied Spectroscopy | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products |
| 64 | Shibata et al. 2016. Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(4):361 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations and health risk assessment in rice-based infant cereal |
| 65 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Geographical variation in inorganic arsenic in paddy field samples and commercial rice from the Iberian Peninsula, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=164) by ICP-MS |
| 66 | Signes-Pastor et al. 2016. Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products |
| 67 | Carey et al. 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of filters and cooking procedures for reducing inorganic arsenic (iAs) in rice in the context of providing healthy food for infants, PLOS ONE | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=41) |
| 68 | Carignan et al. 2015. Estimated Exposure to Arsenic in Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants in a United States Cohort, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 123, No. 5, pp. 500-506 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Protective effect of breastfeeding on infant iAs exposure: biomonitoring comparison vs formula-fed infants |
| 69 | Carignan et al. 2015. Arsenic Exposure in Infancy: Estimating the Contributions of Well Water and Human Milk, Environmental Health Perspectives 123(12):1281–1287 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | iAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure |
| 70 | Schmidt 2015. Arsenic Exposure in Infancy, Environmental Health Perspectives 123(7):A168–A173 | 2015 | News | iAs data: Science journalism commentary piece in EHP summarizing research on infant arsenic exposure from breast milk, formula, and well water. |
| 71 | CR 2014. Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Other Grains, Consumer Reports Food Safety and Sustainability Center | 2014 | Industry | Consumer Reports analytical testing: iAs concentrations in infant cereal, with brand-range context and public-health commentary |
| 72 | Islam et al. 2014. Availability of Arsenic in Human Milk in Women and Its Correlation with Arsenic in Urine of Breastfed Children Living in Arsenic Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh, Environmental Health 13(1):101 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | iAs in breast milk: concentrations and implications for infant dietary exposure |
| 73 | FDA 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2013 | Regulation | FDA monitoring of iAs in rice and rice-based products: analytical results and regulatory context |
| 74 | Lasky et al. 2013. Arsenic Levels in Chicken (correspondence: Lasky letter and Nachman et al. response), Environmental Health Perspectives | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in meat |
| 75 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in brown rice syrup |
| 76 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in powdered infant formula by ICP-MS |
| 77 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup, Environmental Health Perspectives 120(5):623–626 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in brown rice syrup (n=29) by ICP-MS |
| 78 | Awata et al. 2011. Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011–2012, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | NHANES iAs biomonitoring in Asian-American subpopulations: blood/urinary concentrations and dietary intake associations |
| 79 | FDA 2011. Results of Arsenic Analysis in Single-Strength Apple Juice 2011 (ORA Sampling Assignment 2011102701), U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2011 | Government dataset | FDA analytical results for iAs in apple juice: survey data and guidance context |
| 80 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EFSA 2009 scientific opinion on arsenic in food: BMDL01 derivation and dietary exposure assessment, context for iAs on this page |
| 81 | Meharg et al. 2009. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice, Environmental Science & Technology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in rice and rice products (n=901) |
| 82 | Fångström et al. 2008. Breast-Feeding Protects against Arsenic Exposure in Bangladeshi Infants, Environmental Health Perspectives 116(7):963–969 | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | iAs: breastfeeding protective against infant arsenic exposure in high-As Bangladesh cohort; urinary arsenic lower in exclusively breastfed infants |
| 83 | Zavala et al. 2008. Arsenic in Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for Human Health, Environmental Science & Technology | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | iAs concentrations in grain crops (n=105) |
| 84 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | ATSDR toxicological profile for arsenic2007 cited for comparative context on the inorganic arsenic page |
| 85 | Williams et al. 2007. Market Basket Survey Shows Elevated Levels of As in South Central U.S. Processed Rice Compared to California: Consequences for Human Dietary Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | iAs dietary exposure estimates in rice and rice products |
| 86 | EPA 2001. EPA Drinking Water Arsenic MCL Rule (10 ppb), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | 2001 | Government report | EPA drinking water MCL for arsenic (10 µg/L): regulatory standard and risk basis for iAs dietary exposure comparisons |
| 87 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | Codex General Standard for Contaminants (CXS 193): iAs maximum levels across food commodities |
| 88 | California Office of Environmental. Arsenic (inorganic Arsenic Compounds) — Proposition 65 Chemical Listing, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Proposition 65 Listings | — | Government report | California Proposition 65: inorganic arsenic NSRL/MADL regulatory values and listing basis for consumer-product compliance |