Overview
Pediatric sunscreens using ZnO and/or TiO2 as mineral UV filters. Contaminated row of the Row 9 / Row 10 pair: ZnO carries Pb/Cd platform load (sphalerite-derived); TiO2 carries Pb/iAs/Cd platform load (rutile/ilmenite-derived).
This page began as a Step 0 lock scaffold for Cat 2 Row 10. Source pages and measured values ingested on 2026-09-26 are listed in the Source Evidence Inventory below. The full account, including toxicology, the raw-material route, and the limits of an exposure calculation, is Heavy metals in mineral baby sunscreens. The Step 0 lock document at Category2_Clean_vs_Contaminated_Splits.md is the canonical reference for the row’s clean-vs-contaminated framing and platform attribution.
Who this page is for
Brand legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification for the Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) row need to know what the cited literature reports per panel metal, what the applicable regulatory caps are, and how this row relates to its clean-contaminated pair (when applicable). Retailer compliance teams stocking the children’s personal care aisle need the row-level assortment-eligibility view. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page.
Evidence summary
Evidence summary
The table summarizes what the sources ingested for this row report. Values are as printed, without re-aggregation or unit conversion. Finished-product values for baby mineral sunscreens come only from grey literature: single purchased units tested by commercial laboratories. Peer-reviewed product measurements in this collection are of adult sunscreens. Raw-material values describe titanium dioxide or zinc oxide before formulation, not the finished sunscreen. Arsenic and mercury results are totals; no source here speciated them. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Baby-marked zinc oxide sunscreens, single units | 169.20 to 2,140.30 ppb across seven units: three published laboratory reports (169.2, 330.0 and 495.1 ppb) and four chart rows. | Above 5 ppb in 7 of 7 units. | No US finished-sunscreen metal limit in these sources. Canada, topical natural health products (applies to NHP sunscreens): 10 ppm. US colour-additive raw material: TiO2 10 ppm (acid-extractable), ZnO 20 ppm. Germany, cosmetics in general (orientation value): 2.0 mg/kg. | Rubin 2026; Rubin 2025, cases 2507165, 2505470, 2506212 | low (grey literature, one unit per product) | as sold |
| Pb | Mineral UV-filter raw materials | Zinc oxide powder (100%) sold for home-made sunscreen: 9,474.70 ppb (one unit). | Not a detection-rate design. | US colour additive TiO2 10 ppm, ZnO 20 ppm. | Rubin 2026 (row 36) | low | raw material |
| iAs | All | No inorganic arsenic measurement in any source for this row. | Not measured. | No inorganic-arsenic limit for sunscreens in these sources. | None | data gap | not applicable |
| tAs | Baby-marked zinc oxide sunscreens, single units | Detected in three of seven units: 485.3 and 135.9 ppb (laboratory reports) and 14.92 ppb (chart row 12); the other four below 10 ppb. | Above 10 ppb in 3 of 7 units. | Canada topical NHP: 3 ppm. US colour additive: TiO2 1 ppm (acid-extractable), ZnO 3 ppm. Germany, cosmetics in general: 0.5 mg/kg. | Rubin 2026; Rubin 2025, cases 2507165, 2505470, 2506212 | low | as sold |
| Cd | Baby-marked zinc oxide sunscreens, single units | 122.70 to 645.00 ppb across seven units (laboratory reports: 166.1, 218.6 and 232.4 ppb). | Above 5 ppb in 7 of 7 units. | Canada topical NHP: 3 ppm. US colour additive ZnO: 15 ppm. Germany, cosmetics in general: 0.1 mg/kg. | Rubin 2026; Rubin 2025, cases 2507165, 2505470, 2506212 | low | as sold |
| tHg | Baby-marked zinc oxide sunscreens, single units | Detected in two of seven units (7.88 and 5.29 ppb, chart rows 12 and 30); the other five below 5 ppb. | Above 5 ppb in 2 of 7 units. | Canada topical NHP: 1 ppm total mercury. US colour additive: 1 ppm. Germany, cosmetics in general: 0.1 mg/kg. | Rubin 2026; Rubin 2025, cases 2507165, 2505470, 2506212 | low | as sold |
Source Evidence Inventory
Sources ingested on 2026-09-26 for mineral baby sunscreens, grouped by what they measure. Every number cited here is recorded, with its page and table, in the structured evidence for these sources, and inconsistencies found while reading are recorded there as flags. Products are identified by row or laboratory case number, not by brand.
Finished products, grey literature. A consumer-advocacy comparison chart reports single-unit ICP-MS results for 35 sunscreens and one zinc oxide powder in ppb as sold. Two chemical-filter products were non-detect for all four metals. In zinc oxide sunscreens lead ranged from 118.00 to 4,612.50 ppb and cadmium from 9.67 to 645.00 ppb. Eight rows have no published laboratory report and are not used for ranges here. Five baby mineral sunscreens have separate laboratory reports: cases 2507165, 2505470, 2506212, 2505271 and 2505468, with lead of 169.2, 330.0, 495.1, 1017.5 and 1251.1 ppb and cadmium of 166.1, 218.6, 232.4, 356.1 and 575.5 ppb. Two had total arsenic above the 10 ppb reporting limit (485.3 and 135.9 ppb). None had mercury above 5 ppb. These five are the same tests as five chart rows and are counted once. A 2026 company screening of 35 retail sunscreens found lead in all 35 (0.006 to 4.960 mg/kg) and cadmium in 21. Every unit with quantified cadmium had lead of at least 0.125 mg/kg, every unit without had at most 0.079 mg/kg, and the four units named “mineral” were all in the cadmium group. It used a food-validated digestion whose recovery from mineral particles was not checked. A Korean consumer federation reported all 17 infant and child sunscreens compliant or not detected for six metals, without numbers.
Finished products, peer-reviewed, adult. Rodríguez-Romero et al. 2019 measured one SPF 50 nano titanium dioxide spray: lead 743, cadmium 16.7 and nickel 47.5 µg/kg, with titanium at 1.48 x 10^7 µg/kg. Tovar-Sánchez et al. 2013 found titanium (6,302 to 14,855 µg/g) and zinc (72,688 µg/g) in seven sunscreens and reported lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel as not detected, without a detection limit.
Raw materials. The chart’s single-ingredient zinc oxide powder had 9,474.70 ppb lead and 506.20 ppb cadmium. SCCS 2024 summarises applicant data for 84 cosmetic titanium dioxide grades: HCl-extractable lead at most 10 mg/kg, with numeric values of 0.3 and 0.8 mg/kg for two pigmentary grades and 3 mg/kg for one nano grade. The earlier EU opinions on nano zinc oxide and nano titanium dioxide record that no analytical impurity data were submitted. A Danish EPA mapping found anatase as the primary form in two of seven titanium dioxide sunscreens.
Skin penetration. On intact adult skin, zinc oxide particles stayed on the surface or in the stratum corneum while zinc ions reached the viable epidermis: exogenous zinc of 1.0 ± 0.3 µg/mL against 4.3 ± 0.7 µg/mL endogenous (Khabir et al. 2021); no particle signal above control in viable epidermis after repeated application in five volunteers (Mohammed et al. 2019); tracer zinc in blood about one thousandth of total blood zinc after five days outdoors (Gulson 2016). Zinc reached the medium beneath a reconstructed epidermis at about 2,400 to 2,700 µg/L, while titanium did not exceed control (Danish EPA 2015). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stayed in the epidermis of intact and needle-abraded skin (Crosera et al. 2015). UVB-damaged mouse skin took up more zinc (Pal et al. 2016, direction only). None of these studies measured lead, cadmium, arsenic or mercury crossing skin, and none used infant skin. Rahma and Lane 2022 note that sunscreens are applied over a large body surface area and that infant surface area per body weight is 2.3 times the adult value.
Regulatory context. See the regulatory section below and FDA 2019, Health Canada 2026, EU Regulation 1223/2009 Annex VI and EFSA 2021.
Supporting evidence and scope
Pending: regenerated by tools/evidence/apply-product-broad-context.mjs once broad-scope Cat 2 sources route to this page.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Instruments in the sources ingested for this row. None sets a finished-product heavy-metal limit for sunscreens in the United States. Values are listed with their scope and basis; they are not compared here with the field results above, several of which are grey literature.
| Instrument | Provision | Scope | Pb | Cd | As | Hg | Sb | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health Canada NNHPD Quality of Natural Health Products Guide v3.1 | §3.2.2 Table 2 | Topical natural health products; applied to NHP primary sunscreens by the monograph | 10 ppm | 3 ppm | 3 ppm | 1 ppm (total) | 5 ppm | finished product |
| Health Canada Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics (2012) | Section 4 | Cosmetics; guidance, technically avoidable level | 10 ppm | 3 ppm | 3 ppm | 1 ppm | 5 ppm | finished product |
| German BVL technically avoidable contents (2017) | Table 1 | Cosmetic products in general (sunscreens are cosmetics in the EU); orientation value | 2.0 mg/kg | 0.1 mg/kg | 0.5 mg/kg | 0.1 mg/kg | 0.5 mg/kg | finished product |
| 21 CFR 73.575 (applied by 73.1575, 73.2575) | (b) | Titanium dioxide used as a colour additive | 10 ppm | not listed | 1 ppm | 1 ppm | 2 ppm | raw material; Pb, As, Sb in 0.5 N HCl extract |
| 21 CFR 73.1991 (applied by 73.2991) | (b) | Zinc oxide used as a colour additive | 20 ppm | 15 ppm | 3 ppm | 1 ppm | not listed | raw material |
Concentration limits for the mineral filters themselves: titanium dioxide and zinc oxide at up to 25 % each in the EU (Annex VI entries 27, 27a, 30, 30a, point-in-time text of 31 December 2020), in Canada (Primary Sunscreen Monograph, nano plus non-nano), and as proposed GRASE in the US (84 FR 6204, 2019). EU Annex VI sets purity conditions for the nano forms (titanium dioxide ≥ 99 %; zinc oxide ≥ 96 % with non-CO2, non-water impurities below 1 % in total) but no element-specific metal limits. The Health Canada quality guide also lists a topical chromium value in an appendix that conflicts with its body table and species label; it is not listed here. Benchmarks cited only by grey-literature sources (a US FDA lead guidance for cosmetics, Washington State figures, a California Proposition 65 dose level) are not in this collection and are not listed.
Controls and mitigation
The Cat 2 Step 0 lock framework distinguishes clean-formulation rows from contaminated-platform rows. For this row, the levers below are ordered by impact magnitude based on the literature evidence base and per the Step 0 lock attribution of platform-level metal load. Brand-legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification eligibility for this row should treat the formulation/sourcing levers as the dominant compliance pathway.
- Sourcing levers (highest impact): platform-ingredient supplier selection. Pre-screened low-impurity grades of Pb/iAs/Cd -carrying ingredients are commercially available at premium price; the gap between cosmetic-grade and pharmaceutical-grade specifications is material.
- Refining levers for the platform ingredient class.
- Formulation levers: reduce the platform-ingredient fraction of the finished product where the function permits.
- Testing/QC levers: lot-level ICP-MS testing on raw materials and finished product.
- Regulatory levers (not brand-controllable): supporting state-level Pb/Cd/Hg-in-cosmetics standards drives industry-wide tightening.
Pair relationship + platform attribution
This is the contaminated row of a Cat 2 clean-contaminated pair. The clean counterpart is Row 9 (Baby Sunscreen, Chemical). The categorical metal-load difference is attributable to platform ingredient(s) carrying load on Pb, iAs, Cd. Certification threshold decisions for this row and its clean counterpart are made separately under the certification program and are not published on this public page.
Measured ranges from the evidence register
Computed from reviewed rows in the structured evidence register for this page: total element content in the product as sold, in mg/kg, one purchased unit per result. These are single commercially tested units from grey literature, not a market distribution. Non-detects are counted against the reporting limit the laboratory printed and are not treated as zero. Rows attached to an unresolved flag, repeated reports of the same test, non-detects without a printed limit, unstated bases, and screening results from a food-validated digestion are not included.
Sources: Laboratory test of a sensitive-skin baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505470), Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2506212), Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion with prebiotics, SPF 55 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2507165), Chart Comparing the Toxicant Profiles of Popular Sunscreen Products.
How standards math uses this page
This page reports what the peer-reviewed and government literature says about heavy-metal concentrations in this product category; it publishes no certification thresholds of its own. Certification criteria are set separately under the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified program at heavymetalcertified.com, which reads this page as its literature baseline. The two are kept apart by design, so this page remains an independent record of the evidence rather than a justification for any threshold.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Cat 2 (children’s personal care) regulatory enforcement is fragmented: cosmetics fall under FDA FD&C Act adulteration provisions without binding finished-product heavy-metal action levels; sunscreens fall under FDA OTC drug monograph; toothpaste falls under FDA cosmetic + OTC drug regulation. State-level enforcement is more active: Washington State Toxic-Free Cosmetics Act 2025 sets heavy-metal limits for cosmetic products sold in Washington; New York Toxic Children’s Cosmetic Products Act sets limits for children’s makeup. California Prop 65 enforcement actions on cosmetics (lip balm, lipstick, eye products) have established practical compliance thresholds via settlement agreements. EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009 Annex II/III addresses cosmetic-ingredient restrictions but not finished-product action levels. Individual brand recall actions are not enumerated here; the recalls are framed as regulatory events that establish the operative compliance landscape.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in the Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2) row. Speciation is non-substitutable (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold). Non-detect handling follows each source’s convention. Pooling avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The non-ingestion exposure pathways relevant to this row (dermal, inhalation, accidental-ingestion, and trans-placental) are documented at Cat 2 (Children Personal Care) non-ingestion exposure pathways.
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Laboratory test of a sensitive-skin baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505470)NGO
- Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2506212)NGO
- Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion with prebiotics, SPF 55 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2507165)NGO
- Chart Comparing the Toxicant Profiles of Popular Sunscreen ProductsNGO
- Laboratory test of a zinc oxide baby sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505271)NGO
- Laboratory test of a zinc oxide 23.4% baby sunscreen, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505468)NGO
- 35 Sunscreens Tested: No Benzene Detected, Lead Found in All 35. Sunscreen Contaminant Screening: Residual Solvents and Heavy MetalsIndustry
- 영유아·어린이용 자외선 차단제 시험·평가 결과 (Test and evaluation results for infant and child sunscreens, attachments 1 and 2)NGO
- Sunscreens as a New Source of Metals and Nutrients to Coastal WatersPeer-reviewed
- Sunscreen Products as Emerging Pollutants to Coastal WatersPeer-reviewed
- Scientific Advice on Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (CAS/EC numbers 13463-67-7/236-675-5, 1317-70-0/215-280-1, 1317-80-2/215-282-2) (SCCS/1661/23)Government
- Opinion on Zinc oxide (nano form), COLIPA S 76Government
- Opinion on Titanium Dioxide (nano form), COLIPA S 75 (SCCS/1516/13)Government
- Occurrence and effects of nanosized anatase titanium dioxide in consumer productsGovernment
- Human Epidermal Zinc Concentrations after Topical Application of ZnO Nanoparticles in SunscreensPeer-reviewed
- Support for the Safe Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Sunscreens: Lack of Skin Penetration or Cellular Toxicity after Repeated Application in VolunteersPeer-reviewed
- Should nanoparticles be used in sunscreens?Conference
- Dermal Absorption of Nanomaterials Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Based Sunscreen: Role of Size and Surface CoatingGovernment
- Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT CellsPeer-reviewed
- UVB exposure enhanced the dermal penetration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and induced inflammatory responses through oxidative stress mediated by MAPKs and NF-κB signaling in SKH-1 hairless mouse skinPeer-reviewed
- Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and OutlookPeer-reviewed
- Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use (proposed rule)Regulation
- Primary Sunscreen MonographRegulation
- Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (recast)Regulation
- Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additiveGovernment
Sources
Source records associated with this topic. Inclusion does not establish that every finding applies to this product or ingredient. References above identify works cited in the text. Additional records await source or bibliographic review and are excluded from this list.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hasanuzzaman et al. 2026. to confer tolerance against arsenic toxicity, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2 | Komonen 2026. Environmental and ecotoxicity impacts of sunscreen formulations with, Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 3 | manuscript et al. 2026. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2026 June 06., Peer-reviewed article | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 4 | Health 2026. 35 Sunscreens Tested: No Benzene Detected, Lead Found in All 35. Sunscreen Contaminant Screening: Residual Solvents and Heavy Metals, Oasis Science Testing Program, oasishealth.app, findings report, Order No. 594282, last updated September 2026 | 2026 | Industry | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 35 retail sunscreen products (lotions, sticks and aerosol sprays; four with ‘mineral’ in the certificate name, two kids… (n=35) |
| 5 | Rubin et al. 2026. Chart Comparing the Toxicant Profiles of Popular Sunscreen Products, tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 28 May 2026; chart Draft 2.1 updated 19 April 2026 | 2026 | NGO report | US/AU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 35 retail sunscreens (two charted as chemical-filter products, the rest mostly zinc oxide) plus one single-ingredient zinc oxide… (n=36) |
| 6 | Barabash et al. 2025. Release of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles from sunscreens into natural waters: detection and discrimination from natural particles using SP ICP-ToF-MS, Environmental Science: Nano 12:4994-5007 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CA Zn, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr occurrence in Two unbranded commercial mineral sunscreens designated SS1 and SS2. SS1 contained 24.08% (w/w) ZnO per the manufacturer’s specification;… (n=2) |
| 7 | College et al. 2025. for alleviating heavy metal stress, Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 8 | Jităreanu et al. 2025. An Overview of Heavy Metals in Cosmetic Products and Their Toxicological Impact, Applied Sciences 15: 12883 | 2025 | Review | EU/US/CA Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, iAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co occurrence in Narrative review of heavy-metal contamination in cosmetics; literature 1990 - November 2025 retrieved via PubMed, Web of Science,… |
| 9 | Physicians et al. 2025. ing sensitization. Recent regulatory improvements in fragrance labeling are helping to reduce exposure to major allergens., Peer-reviewed article | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 10 | Rubin et al. 2025. Laboratory test of a zinc oxide baby sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505271), tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 22 May 2025, updated 18 July 2025 | 2025 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in One purchased unit of a zinc oxide baby sunscreen lotion, SPF 50, laboratory case 2505271-01, internal lot 2028-080 (n=1) |
| 11 | Rubin et al. 2025. Laboratory test of a zinc oxide 23.4% baby sunscreen, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505468), tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 3 June 2025, updated 18 July 2025 | 2025 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in One purchased unit of a zinc oxide 23.4% baby sunscreen, SPF 50, laboratory case 2505468-01, internal lot 2025-096 (n=1) |
| 12 | Rubin et al. 2025. Laboratory test of a sensitive-skin baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2505470), tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 12 June 2025, updated 16 August 2025 | 2025 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in One purchased unit of a sensitive-skin baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50, laboratory case 2505470-01, internal lot 2025-098 (n=1) |
| 13 | Rubin et al. 2025. Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2506212), tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 14 June 2025, updated 19 June 2025 | 2025 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in One purchased unit of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion, SPF 50, laboratory case 2506212-01, internal lot 2025-138 (n=1) |
| 14 | Rubin et al. 2025. Laboratory test of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion with prebiotics, SPF 55 for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (laboratory case 2507165), tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 2 August 2025, updated 28 August 2025 | 2025 | NGO report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in One purchased unit of a baby mineral sunscreen lotion with prebiotics, SPF 55, laboratory case 2507165-01, internal lot… (n=1) |
| 15 | Engineering 2024. Process – Effects on Ammonia, Chromium, Total Suspended Solid,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 16 | Herein 2024. of problems associated with excessive sunlight exposure, their use has increased exponentially, Venereology and Leprosy,, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 17 | Toxic Effects of Emerging 2024. new exposure to humans, or a novel detection approach or technology. Emerging, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 18 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2024. Scientific Advice on Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (CAS/EC numbers 13463-67-7/236-675-5, 1317-70-0/215-280-1, 1317-80-2/215-282-2) (SCCS/1661/23), European Commission, SCCS/1661/23, adopted by written procedure 13 May 2024 (sccs_o_282) | 2024 | Government report | EU Pb, tAs, Sb, tHg, Cd, Ti occurrence in Applicant raw-material data on 44 pigmentary and 40 nano titanium dioxide grades used in cosmetics; no finished-product sampling (n=84) |
| 19 | years 2024. barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 20 | Article. 2023. Review of analytical techniques for arsenic detection, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 21 | biomonitoring et al. 2023. OPEN ACCESS disrupting chemicals on, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 22 | Druml et al. 2023. Sunscreen Label Marketing Towards Pediatric Populations: Guidance for Navigating Sunscreen Choice, Cureus 15(10): e46785 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US Ti, Zn occurrence in 410 distinct sunscreen products cataloged from four major retail outlets (CVS, Walgreens, Target, Wegmans) in the Philadelphia area… (n=410) |
| 23 | Committee of Ministers of 2023. Safe cosmetics for young children: a guide for manufacturers and safety assessors (2nd edition). Council of Europe Resolution CM/ResAP (2012) 1 on safety criteria for cosmetic products intended for infants., European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. 2nd edition. ISBN 978-92-871-9360-5. 56 pages. | 2023 | Government guidance | EU Pb, tHg occurrence in Not applicable. This is a Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Resolution (CM/ResAP (2012) 1) supplemented by the… |
| 24 | User manual: EU Ecolabel 2023. Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 25 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2023. The SCCS Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 12th Revision (SCCS/1647/22), European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety | 2023 | Government report | EU Pb, Cd, As, tHg, Ni, Cr, Sb occurrence in Regulatory guidance document; no original sampling. Synthesises default exposure parameters from prior SCCS/SCCNFP opinions (notably SCCNFP/0321/00 retention factors,… |
| 26 | Attard et al. 2022. Heavy Metals in Cosmetics, Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals (IntechOpen book chapter) | 2022 | Review | US/EU/WHO Pb, Cd, Ni, tHg, tAs occurrence in Narrative review with multivariate meta-analysis across 16 cosmetic formulation categories drawn from the published literature on Pb, Cd,… |
| 27 | Cortes et al. 2022. reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 28 | Rupa et al. 2022. heavy metal stress-insights into Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and, Peer-reviewed article | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 29 | Rahma et al. 2022. Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and Outlook, Pharmaceutics 14: 433 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cited reference from Pharmaceutics 14: 433 |
| 30 | Federation) 2021. 영유아·어린이용 자외선 차단제 시험·평가 결과 (Test and evaluation results for infant and child sunscreens, attachments 1 and 2), Posted 12 April 2021 on 소비자24 (Consumer24, Korea Fair Trade Commission portal), 일반 비교정보 | 2021 | NGO report | KR Pb, Cd, tAs, Sb, tHg, Ni occurrence in 17 infant and child sunscreens sold in Korea, bought online in October 2020, selected by an expert committee… (n=17) |
| 31 | Khabir et al. 2021. Human Epidermal Zinc Concentrations after Topical Application of ZnO Nanoparticles in Sunscreens, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(22):12372 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | AU Zn occurrence in Excised skin from three adult female donors (46-53 years) treated for 48 h with 20 % wt/wt 67ZnO-PEG… (n=3) |
| 32 | Piccinino et al. 2021. in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications, focusing on sunscreen and antiaging formulations., Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 33 | York 2021. Illuminating Sunscreens:, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 34 | Article. 2019. distinct size-dependent properties led to the development of, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 35 | Mohammed et al. 2019. Support for the Safe Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Sunscreens: Lack of Skin Penetration or Cellular Toxicity after Repeated Application in Volunteers, Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139(2):308-315 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | AU Zn occurrence in Five healthy adult volunteers aged 20-30 with undamaged skin; plus excised human skin in vitro (n=5) |
| 36 | Ruszkiewicz et al. 2017. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review, Toxicology Reports 4:245-259 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | US/EU Zn, Ti occurrence in Narrative review of published literature on the neurotoxicity of six organic UV filters (octyl methoxycinnamate / OMC, benzophenone-3… |
| 37 | Gulson et al. 2016. Should nanoparticles be used in sunscreens?, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (ICHMET), Ghent, Belgium, 12-15 September 2016. Ghent University Open Journals | 2016 | Conference proceedings | AU Zn occurrence in 20 adult volunteers applying sunscreen with 68Zn-enriched zinc oxide (19 nm nanoparticles or >100 nm bulk particles) outdoors… (n=20) |
| 38 | Pal et al. 2016. UVB exposure enhanced the dermal penetration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and induced inflammatory responses through oxidative stress mediated by MAPKs and NF-κB signaling in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin, Toxicology Research 5(4):1066-1077 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 39 | Beer et al. 2015. Dermal Absorption of Nanomaterials Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Based Sunscreen: Role of Size and Surface Coating, Environmental Project No. 1736, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, ISBN 978-87-93352-53-7 | 2015 | Government report | DK/EU Ti, Zn occurrence in Eight nanoparticle materials (six TiO2, two ZnO) added at 2.5 wt% to one chemical-filter base sunscreen; EpiDerm tissues… (n=8) |
| 40 | Gosens et al. 2014. Aggregate exposure approaches for parabens in personal care products: a case assessment for children between 0 and 3 years old, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 24: 208-214 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | This Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology paper compares deterministic (tier 1) and person-oriented probabilistic (tier 2) approaches for… |
| 41 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2014. Opinion on Titanium Dioxide (nano form), COLIPA S 75 (SCCS/1516/13), European Commission, SCCS/1516/13, adopted 22 July 2013, revision of 22 April 2014 (sccs_o_136) | 2014 | Government report | EU Pb, tAs, Sb, tHg, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ti, Fe occurrence in Regulatory opinion on fifteen nano titanium dioxide materials (S75-A to S75-O) in the applicant submission; no product sampling (n=15) |
| 42 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2014. Addendum to the Opinion SCCS/1489/12 on Zinc oxide (nano form), COLIPA S 76 (SCCS/1518/13), European Commission, SCCS/1518/13, adopted 23 July 2013, revision of 22 April 2014 (sccs_o_137) | 2014 | Government report | EU Zn occurrence in Regulatory addendum; no sampling |
| 43 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2012. Opinion on Zinc oxide (nano form), COLIPA S 76, SCCS/1489/12, adopted 18 September 2012, revision of 11 December 2012, European Commission | 2012 | Government report | EU Zn occurrence in Regulatory opinion; no sampling. Reviews dossier nanomaterials (purity ≥ 99 %, plus one material of ≥ 96 %)… |
| 44 | IDAEA YRD Institute of 2011. Current field work: Environmental toxicology, Peer-reviewed article | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
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