Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian)
This page is a scaffolded entry for HMTc Taxonomy v2.0 Category 8 (Water and Water-Based Products), Row 1: Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian). Evidence ingest into this row is in progress; this page is the routing destination for source-page declarations of products: [bottled-drinking-water]. Sections below are populated by the routing layer (CLAUDE.md Part 5b) as sources land. Where a section is empty, the row has not yet accumulated contributing sources of the required kind.
Who this page is for
- Brand legal teams
- What the peer-reviewed and regulatory literature reports for heavy-metal occurrence in Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian), with applicable regulatory caps and source-traceable findings. Use this page to evaluate certification or class-action exposure on a literature-anchored basis.
- Brand regulatory affairs / QA
- The current evidence base for Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian), the levers most-effective at reducing heavy-metal load, and the applicable regulatory limits with jurisdiction and basis.
- Retailers and category buyers
- The row-level assortment risk profile and where the literature distinguishes higher-risk from lower-risk product configurations within this row.
- HMT&C staff (internal)
- HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this public page. The Index and HMT&C operate on the same evidence base but apply different publication rules; see the methodology for the separation.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian). Speciation is non-substitutable per CLAUDE.md Part 14 (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold unless the source specifies otherwise; see each row for the basis label). Non-detect handling follows each source’s reporting convention. Pooling is avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The applicable regulatory jurisdictions for this row are: EPA (MCLs), FDA (bottled water), EU (Drinking Water Directive).
Literature Evidence Summary
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian). Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation; pooling, percentile selection, and threshold math sit in the staff Standards Workbench rather than this public page.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| iAs | Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| tAs | Bottled drinking water (purified, spring, artesian) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
Pending ingest. The routing layer populates this section from the source-page set declaring products: [bottled-drinking-water].
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Pending ingest. The routing layer surfaces sources whose author-stated scope is broader than this row (route_kind: broad_product_context) as they are added.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending ingest. The applicable regulatory jurisdictions for this row are recorded in the page frontmatter; the crosswalk table is generated by tools/apply-product-crosswalk-sections.mjs once regulation pages and field-evidence sources are routed to this row with structured limit values.
Levers to reduce contamination
Practical interventions to reduce heavy-metal load in this row, ordered by impact magnitude. Each lever names the magnitude of the effect with a cited source; cross-links to dedicated Mitigation pages where they exist.
- Sourcing levers — Pending ingest.
- Agronomic levers — Pending ingest. (See Agronomic mitigation for general agronomic mitigation context.)
- Processing levers — Pending ingest. (See Processing mitigation.)
- Formulation levers — Pending ingest. (See Formulation mitigation.)
- Testing and QC levers — Pending ingest. (See Testing and quality-control mitigation when published.)
- Packaging and storage levers — Pending ingest. (See Packaging and storage mitigation when published.)
How standards math uses this page
HMT&C certification thresholds for this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page. The row-standard for this row is an aggregate computed from the contributing source pool in the row’s native finished-product basis; it is not a per-source decoration of any single value cited on this page. This public page reports literature evidence only.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Pending ingest. Regulatory events (recalls, enforcement actions, import alerts) relevant to this row will be added as agency records are ingested into the corpus.
Sources
Pending ingest. The Source Legend below is auto-generated by tools/evidence/build-source-legend.mjs once source pages declaring products: [bottled-drinking-water] are added.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ANSES 2026. Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and lead, ANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010 | 2026 | Government report | FR Al, Ag, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in French TDS3 foods selected from 276 foods across 44 groups, with 718 samples collected in Loiret, Puy-de-Dome, and… (n=718) |
| 2 | Brima et al. 2026. Analysis of essential and toxic elements in tap and bottled water from the UK and its comparison with literature data for drinking water from African countries: implications for human health, African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | GB Cd, Pb, tAs, tHg occurrence in 45 bottled drinking water and 48 tap drinking water samples from Leicester, UK (n=93) |
| 3 | Olowoyo et al. 2026. Heavy Metals Burden in Drinking Water: Global Patterns, Sources, and Public Health Implications, Water 18(8): 886 | 2026 | Review | global Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Systematic review of peer-reviewed studies published 2015–2024 on heavy metals in four water source types globally |
| 4 | Sule et al. 2026. Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risks of Metals in the Drinking Water of Gombe Local Government Area, Nigeria, Bima Journal of Science and Technology | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu occurrence in Drinking-water samples from Gombe LGA, Nigeria: tap water (n=10), wells (n=5), water vendors (n=11), harvested rainwater (n=7), sachet-water… (n=87) |
| 5 | Ranjbar et al. 2025. Machine learning models for water safety enhancement, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cr occurrence in mineral water consumable at Arak City, Iran (n=not reported in abstract) |
| 6 | Fatima et al. 2023. Assessment of Chemical and Microbiological Drinking Water of Beirut and Mount Lebanon, Journal of Environment and Earth Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | LB tAs, tHg occurrence in Drinking-water samples from Beirut and Mount Lebanon (n=79) |
| 7 | Decharat et al. 2023. Quality and risk assessment of lead and cadmium in drinking water for child development centres use in Phatthalung province, Thailand | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TH Pb, Cd occurrence in Drinking water samples (bottled, tap, filtered, raw) from child development centres, Phatthalung province, southern Thailand (n=210) |
| 8 | Sawadogo et al. 2023. Transfer of bisphenol A and trace metals from plastic packaging to mineral water in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cd, Fe occurrence in Ten brands of packaged sachet water commercialized in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, with corresponding borehole-source water and storage-condition follow-up. (n=10) |
| 9 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 10 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | US Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, U, Sb occurrence in Composite TDS samples across 307 foods (3,241 food/beverage samples + 35 bottled-water samples) collected across six US regions… (n=3276) |
| 11 | Ungureanu et al. 2022. Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Bottled Drinking Water-Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks Assessment in Adults via Ingestion, Foods | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | RO/EU Ba, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Li, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Sb occurrence in Bottled drinking water samples available on the Romanian market, purchased between 2019 and 2021 (n=50) |
| 12 | WHO 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda, Geneva: World Health Organization | 2022 | Government report | WHO/Global Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, U, Sb occurrence in Drinking-water consumers globally; guideline values derived for a 60 kg adult consuming 2 L/day, with bottle-fed infants flagged… |
| 13 | Kithure et al. 2021. How Safe is the Water Consumed in Different Parts of Nairobi, Kenya?, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | KE Pb, Cd, Sb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn occurrence in Seven commercial PET-bottled drinking water brands purchased from supermarkets in Nairobi County, Kenya; sampling carried out 2019–2020; brands… (n=7) |
| 14 | Decharat et al. 2020. Risk assessment of lead and cadmium in drinking water for school use in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | TH Pb, Cd occurrence in drinking water used by 44 primary schools in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand (n=146) |
| 15 | Health Canada, Water and 2020. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document — Cadmium, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H144-13/17-2020E-PDF; ISBN 978-0-660-34296-2) | 2020 | Regulation | CA Cd occurrence in Canadian provincial and territorial monitoring datasets, 2000–2019, supplemented by national Environment and Climate Change Canada raw-water dataset (n=18,998) |
| 16 | Obasi et al. 2020. Potential health risk and levels of heavy metals in water resources of lead-zinc mining communities of Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria, Applied Water Science | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mn occurrence in Water resources used by lead-zinc mining communities in Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria (n=106) |
| 17 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 18 | Health Canada, Water and 2019. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document — Lead, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H144-13/11-2018E-PDF; ISBN 978-0-660-27191-0; Pub. 180137) | 2019 | Regulation | CA Pb occurrence in Canadian provincial/territorial and municipal monitoring datasets and corrosion studies, predominantly 2005–2014, supplemented by the National Survey of Disinfection… |
| 19 | Abdul et al. 2019. Determination of Heavy Elements (Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr) Concentration in Some Water Sources, Chemistry & Chemical Technology | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IQ Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr occurrence in Water samples from Diyala Governorate, Iraq, collected between August 2016 and February 2017. Sites include the Diyala River… |
| 20 | EFSA 2015. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of nickel in food and drinking water, EFSA Journal 2015;13(2):4002, 202 pp. | 2015 | Government report | EU Ni occurrence in 18,885 food samples and 25,700 drinking water samples (final dataset after exclusions) submitted to EFSA from 15 European… (n=18885) |
| 21 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 22 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 23 | EFSA 2010. Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food, EFSA Journal 2010;8(4):1570 | 2010 | Government report | EU Pb occurrence in Aggregated EU occurrence data: 94,126 quantified analytical results across 14 Member States, Norway and three commercial operators (2003–2009),… (n=94126) |
| 24 | EFSA 2008. Safety of Aluminium from Dietary Intake, The EFSA Journal 2008;754:1-34 | 2008 | Government report | EU Al concentrations |
| 25 | JECFA 2007. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants — Sixty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 940 (Sixty-seventh meeting of JECFA, Rome, 20-29 June 2006) | 2007 | Government report | international Al, MeHg, tHg occurrence in Aluminium: total dietary exposure derived from market-basket and duplicate-diet surveys in adults (France, Germany, UK, USA, China), Total… |
| 26 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 27 | Committee on Toxicity of 2003. Statement on arsenic in food: results of the 1999 Total Diet Study, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2003 | Government report | GB tAs, iAs occurrence in 1999 UK Total Diet Study arsenic analysis: 119 food categories collected from 24 towns and combined into 20… (n=480) |
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ae6c129 | 2026-07-01 | feat(auth): large login + role-based signup screens (design, burgundy) |