Overview
Pediatric sunscreens using ZnO and/or TiO2 as mineral UV filters at 10-25% of formulation (Babyganics Mineral, Thinkbaby, Badger Baby, Blue Lizard Baby, California Baby No Fragrance). Contaminated row of the Row 9 / Row 10 pair: ZnO carries Pb/Cd platform load (sphalerite-derived); TiO2 carries Pb/iAs/Cd platform load (rutile/ilmenite-derived). A typical 20% ZnO + 5% TiO2 baby sunscreen contains ~250 mg/g of mineral metal-load-carrying material.
This page is a Step 0 lock scaffold for Cat 2 Row 10. Literature evidence will be populated as routed source pages accumulate per the synthesis workflow. The Step 0 lock document at Category2_Clean_vs_Contaminated_Splits.md is the canonical reference for the row’s clean-vs-contaminated framing and platform attribution.
Who this page is for
Brand legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification for the Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) row need to know what the cited literature reports per panel metal, what the applicable regulatory caps are, and how this row relates to its clean-contaminated pair (when applicable). Retailer compliance teams stocking the children’s personal care aisle need the row-level assortment-eligibility view. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in the Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) row. Speciation is non-substitutable (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold). Non-detect handling follows each source’s convention. Pooling avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The non-ingestion exposure pathways relevant to this row (dermal, inhalation, accidental-ingestion, and trans-placental) are documented at Cat 2 (Children Personal Care) non-ingestion exposure pathways.
Pair relationship + platform attribution
This is the contaminated row of a Cat 2 clean-contaminated pair. The clean counterpart is Row 9 (Baby Sunscreen, Chemical). The categorical metal-load difference is attributable to platform ingredient(s) carrying load on Pb, iAs, Cd. Certification threshold decisions for this row and its clean counterpart are made separately under the certification program and are not published on this public page.
Literature Evidence Summary
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2). Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| iAs | Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
Hand-curated section. Populated by the synthesis pass as Cat 2 sources are ingested and route to this row. Initial scaffold state: zero contributing sources.
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Pending: regenerated by tools/evidence/apply-product-broad-context.mjs once broad-scope Cat 2 sources route to this page.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending. Cat 2 regulatory landscape is fragmented: cosmetics under FDA FD&C Act adulteration provisions (no binding finished-product heavy-metal limits); sunscreens under FDA OTC drug monograph; toothpaste under FDA cosmetic + OTC drug regulation; state-level cosmetic heavy-metal laws (Washington TFCA 2025, New York TCCP). EU 1223/2009 Annex II/III addresses cosmetic ingredient restrictions but not finished-product action levels. Awaiting agency-page ingest.
Levers to reduce contamination
The Cat 2 Step 0 lock framework distinguishes clean-formulation rows from contaminated-platform rows. For this row, the levers below are ordered by impact magnitude based on the literature evidence base and per the Step 0 lock attribution of platform-level metal load. Brand-legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification eligibility for this row should treat the formulation/sourcing levers as the dominant compliance pathway.
- Sourcing levers (highest impact): platform-ingredient supplier selection. Pre-screened low-impurity grades of Pb/iAs/Cd -carrying ingredients are commercially available at premium price; the gap between cosmetic-grade and pharmaceutical-grade specifications is material.
- Refining levers for the platform ingredient class.
- Formulation levers: reduce the platform-ingredient fraction of the finished product where the function permits.
- Testing/QC levers: lot-level ICP-MS testing on raw materials and finished product. Cosmetic-grade supply chains routinely COA at the µg/kg level when specified.
- Regulatory levers (not brand-controllable): supporting state-level Pb/Cd/Hg-in-cosmetics standards drives industry-wide tightening.
How standards math uses this page
This page reports what the peer-reviewed and government literature says about heavy-metal concentrations in this product category; it publishes no certification thresholds of its own. Certification criteria are set separately under the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified program at heavymetaltested.com, which reads this page as its literature baseline. The two are kept apart by design, so this page remains an independent record of the evidence rather than a justification for any threshold.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Cat 2 (children’s personal care) regulatory enforcement is fragmented: cosmetics fall under FDA FD&C Act adulteration provisions without binding finished-product heavy-metal action levels; sunscreens fall under FDA OTC drug monograph; toothpaste falls under FDA cosmetic + OTC drug regulation. State-level enforcement is more active: Washington State Toxic-Free Cosmetics Act 2025 sets heavy-metal limits for cosmetic products sold in Washington; New York Toxic Children’s Cosmetic Products Act sets limits for children’s makeup. California Prop 65 enforcement actions on cosmetics (lip balm, lipstick, eye products) have established practical compliance thresholds via settlement agreements. EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009 Annex II/III addresses cosmetic-ingredient restrictions but not finished-product action levels. Individual brand recall actions are not enumerated here; the recalls are framed as regulatory events that establish the operative compliance landscape.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The "Used on this page for" column is populated by the orchestrator's POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | authors 2026. APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS FOR THE REMOVAL OF TOXIC, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 2 | authors 2026. Association of exposure to synthetic phenols and metal(loid)s, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 3 | authors 2026. but also leads to the continual infiltration of illegal products into the market, posing serious health, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 4 | authors 2026. Craig T. Martin, Department Head, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 5 | authors 2026. dHealth, Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 6 | authors 2026. diseases related to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. The, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 7 | authors 2026. Excessive frequency and duration of UV exposure causes adverse effects, including, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 8 | authors 2026. genotoxic and epigenetic, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 9 | authors 2026. Integrated Assessment of Potentially Toxic, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 10 | authors 2026. Molecular Aspects of Methylcadmium Toxicity: Effects on the H2O2, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PE MeHg, tHg, Cd, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 11 | authors 2026. Muhammad Shoaib Rana, gel alleviates chromium, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 12 | authors 2026. of the world, including East Asia. Simultaneously, environmental pollutants are also an escalating problem in these regions., Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 13 | authors 2026. Polytetrafluoroethylene microplastic properties, pollution, toxicity, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 14 | authors 2026. Progress in Color Colorants Coating 19 (2026), 47-65, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 15 | authors 2026. The effects of chromium yeast on lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 16 | authors 2026. the human body, either directly or indirectly. The excessive usage of heavy metals, like Cr(VI), Pb(II), As(II),, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Pb occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 17 | authors 2026. under multi-metal exposure, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 18 | authors 2026. When citing, please reference the published version., Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 19 | authors 2026. (Zn), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) in pancreatic, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 20 | Hasanuzzaman et al. 2026. to confer tolerance against arsenic toxicity, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 21 | Komonen 2026. Environmental and ecotoxicity impacts of sunscreen formulations with, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 22 | manuscript et al. 2026. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2026 June 06., Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 23 | authors 2025. Adsorption of heavy metals onto, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 24 | authors 2025. and octinoxate has become an increasing concern due to their persistence and toxicity, even at, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 25 | authors 2025. Associated with Fresh Pet Food: Evaluating Scientific Evidence, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 26 | authors 2025. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals (17 Elements) in the Liver and, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 27 | authors 2025. damaging effects of arsenic stress, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 28 | authors 2025. Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals Using, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 29 | authors 2025. Environmental exposures are increasingly recognized as critical, yet underappreci-, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 30 | authors 2025. environmental exposures to common gynecologic and reproductive conditions across, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 31 | authors 2025. Exploring the Association between Arsenic Exposure and Sperm, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, iAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 32 | authors 2025. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Clinical and Environmental Health:, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 33 | authors 2025. inorganic matrices. In this study, sunscreen formulations were, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 34 | authors 2025. Investigating Trace Element Homeostasis In Vivo, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 35 | authors 2025. *Jannat Javed 1,2 , Yuting Zhou 1 , Saad Ullah 2,3 , Tianjiu Gao 1 , Caiyun Yang 1 , Ying Han 1,4, * and Hao Wu 1,4, **, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Pb, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 36 | authors 2025. Nanomaterials for Removal and Speciation of Chromium, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 37 | authors 2025. pollutants like pesticides, fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides, heavy metals, dyes, and other, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 38 | authors 2025. Promoting health and sustainability: exploring safer alternatives, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 39 | authors 2025. *Richa Singh 1 , Holger Martin Koch 2 , Marike Kolossa-Gehring 3 and Alison Connolly 1, **, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 40 | authors 2025. SETAC EUROPE 35 TH ANNUAL MEETING, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 41 | authors 2025. successful integration of the PCs with the ZrO2-cellulose matrix, facilitating efficient charge transfer, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 42 | authors 2025. Sunscreen protects skin from harmful Ultra Violet (UV) rays, preventing skin diseases, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 43 | authors 2025. Toxicological Safety, Antimicrobial Efficacy, and Sensory, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 44 | authors 2025. Tracking Chromium Evolution on Ceria from Particles to Single, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 45 | authors 2025. yield under arsenic stress in rice, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, iAs, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 46 | Barabash et al. 2025. Release of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles from sunscreens into natural waters: detection and discrimination from natural particles using SP ICP-ToF-MS, Environmental Science: Nano 12:4994-5007 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CA Zn, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr occurrence in Two unbranded commercial mineral sunscreens designated SS1 and SS2. SS1 contained 24.08% (w/w) ZnO per the manufacturer’s specification;… (n=2) |
| 47 | College et al. 2025. for alleviating heavy metal stress, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 48 | Jităreanu et al. 2025. An Overview of Heavy Metals in Cosmetic Products and Their Toxicological Impact, Applied Sciences 15: 12883 | 2025 | Review | EU/US/CA Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, iAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co occurrence in Narrative review of heavy-metal contamination in cosmetics; literature 1990 - November 2025 retrieved via PubMed, Web of Science,… |
| 49 | Physicians et al. 2025. ing sensitization. Recent regulatory improvements in fragrance labeling are helping to reduce exposure to major allergens., Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 50 | authors 2024. ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations * Supporting Information, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 51 | authors 2024. acids, etc. Many cosmetic formulations use algal bioactive growth rate; maximum CO2 consumption yielding biofuel;, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 52 | authors 2024. Alina Florina Serb 1 , Marius Georgescu 2,3, * , Robert Onulov 4 , Cristina Ramona Novaconi 4 , Eugen Sisu 1 ,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 53 | authors 2024. Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Aqueous, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 54 | authors 2024. for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re- tinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scien-, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 55 | authors 2024. Keratin hydrolysate as a chrome exhaust aid and keratin filler in, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 56 | authors 2024. NLC-Based Sunscreen Formulations with Optimized, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 57 | authors 2024. Obsessive skincare and liver toxicity: a case report on, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 58 | authors 2024. Overview of Nanocosmetics with Emphasis on those Incorporating, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 59 | authors 2024. rapid and in-situ detection of different heavy metals in, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 60 | authors 2024. Sebastian Ryan-Ndegwa , Reza Zamani and Tanimola Martins, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 61 | authors 2024. The Influence of Environmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens on, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 62 | authors 2024. Title: Detection of titanium nanoparticles in human, animal and infant, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 63 | authors 2024. under arsenic contamination, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, iAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 64 | authors 2024. Use of Cosmetics in Pregnancy and Neurotoxicity: Can It, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 65 | authors 2024. Yustina Yustina1, Nany Bodrorini1, Alfi Sophian1, Endang Lukitaningsih2, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 66 | Engineering 2024. Process – Effects on Ammonia, Chromium, Total Suspended Solid,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 67 | Herein 2024. of problems associated with excessive sunlight exposure, their use has increased exponentially, Venereology and Leprosy,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 68 | Toxic Effects of Emerging 2024. new exposure to humans, or a novel detection approach or technology. Emerging, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 69 | years 2024. barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 70 | Article. 2023. Review of analytical techniques for arsenic detection, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, iAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 71 | authors 2023. 1-H benzotriazole). An assessment of the toxicity of the identified organic chemicals indicated that none appeared to pose, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 72 | authors 2023. algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, yeasts, and plants, with varying, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 73 | authors 2023. Binu Thomas Maliyil, methylisothiazolinone, homosalate, octinoxate, aluminum oxide, and cinnamate derivatives such as octyl, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 74 | authors 2023. Cancer, or malignancy, continues to be one of the most serious health problems in the world, leading to death and, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 75 | authors 2023. Development of Methylmercury Analysis by Ultra-High Performance Liquid, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 76 | authors 2023. drinking water. Several PFAS have multiple toxic effects, particularly affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, and the immune, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 77 | authors 2023. Henriqueta Louro b, n, Carla Martins l, m, Matthieu Meslin o, Lars Niemann p,, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 78 | authors 2023. Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 79 | authors 2023. nitrogen species (RNS), resulting in skin damage. Cosmetic industries have adopted a strategy to, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 80 | authors 2023. OPEN ACCESS metals toxicity with special, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 81 | authors 2023. Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Arsenic Uptake, Transport,, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, iAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 82 | authors 2023. skin aging, DNA damage, and even skin cancer. Therefore, it is worth supporting skin protection, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 83 | authors 2023. The paper provides an overview of biocosmetics, which has tremendous potential for growth and is attracting huge business, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 84 | authors 2023. to understand their physical, chemical and biological characteristics, by brightening; and illite clay, utilized for exfoliation and the constricting, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 85 | authors 2023. which leads to skin cancer and other phototoxic effects. The application of sunscreen shields to the, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 86 | authors 2023. Wipe sampling is a commonly used method for testing a surface for beryllium or other metal particle, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 87 | biomonitoring et al. 2023. OPEN ACCESS disrupting chemicals on, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 88 | Druml et al. 2023. Sunscreen Label Marketing Towards Pediatric Populations: Guidance for Navigating Sunscreen Choice, Cureus 15(10): e46785 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Ti, Zn occurrence in 410 distinct sunscreen products cataloged from four major retail outlets (CVS, Walgreens, Target, Wegmans) in the Philadelphia area… (n=410) |
| 89 | Committee of Ministers of 2023. Safe cosmetics for young children: a guide for manufacturers and safety assessors (2nd edition). Council of Europe Resolution CM/ResAP (2012) 1 on safety criteria for cosmetic products intended for infants., European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. 2nd edition. ISBN 978-92-871-9360-5. 56 pages. | 2023 | Government guidance | EU Pb, tHg occurrence in Not applicable. This is a Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Resolution (CM/ResAP (2012) 1) supplemented by the… |
| 90 | User manual: EU Ecolabel 2023. Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 91 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2023. The SCCS Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 12th Revision (SCCS/1647/22), European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety | 2023 | Government report | EU Pb, Cd, As, tHg, Ni, Cr, Sb occurrence in Regulatory guidance document; no original sampling. Synthesises default exposure parameters from prior SCCS/SCCNFP opinions (notably SCCNFP/0321/00 retention factors,… |
| 92 | Attard et al. 2022. Heavy Metals in Cosmetics, Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (IntechOpen book chapter) | 2022 | Review | US/EU/WHO Pb, Cd, Ni, tHg, tAs occurrence in Narrative review with multivariate meta-analysis across 16 cosmetic formulation categories drawn from the published literature on Pb, Cd,… |
| 93 | authors 2022. Bioactive compounds, antibiotics and heavy metals: effects on the intestinal, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 94 | authors 2022. brine disposal. Treatment of natural water focuses on removal of natural organic matter, arsenic, iron,, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 95 | authors 2022. chromium through Cr-stressed Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 96 | authors 2022. compounds that can be further valorized in the formulation of food, nutraceuticals, and pharmacological prod-, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 97 | authors 2022. exposure is the only known risk factor for developing melanoma skin cancer. In this study, the main concepts about the, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 98 | authors 2022. Heavy Metals, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Phthalates, Glyphosate,, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 99 | authors 2022. microbial proteases for by-product valorization through hydrol- operating conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and organic, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 100 | authors 2022. The association of prenatal exposure to benzophenones, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 101 | authors 2022. Together Alleviate Chromium (VI), Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 102 | Cortes et al. 2022. reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 103 | Rupa et al. 2022. heavy metal stress-insights into Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb, tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 104 | authors 2021. (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 105 | authors 2021. A review on emerging micropollutants: sources, environmental concentration and toxicity, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 106 | authors 2021. Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 107 | authors 2021. Benefits, Toxicity and Pathologies, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 108 | authors 2021. Chemical Composition and Antigenotoxic Properties, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, Cd, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 109 | authors 2021. from damaging exposure to sunlight. The currently estimated volume production of UV, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 110 | authors 2021. methods of extracting the compounds of interest. In the case of northwest Spain, five algae species are, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US iAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 111 | authors 2021. reported facts about high loads of lead, mercury, copper, and others hazardous and cancerous, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 112 | authors 2021. Toxicology, 2021, 34, pp.1046-1054. ⟨10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00461⟩. ⟨hal-03161988⟩, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Al, Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 113 | Piccinino et al. 2021. in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications, focusing on sunscreen and antiaging formulations., Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 114 | York 2021. Illuminating Sunscreens:, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 115 | authors 2020. Abstract: Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 116 | authors 2020. Guillard et al. Particle and Fibre Toxicology (2020) 17:51, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 117 | authors 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 118 | authors 2020. Laurence Chevalier, Mathieu Morin, Flore C. Grandin, M. Z. Lacroix, Christine, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, tAs, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 119 | authors 2020. Switzerland formulation can be released into rivers, lakes, seashores, and/or sewage treatment, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 120 | Article. 2019. distinct size-dependent properties led to the development of, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 121 | authors 2019. approach to speciation analysis. As in previous years, As speciation continues to dominate the, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, iAs, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 122 | authors 2019. Hanan A Aljamal 1 sonal care products. Recent studies have shown that some of sunscreen formulations may contain, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 123 | authors 2019. Infant Skin Care Products, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 124 | authors 2019. or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 125 | authors 2019. Recent advances in hexavalent chromium removal, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 126 | authors 2019. *Sergio A. Loza-Rosas 2 , Anamaris Torres 3 , Manoj Saxena 2 , Mara Julin 4 and Arthur D. Tinoco 2, **, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 127 | authors 2018. Davidson, Christine M. and Mertz-Kraus, Regina (2018) Atomic, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, iAs, Al, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 128 | authors 2018. M Krause et al. 4-HBP exposure during 7:2 334–346, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, tAs occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 129 | authors 2018. nanoparticles into tap water. The occurrence and toxicity of incidental nanoparticles, rather than ENPs, should therefore be the, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, tAs, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 130 | Ruszkiewicz et al. 2017. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review, Toxicology Reports 4:245-259 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU Zn, Ti occurrence in Narrative review of published literature on the neurotoxicity of six organic UV filters (octyl methoxycinnamate / OMC, benzophenone-3… |
| 131 | authors 2015. Adverse effects of nanoparticles to infants and children, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 132 | authors 2015. the increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans. ly monitored in the environment, though having the potential, Peer-reviewed article | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | US Sn occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 133 | authors 2014. Potential Health Effects Associated with Dermal Exposure to Occupational, Peer-reviewed article | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg, Ni, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 134 | Gosens et al. 2014. Aggregate exposure approaches for parabens in personal care products: a case assessment for children between 0 and 3 years old, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 24: 208-214 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | This Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology paper compares deterministic (tier 1) and person-oriented probabilistic (tier 2) approaches for… |
| 135 | authors 2012. physiological changes that relate to the exposure of an organism to a chemical. Accordingly,, Peer-reviewed article | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | PE tHg, Cd, tAs, Ni occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 136 | IDAEA YRD Institute of 2011. Current field work: Environmental toxicology, Peer-reviewed article | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 137 | authors 2009. for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment, Peer-reviewed article | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 138 | authors 2009. Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Peer-reviewed article | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Al occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
| 139 | authors 2000. Interplay Between Vitamin D Levels and Heavy Metals Exposure, Peer-reviewed article | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | US MeHg, tHg, Cd, Pb, iAs, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr occurrence in Not mechanically resolved from the PDF; see Key numbers for source-reported sample descriptors. |
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Change | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| e317189 | 2026-08-11 | correction | 14 sections added; narrative text revised |