Overview
This is a structural ingredient node created so product pages can link to a real wiki target. Occurrence values remain pending until a source is promoted for this ingredient.
Heavy metal contamination profile
Per-analyte snapshot derived from the machine-readable contamination_profile in the frontmatter above. data gap indicates the literature has been reviewed for this commodity-analyte combination and no usable occurrence data was found (a finding, not a placeholder). The Key sources column shows the top 2-3 contributing sources by year and sample size, with numbered wikilink aliases.
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | data gap | — | — | — |
| Cd | data gap | — | — | — |
| iAs | data gap | — | — | — |
| tAs | data gap | — | — | — |
| tHg | data gap | — | — | — |
| Ni | data gap | — | — | — |
| Al | data gap | — | — | — |
| Cr | data gap | — | — | — |
| Sn | data gap | — | — | — |
| U | data gap | — | — | — |
Routing
This node is linked from Non-Root Vegetable Purees.
Contamination Profile State
Per-analyte state — populated, in progress, or declared data gap — is carried authoritatively in the machine-readable contamination_profile frontmatter and the contamination-profile table above. Ingredient-level values belong here; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The "Used on this page for" column is populated by the orchestrator's POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | US-FDA Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, U, Sb occurrence in 3276 prepared food, beverage and water composites across 307 TDS foods, FY2018-FY2020 US collections (n=3276) |
Why this commodity accumulates heavy metals
Vegetable purees inherit heavy metals from the source vegetables. The Cat 1 Step 0 lock splits vegetable purees into two row categories based on source-vegetable Cd/Pb accumulation:
Root-Vegetable Purees — carrot, sweet potato, potato, beet, parsnip, turnip puree. Root vegetables accumulate Cd and Pb from soil at moderate efficiency (see carrots, Sweet potato, Root vegetables). This row carries the higher Cd loading.
Non-Root Vegetable Purees — spinach, kale, broccoli, peas, green-bean, squash, zucchini, tomato puree. Non-root vegetables include leafy greens (high-Cd-accumulator) and non-leafy non-root vegetables (lower-Cd-accumulator). Spinach specifically is at the upper end and is split as a Cat 4 higher-contamination row (see Spinach).
The HMTc panel concerns for vegetable purees are dominantly Cd and Pb, with subcategory variance driven by source-vegetable choice. The infant exposure pathway concentrates per-body-weight intake.
Ranges by source, region, and variety
Root vegetable purees: carrot puree typically dominates per-volume Cd among single-ingredient root-vegetable purees because carrots are moderate Cd accumulators and carrot puree is the most common single-ingredient infant root-vegetable product. Sweet potato and potato purees carry lower Cd typically. Spinach and leafy-green purees carry the highest Cd among non-root vegetable purees because of the leafy-green Cd-accumulation pathway.
Collado-Lopez 2025 and Houlihan 2019 (HBBF) characterize Spanish-market and US-market baby food vegetable purees respectively.
Processing effects
Vegetable puree processing (washing, peeling for root vegetables, blanching, pureeing, heat treatment, packaging) does not change source-vegetable metal content meaningfully. Washing and peeling at the manufacturer stage remove surface-deposited Pb for root vegetables (see carrots for the washing-and-peeling discussion). Blanching does not reduce panel metals. Heat treatment for shelf-stability does not change panel metals.
Ingredient-derivative risk
Vegetable purees are themselves finished retail products. Concentrated vegetable puree (used as flavor or color in compounded products) carries elevated per-mass metal. Vegetable-puree-based finished products (vegetable pouches, vegetable-and-meat combinations, vegetable-and-grain combinations) inherit the source-puree profile proportional to recipe fraction.
Mitigation options
Sourcing levers (Supply-chain screening) are the dominant intervention. Vegetable-source-region sourcing from documented low-Cd-Pb production areas, hydroponic-or-greenhouse sourcing for leafy-green-containing purees, and supplier soil verification.
Agronomic levers (Agronomic mitigation) apply at the upstream vegetable-production stage (see per-vegetable ingredient pages).
Processing levers (Processing mitigation) include washing and peeling for root vegetables (effective for surface-deposited Pb), blanching-water-discard (small additional fraction).
Formulation levers (Formulation mitigation) include vegetable-species substitution (substituting lower-Cd-accumulator vegetables for spinach in spinach-containing infant pouches reduces per-serving Cd substantially), vegetable-percentage adjustment, and single-vegetable vs mixed-vegetable formulation choice.
Testing and QC levers (Testing and quality-control mitigation) include lot-level Cd and Pb testing on finished vegetable purees, particularly for infant-targeted products. See ICP-MS — Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Packaging and storage levers (Packaging and storage mitigation) include pouch and jar material specifications.
Regulatory limits that apply
- FDA 2025 Lead Action Levels for Processed Food Intended for Babies and Young Children — FDA Closer to Zero Pb action levels for processed baby foods: 10 ppb for non-root-vegetable purees, 20 ppb for single-ingredient carrot or sweet-potato root-vegetable purees.
- eu-2023-915 — EU Reg. 2023/915 sets Cd and Pb maximum levels for infant-and-young-child vegetable-based foods. Spinach-specific Cd ML applies to spinach purees.
- Codex CXS 193-1995 — Codex MLs apply.
- California Prop 65 (california-prop65) Cd and Pb MADLs applied to vegetable purees sold in California.
FDA TDS FY2018–FY2020 source observations
FDA measured the prepared foods named below. Each row describes that food and preparation, not every form of this ingredient. Values are µg/kg (ppb) on the FDA sample basis. ND means not detected; it is not a measured zero. Reporting limits can vary between composites. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results
| FDA food and preparation | Analyte | Composites | Detected | Detected concentrations (ppb) | Reporting limits (ppb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | tAs | 8 | 1 | 3.1 | 3 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | Cd | 8 | 8 | 6.4–20 | 1 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | Cr | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 50 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | Pb | 8 | 6 | 4.8–8.6 | 4 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | tHg | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | Ni | 8 | 8 | 58–130 | 40 |
| 220: BF, mixed vegetables | U | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 320: BF, squash | tAs | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 3 |
| 320: BF, squash | Cd | 8 | 7 | 1–1.9 | 1 |
| 320: BF, squash | Cr | 8 | 7 | 69–300 | 50 |
| 320: BF, squash | Pb | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 4 |
| 320: BF, squash | tHg | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 320: BF, squash | Ni | 8 | 8 | 89–600 | 40 |
| 320: BF, squash | U | 8 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | tAs | 1 | 1 | 3.2 | 3 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | Cd | 1 | 1 | 7.2 | 1 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | Cr | 1 | 1 | 200 | 50 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | Pb | 1 | 0 | ND in all composites | 4 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | tHg | 1 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | Ni | 1 | 1 | 250 | 40 |
| 747: BF, peas & spinach, glass jar | U | 1 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | tAs | 5 | 4 | 3.7–4.5 | 3 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | Cd | 5 | 4 | 1.2–1.3 | 1 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | Cr | 5 | 5 | 75–200 | 50 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | Pb | 5 | 1 | 4.3 | 4 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | tHg | 5 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | Ni | 5 | 5 | 260–420 | 40 |
| 750: BF, peas, green beans & avocado, pouch | U | 5 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to its source record, which carries the ingest receipt, the extracted values, and the file hash of the document it was built from.
- Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping ReviewPeer-reviewed
- What’s in My Baby’s Food? A National Investigation Finds 95 Percent of Baby Foods Tested Contain Toxic Chemicals That Lower Babies’ IQ, Including Arsenic and LeadNGO
- General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995)Government
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
Update history
No substantive edit history is available in this build. The full commit record is available in git.