Sule et al. 2026 - Metals and modeled health risk in Gombe drinking water

Sule, Olowolafe, and Dabi assessed Pb, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Cd in 87 drinking-water samples from Gombe Local Government Area, Nigeria, including tap, borehole, well, vendor, rainwater, sachet-water, and bottled-water sources. The paper reports source-type chronic daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index, and incremental lifetime cancer risk outputs for adults, children, and infants. It is useful for drinking-water source context in Nigeria and for source-specific risk documentation, but the PDF does not print the underlying AAS concentration table, so the modeled risk outputs should not be used as benchmark concentration values.

Key numbers

Sample frame and source coverage:

Table 3 reports chronic daily intake (CDI) values by age group and water source. The highest source-type mean CDI values were:

Table 4 reports hazard index (HI) values. The source classifies tap, well, and sachet water as high non-cancer risk for all three age groups:

Table 5 and the surrounding text report incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for Cr, Pb, and Cd. Source-reported harmful-risk examples include:

Methods (brief)

The authors collected drinking-water samples across 11 wards of Gombe LGA using purposive sampling. They report analysis of Pb, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Cd with air-acetylene flame AAS using element-specific hollow cathode lamps. Health-risk outputs were calculated using chronic daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index, and incremental lifetime cancer risk equations with USEPA-style exposure parameters for adults, children, and infants.

The paper states that metal concentrations were measured, but the PDF tables visible in the article provide exposure-model parameters and modeled risk outputs rather than a direct concentration table by water source. Treat Cr as total chromium unless a later full data table proves otherwise; the article does not report Cr(VI) speciation. It also does not report arsenic or mercury.

Implications

Certification: Not a candidate benchmark concentration source because raw metal concentrations are not printed in the PDF; use as Nigeria drinking-water context and as a retrieval target for the missing concentration table.

Courses: Useful for explaining how source-type water sampling, metal concentration inputs, and exposure assumptions produce CDI, HQ, HI, and ILCR outputs.

App: Can support a context note that Gombe LGA tap, well, and sachet water were the highest-risk source types in this paper, while bottled water had the lowest modeled HI among the listed source classes.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• water
• bottled-drinking-water
• mineral-water
• lead
• cadmium
• chromium
• manganese
• iron
• copper

Verification notes

• The auto-fetched filenames referenced infant bottles, but the actual PDF is a drinking-water health-risk paper. It is ingested under the actual byline and DOI.
• The sibling file auto-infant-bottles-pb-product_2026_10-64290-bima-v10i1a-1514.pdf is the same DOI and should roll up to this canonical source page rather than create a second source page.
• The abstract states 87 total samples, while the source-count list visible in Methods sums to 76 for the named source categories. The page preserves both facts by using the article’s stated total and listing the source counts printed in the Methods section.
• The source reports modeled CDI/HQ/HI/ILCR outputs. Because the underlying concentration table is not printed in the PDF, no HMTc benchmark concentration row should be pooled from this page without a supplemental data table or re-contacted article data.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.