Heavy metals in Broccoli

Quick read

Broccoli in the HMI library has 167 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr and Ti from 16 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{5Kiczorowski P, Kiczorowska B, Samolinska W, Szmigielski M, Winiarska-Mieczan A · 2022Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutritionScientific ReportsRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 167 results from 16 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the broccoli was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}

Broccoli overview

Broccoli in the HMI library has 167 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr and Ti from 16 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{5Kiczorowski P, Kiczorowska B, Samolinska W, Szmigielski M, Winiarska-Mieczan A · 2022Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutritionScientific ReportsRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in broccoli, as sold from 1,155 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 6.15 to 8.84 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, broccoli, cooked had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 3 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 4.3 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015) to 930 µg/kg (Guerra et al. 2012).^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} For cadmium, 4 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 5.1 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015) to 80 µg/kg (Guerra et al. 2012).^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the broccoli came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as broccoli

This page covers broccoli in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: broccoli, as sold (158 results) and broccoli, cooked (9 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{5Kiczorowski P, Kiczorowska B, Samolinska W, Szmigielski M, Winiarska-Mieczan A · 2022Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutritionScientific ReportsRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} Foods made from broccoli that have their own pages, such as broccoli cheese soup, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of broccoli

The table holds every extracted broccoli result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 167 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →}^{5Kiczorowski P, Kiczorowska B, Samolinska W, Szmigielski M, Winiarska-Mieczan A · 2022Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutritionScientific ReportsRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

20 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 49 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 3 values from 1 source failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{7Imongben CO, Tomori WB, Umoru PE, Oyerinde WA · 2026Determination of some heavy metals and their potential risk in selected vegetables on sale within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, NigeriaWorld NutritionRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of broccoli, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

165 of 165 findings · 24 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Broccoli findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

32 findings · 9 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2007–2009As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2003–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldBanyen 2013	Hua Takhe fresh market, Bangkok2011As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	fermented (2.5% NaCl brine, 3 weeks at 24 °C)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	raw (unfermented)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 10.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (B-A2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	clean water irrigation (B-C2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	wastewater irrigation (B-W2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	not detected.

31 findings · 11 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2003As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldBanyen 2013	Hua Takhe fresh market, Bangkok2011As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	fermented (2.5% NaCl brine, 3 weeks at 24 °C)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	raw (unfermented)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 22.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Broccoli, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (B-A2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	clean water irrigation (B-C2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	wastewater irrigation (B-W2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldCantoral et al. 2024	all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not stated	sample value.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Broccoli, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021	US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not stated	sample value.
2 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.

9 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2003As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2022As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

7 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / fresh	sample value.
Broccoli, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / fresh	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

10 findings · 5 studies
Broccoli, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

10 findings · 5 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 3 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

2 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 3 studies
Broccoli, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 4 studies
Broccoli, as soldBanyen 2013	Hua Takhe fresh market, Bangkok2011As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (B-A2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	clean water irrigation (B-C2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	wastewater irrigation (B-W2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	alternate clean/wastewater irrigation (B-A2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	clean water irrigation (B-C2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldRahim 2023	wastewater irrigation (B-W2)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.

2 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

3 findings · 3 studies
Broccoli, as soldBanyen 2013	Hua Takhe fresh market, Bangkok2011As sold / fresh	mean.
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

2 findings · 2 studies
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

6 findings · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.

6 findings · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.

6 findings · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldImongben et al. 2026	five Kaduna markets (composite per market)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality I (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality II (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality V (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.
Broccoli, as soldNikolić et al. 2014	locality VI (green markets, Novi Sad)2011Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Broccoli, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group IV2021–2022Dry weight	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI broccoli Pb reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Pb reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤7	≤9	5.24–20 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤7	≤9	6.57–20 (bounded)

68 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	68	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, as sold on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-435b9b5091b9:20b1b9ebd8c8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Pb reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Pb reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

28 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-abfaa89492ac:2d10ed226060

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Cd reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Cd reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5.1	5.1	5.5–7.25 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	5.1	5.1	6.93–8 (bounded)

60 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	59	50%
Norton et al. 2015	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-aa80698012e4:fafb5209da20

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Cd reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Cd reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	8.5	11	19
Alternative weighting	8.5	11	19

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-4cae027ba945:aa5293163f6b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli tAs reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli tAs reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2.04	0.703–3.54 (bounded)	2.07–9.75 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤2	0.703–3.08 (bounded)	2–9.5 (bounded)

28 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	28	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, as sold on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-9a687c16516e:bcb07d52a5a6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli tAs reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli tAs reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤3	≤3
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤3	≤3

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-129651f06f7b:ddaba463564a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli iAs reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli iAs reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤5.83	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤5.83	≤10

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, as sold on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-efb05bb41f3a:6ccbc5d4f7aa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli tHg reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli tHg reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.4	0.4–0.48 (bounded)	0.67
Alternative weighting	≤0.4	0.4–0.48 (bounded)	0.67

22 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	20	50%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-1ccc5cc4aa0c:ee9488d5f4ba

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli tHg reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli tHg reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-1167728488c8:9c029b43ef55

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Ni reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Ni reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤40	58	100
Alternative weighting	≤40	61	100

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-501ad808c896:f123d62cec84

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Cr reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Cr reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-4ea219eb935c:f2a8361a749a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli Sn reference · Broccoli, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli Sn reference · Broccoli, as sold. Broccoli, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤10	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤10	≤10

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, as sold on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-cb798c91178d:bb80634a3753

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI broccoli U reference · Broccoli, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI broccoli U reference · Broccoli, cooked. Broccoli, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for broccoli, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for broccoli, cooked on this basis in the completed broccoli ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:broccoli-00422bc424ed:f32601ed0b2a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach broccoli

Root uptake from soil is the primary documented pathway for cadmium in broccoli. A controlled greenhouse experiment in Turkey grew broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) alongside cress, watercress, and white cabbage in soil spiked with cadmium at five levels (0 to 50 mg per kg soil as CdCl2) and found that broccoli showed the strongest growth inhibition of the four species (shoot dry weight reduced up to 66.4% at 50 mg per kg Cd) while simultaneously accumulating substantial cadmium in both root and shoot tissues on a dry weight basis.^{11Samet H · 2026Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source →} At low to moderate soil cadmium (5 to 20 mg per kg), broccoli retained most cadmium in roots (more than 85% to 97% of total plant cadmium), limiting shoot translocation. At the highest treatment level (50 mg per kg), root retention capacity was exceeded and shoot cadmium rose 185-fold relative to the control, reaching 172 mg per kg dry weight on the shoot.^{11Samet H · 2026Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source →} Crucially, the study noted that plants that maintained relatively stable growth under moderate cadmium exposure still accumulated substantial cadmium concentrations in shoots, illustrating a disconnect between agronomic performance and food safety that is specific to Brassicaceae.^{11Samet H · 2026Physiological Responses, Cadmium Partitioning, and Mineral Nutrient Disruption in Brassicaceae Crops Exposed to Cadmium StressPlants (Basel, Switzerland)Read source →}

These values are from a greenhouse spiked-soil experiment on a dry weight basis at cadmium concentrations substantially above typical agricultural background levels (background 0.1 to 0.5 mg per kg soil; slightly contaminated soils approximately 1 to 3 mg per kg). They characterize the uptake pathway but are not transferable directly to fresh-weight retail broccoli concentrations.

Organic soil amendments and wastewater irrigation are a separate documented pathway. A field trial in Zomba, Malawi applied bio-slurry (derived from municipal wastewater treatment) to plots growing rape (Brassica napus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) and measured no detectable lead or mercury in any crop sample across all amendment treatments; cadmium in crops remained below FAO/WHO permissible limits in all treatments, though bio-slurry application increased soil chromium concentrations relative to the unamended control.^{12Thole Katola G, Vunain E · 2026Effects of Bio-Slurry and Chemical Fertiliser Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Maize and Brassica Vegetables in MalawiEnvironmental Health InsightsRead source →}

Wastewater irrigation in a peri-urban Malawian setting produced lead exceedances above FAO/WHO permissible limits in all Brassica species sampled, with the highest concentrations in Brassica rapa stems (lead 4.09 mg per kg dry weight, against a permissible limit of 0.3 mg per kg). Cadmium concentrations in Brassica rapa and other Brassica species from the same wastewater-irrigated plots partially exceeded the FAO/WHO limit of 0.2 mg per kg, and 64% of vegetable samples exceeded the total chromium permissible limit of 2.3 mg per kg.^{13Chiutula C, Mtewa AG, Abraham A, Mvula RLS, Maluwa A, Eregno FE, Njalam’mano J · 2025Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wastewater-Receiving Soil-Exotic and Indigenous Vegetable Systems and Its Potential Health Risks: A Case Study from Blantyre, MalawiInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →} Those measurements were on a dry weight basis from a single-season snapshot at a wastewater treatment plant irrigation site and do not characterize commercial broccoli supply chains.

Which forms and regions measured lower

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for broccoli, as sold (5.1 µg/kg) and highest for broccoli, cooked (11 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} The HMI reference for lead in broccoli, cooked pools 28 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of below 4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and below 4 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For lead in broccoli, as sold, the reference median was below 9 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 7 to between 5.24 and 20 µg/kg across 68 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium in broccoli, as sold, the reference median was 5.1 µg/kg, with a middle half from 5.1 to between 5.5 and 7.25 µg/kg across 60 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, broccoli, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (6.15 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (8.84 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (4.94 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (10 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (1.3 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (1.85 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 6 groups of broccoli ranged from 10 µg/kg (locality IV (green markets, Novi Sad)) to 6,690 µg/kg (locality III (green markets, Novi Sad)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{9Nikolić NP, Borišev MK, Pajević SP, Arsenov DD, Župunski MD · 2014Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesFood and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014Read source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for broccoli

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing broccoli for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.5 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.08 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.667 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 300 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying broccoli

No maximum level for metals in broccoli was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from broccoli

No source in the library converted broccoli concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names broccoli was decided on its content: 16 occurrence extracted, 16 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Broccoli FAQs

What heavy metals are found in broccoli?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, P, Sr and Ti in broccoli, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Banyen S · 2013Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesKMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99Read source →}^{4Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in broccoli, as sold from 1,155 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 6.15 to 8.84 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which types of broccoli have the lowest levels?

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for broccoli, as sold (5.1 µg/kg) and highest for broccoli, cooked (11 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{6Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in broccoli?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, broccoli, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (6.15 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (8.84 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (4.94 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (10 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in broccoli is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 3 results from 2 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{10Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported inorganic arsenic in broccoli, as sold from 19 results in 2 reporting regions, with subgroup medians below 8 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in VegetablesBanyen S · KMITL Science Journal (Ladkrabang) 22(1), January-June 2556 B.E., pp. 84-99 · 2013 · li01.tci-thaijo.orgPeer-reviewed
Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthGuerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, and Canniatti-Brazaca SG · Scientia Agricola 69(1):54-60 · 2012 · doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162012000100008Peer-reviewed
Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutritionKiczorowski P, Kiczorowska B, Samolinska W, Szmigielski M, and Winiarska-Mieczan A · Scientific Reports · 2022 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17782-zPeer-reviewed
Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKNorton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, et al. · The Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscript · 2015 · doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.130Peer-reviewed
Determination of some heavy metals and their potential risk in selected vegetables on sale within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, NigeriaImongben CO, Tomori WB, Umoru PE, and Oyerinde WA · World Nutrition · 2026 · doi.org/10.26596/wn.20261718-18Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Comparative assessment of mineral elements and heavy metals accumulation in vegetable speciesNikolić NP, Borišev MK, Pajević SP, Arsenov DD, and Župunski MD · Food and Feed Research 41(2): 115-123, 2014 · 2014 · doi.org/10.5937/ffr1402115nPeer-reviewed
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment

Sources

Browse Broccoli Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every broccoli record in the library: 16 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

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Heavy metals in Broccoli

Broccoli overview

What counts as broccoli

Heavy metal contamination profile of broccoli

How metals reach broccoli

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for broccoli

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing broccoli for metals

Buying and verifying broccoli

Exposure from broccoli

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Broccoli FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View