Total mercury (tHg) denotes the sum of all mercury species in a sample and is a common analytical quantity in routine food surveillance. Because the toxicity of dietary mercury is dominated by methylmercury, health-based interpretation usually requires either speciation or the assumption that a matrix-dependent fraction of total mercury is methylmercury. See methylmercury for the toxicologically primary page.
Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 is attached to this analytical-quantity page as mercury-species context. The chapter reinforces why elemental mercury vapor, inorganic mercury, and methylmercury require separate interpretation even when a surveillance dataset reports total mercury.
Status
This page is a scaffold. EU 2023/915 total-mercury fish maximum levels have been routed, but the full mercury occurrence and methylmercury-fraction synthesis remains on the ingest queue.
Regulatory Limits
| Jurisdiction / Body | Type | Value | Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU | Binding maximum levels in fishery products and molluscs | General crustaceans, molluscs, and muscle meat of fish 500 ug/kg; listed lower-mercury fish 300 ug/kg; listed higher-mercury fish including tuna, shark, swordfish, marlin, halibut, pike, and sturgeon 1000 ug/kg | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels |
Product interpretation still requires methylmercury caution: total mercury is the compliance analyte for many fish rows, but methylmercury is the primary dietary toxicology driver.
Planned sections
Analytical definition, relationship to methylmercury across matrices (linked to ingredients and products), regulatory limits where total mercury is the measurement instrument of record (linked to regulations), testing methods (linked to testing), and sources.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Albuquerque et al. 2026. More Danger Than Meets the Eye: Potentially Toxic Element Contamination in Fish from the Western Pará Poses Significant Hazards to Local Communities, ACS Omega | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood (n=398) |
| 2 | Chaura et al. 2026. Nutritional and Biochemical Diversity in Beans Accessions from Three Phaseolus Species Using Multiomics Characterization, ACS Nutrition Science | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: A comprehensive multiomics study of 46 Phaseolus bean accessions (three species, 19 countries of origin) finds that overall heavy metal concentrations in dry bean seeds are belo… |
| 3 | Chronchol et al. 2026. Trace Element Intake from Dairy-Free Infant Porridges, Nutrients 2026, 18, 333 | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in dairy products (n=105) by AAS |
| 4 | FDA 2026. Analytical Results for Toxic Elements in Infant Formula, FY2023-FY2025 Special Survey, FDA analytical results table | 2026 | Government dataset | FDA 2026 special survey: tHg concentrations across commercial infant formula products |
| 5 | Ji et al. 2026. Assessing spatial variability and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soils: A geostatistical and multivariate analysis of coastal eastern Zhejiang, China, PLOS ONE | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg in Zhejiang agricultural soils: geostatistical source identification and spatial variability, with crop-uptake context |
| 6 | Lawluvi et al. 2026. Maternal geophagy in Ghana: heavy metal exposure and health risks during pregnancy, Frontiers in Public Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg exposure from maternal geophagy: soil ingestion pathway and fetal/infant exposure implications |
| 7 | Lepak et al. 2026. Quantifying Depuration of Methylmercury from Fish Consumption by Travelers, Environmental Health | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg depuration rates after fish consumption: half-life data and implication for exposure modelling |
| 8 | Nguyen et al. 2026. N,S-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots from Rice Straw for Fluorescence Detection of Mercury(II) | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for tHg detection in rice and rice products, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 9 | Porwollik et al. 2026. The quality and safety of Rhodiola rosea supplements on the U.S. market: An analysis of biomarkers, heavy metals, and pesticide residues, PLoS One | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | State-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: tHg measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment |
| 10 | Rusko et al. 2026. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Inland Fish from Latvian Lakes, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in freshwater fish (n=460) |
| 11 | Tooba et al. 2026. Silver Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensor for Mercury(II) Detection in Water, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor for tHg detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 12 | WHO 2026. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports, GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme | 2026 | Government dataset | WHO GEMS/Food contaminants database: global tHg occurrence monitoring data across food commodities |
| 13 | Auzier et al. 2025. Systematic review and spatiotemporal assessment of mercury concentration in fish from the Tapajós River Basin: implications for environmental and human health, ACS Environmental Au | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of tHg in fish muscle: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 14 | Carter et al. 2025. Thermal Decomposition Amalgamation AAS and SALLE for Methylmercury and Total Mercury in Finfish: FDA Method Validation | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish muscle by AAS |
| 15 | CFIA 2025. Toxic metals in selected foods – April 1, 2022 to March 31, 2023: Food chemistry – Targeted surveys – Final report, Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 2025 | Government report | Health Canada/CFIA 2022-23 market surveillance: tHg concentrations in selected Canadian foods |
| 16 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in infant formula |
| 17 | Dhawale et al. 2025. Benzidine-Based Chemosensors for Copper and Mercury Detection in Vegetable Juice | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for tHg detection in vegetables, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 18 | Dietz et al. 2025. Stable isotopes unveil ocean transport of legacy mercury into Arctic food webs, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 19 | Erol et al. 2025. Safety and Nutritional Profile of Traditional Turkish Cheeses: A Comprehensive Study on Their Mineral Content, Heavy Metal Contamination, and Health Risks of Aho, Golot, and Telli, Food Science & Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in cheese (n=30) by ICP-MS |
| 20 | Fan et al. 2025. Occurrence, exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metals in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=120) by ICP-MS |
| 21 | FDA 2025. Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic (Program 7304.019), US Food and Drug Administration | 2025 | Government report | FDA Compliance Program 7304.019: tHg surveillance in food and foodware, analytical methods and enforcement thresholds |
| 22 | Katerin et al. 2025. Presence of Nematodes, Mercury Concentrations, and Liver Pathology in Carnivorous Freshwater Fish from La Mojana, Sucre, Colombia: Assessing Fish Health and Potential Human Health Risks, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 23 | Hassan et al. 2025. Cornflakes as a source of dietary metal exposure in Lebanon: Risk assessment and regulatory compliance, RSC Advances | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators |
| 24 | Haydous et al. 2025. Pet food safety at risk? Investigating toxic metal contamination in Lebanon and the UAE, RSC Advances | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in dry pet food (n=196) by ICP-MS |
| 25 | Ibrahim et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic and Essential Metals in Various Flavored Dairy Products, Biological Trace Element Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in milk (n=180) by ICP-MS |
| 26 | Islam et al. 2025. Silver Nanoparticle Colorimetric Sensor for Mercury(II) Detection in Water Samples | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor for tHg detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 27 | Jermilova et al. 2025. Assessing mercury exposure to water and fish of the Mackenzie watershed using a Bayesian network analysis, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood (n=1044) |
| 28 | Kayani 2025. Portable smartphone-integrated ratiometric fluorescence probe for visual detection of mercury ions in environmental water with greenness evaluation, RSC Advances | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor for tHg detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 29 | Kumar et al. 2025. Mercury Poisoning in Lactating Women and Infants in the Gangetic Plain, Bihar, India: A Cross-Sectional Study, BMC Public Health 25(1) | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in breast milk from lactating women |
| 30 | Lee et al. 2025. Associations of heavy metals and urinary sodium excretion with obesity in adults: A cross-sectional study from Korean Health Examination and Nutritional Survey, PLoS ONE | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NHANES tHg biomonitoring in Asian-American subpopulations: blood/urinary concentrations and dietary intake associations |
| 31 | Lepak et al. 2025. Correction: Mercury Concentrations in Sport Fish from Colorado Reservoirs, PLOS ONE | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in freshwater fish |
| 32 | Qin et al. 2025. Comparison of Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry and Cold Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Total Mercury Determination in Soil | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: Qin et al. |
| 33 | Ray et al. 2025. ICP-MS-based quantitative analysis and risk assessment of metal(loid)s in fish species from Chennai, India, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in fish muscle (n=18) by ICP-MS |
| 34 | Scovronick et al. 2025. Assessment of human exposure to uncommon industrial toxicants in Glynn County, Georgia, Environmental Pollution | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg exposure in industrial settings: occupational biomonitoring and community health context |
| 35 | Seyfferth et al. 2025. Concentrations and Health Implications of As, Hg, and Cd and Micronutrients in Rice and Emissions of CH4 From Variably Flooded Paddies, GeoHealth | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in rice bran (n=6) |
| 36 | Shumba et al. 2025. Assessment of total mercury (Hg) in soil, sediment, and tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and health risk assessment among residents of Kitwe mining area, Zambia, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 37 | Taylor et al. 2025. Seafood Benefits and Contaminants: A Comprehensive Review of Health Impacts, Safety Concerns, and Risk Mitigation Strategies, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood |
| 38 | Thoerig et al. 2025. Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 122, pp. 1006-1026 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of tHg in infant formula: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 39 | Uthayarajan et al. 2025. Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 40 | Wang et al. 2025. A Concave Nanogap for Ultrasensitive Aptamer-Based SERS Detection and In Situ Imaging of Heavy Metal Ions, Analytical Chemistry | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor for tHg detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 41 | Wu et al. 2025. Climate change amplifies neurotoxic methylmercury threat to Asian fish consumers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 42 | Wysok et al. 2025. Heavy Metal Contamination in Natural Sheep Casings, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: Wysok et al. |
| 43 | Xia et al. 2025. Replacing Manual Operation with Bio-Automation II: Construction of a Biological Digestion Gene Circuit to Eliminate the Interference of Food Matrices in the Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood |
| 44 | Yan et al. 2025. From farm to table: assessing the status and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in rice in Henan Province, Frontiers in Public Health | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 45 | Zhou et al. 2025. Microbial potential to mitigate neurotoxic methylmercury accumulation in farmlands and rice, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 46 | Aendo et al. 2024. Heavy metal contamination in eggs on poultry farms and ecological risk assessment around a gold mine area in northern Thailand, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 47 | Alinezhad et al. 2024. Heavy metals contamination in pasteurized and sterilized cow’s milk: a systematic review, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of tHg in milk: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 48 | Alrashdi et al. 2024. Chemical analysis of toxic elements: total cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local and imported rice consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 49 | ATSDR 2024. Toxicological Profile for Mercury, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2024 | Government report | ATSDR toxicological profile for mercury2024 cited for comparative context on the total mercury page |
| 50 | Barquero et al. 2024. A preliminary assessment of mercury, methylmercury and other potentially toxic elements in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from the Almadén mining district, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 51 | Brodziak-Dopierała et al. 2024. Mercury Levels in Selected Medicines and Dietary Supplements in Poland, Biological Trace Element Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 52 | Bruno et al. 2024. Mineral composition in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and clam Tapes decussatus from Faro Lake of Messina: risk assessment for human health, Frontiers in Toxicology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 53 | Chen 2024. BODIPY sporopollenin fluorescence sensor for mercury in tap water, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor method for tHg detection, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 54 | Chen 2024. G-triplex DNA biosensor for mercury detection validated in milk, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for tHg detection in milk and dairy, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 55 | Chen et al. 2024. Design and fabrication of self-calibration colorimetric/fluorescence/SERS tri-modal optical sensor for highly rapid and accurate detection of mercury ions in foods, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor method for tHg detection, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 56 | Christian et al. 2024. An evaluation of fish and invertebrate mercury concentrations in the Caribbean Region, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in seafood (n=1600) |
| 57 | Dogruyol et al. 2024. Evaluation of Health Risks Attributed to Toxic Trace Elements and Selenium in Farmed Mediterranean Mussels from Türkiye and Bulgaria, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (published online 1 February 2024) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: Dogruyol et al. |
| 58 | Eccles et al. 2024. Non-invasive biomonitoring of polar bear feces can be used to estimate concentrations of metals of concern in traditional food, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 59 | Escobar-Camacho et al. 2024. Mercury in aquatic ecosystems of two indigenous communities in the Piedmont Ecuadorian Amazon: evidence from fish, water, and sediments, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 60 | FDA 2024. Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024), FDA analytical results table | 2024 | Government dataset | FDA compliance history 2009-2024: tHg in baby foods, enforcement trends across product categories |
| 61 | Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in canned fish products (n=100) by AAS |
| 62 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria, Environmental Health Insights | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 63 | Ibrahim et al. 2024. Heavy metals in raw milk and Egyptian cheese types, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in cheese (n=200) by AAS |
| 64 | Kanazawa 2024. Mercury speciation in artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) environments in Kenya, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: Mercury speciation including total Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) was measured in environmental matrices (soil, water, sediment) from artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) areas… |
| 65 | Kim 2024. Potential migration of heavy metals from food containers and health risk assessment, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: A migration study measured heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Sb, Sn, Ge, Co, Mn) leaching from 120 disposable food containers (paper and plastic) collected from South Korean markets… |
| 66 | Kovacik et al. 2024. Microelements, Fatty Acid Profile, and Selected Biomarkers in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Muscle Tissue: Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment, Research (journal not specified in text; published online 9 May 2024) | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | State-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers: tHg measurement matrices (blood, urine, hair) for exposure assessment |
| 67 | Laoye et al. 2024. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in fish, fruits, and vegetables in Southwest Nigeria: A systematic review, F1000Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 68 | Li 2024. Mercury ion-imprinted polymer QCM sensor for wastewater detection, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: An ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor for detection of Hg2+ in wastewater was developed. |
| 69 | Meli et al. 2024. Chemical characterization of baby food consumed in Italy, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in baby food |
| 70 | Moussa et al. 2024. Impact of source, packaging and presence of food safety management system on heavy metals levels in spices and herbs, PLoS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 71 | Najem et al. 2024. Bioaccumulation of lead, arsenic, and mercury in vital organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Assessment of pathological effects and possible hazards associated with human consumption, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 72 | Naspolini et al. 2024. Lead contamination in human milk affects infants’ language trajectory: results from a prospective cohort study, Frontiers in Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 73 | Onyena et al. 2024. Lactational Exposure of Human Infants to Metal(loid)s in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Current Research in Toxicology | 2024 | Review | Systematic review of tHg: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 74 | Paz-Suconota et al. 2024. Assessment of total mercury content in fish muscle tissue from the middle basin of the Pastaza River, Ecuador, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 75 | Tatsuta et al. 2024. Dietary intake of methylmercury by 0-5 years children using the duplicate diet method in Japan, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: This duplicate-diet study measured total mercury and methylmercury in diets consumed by Japanese children aged 0-5 years. |
| 76 | Yamashita 2024. LAEP-OES validation for total mercury in tuna and fish from Japanese markets, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for tHg detection in seafood, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 77 | Aljohani 2023. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review, Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 78 | Al-Sulaiti et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of methyl mercury from fish consumption in a sample of adult Qatari residents, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 79 | Amarh et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of some selected heavy metals in infant food sold in Wa, Ghana, Heliyon | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in infant/baby food (n=22) |
| 80 | Bakhshalizadeh et al. 2023. Bioaccumulation of rare earth elements and trace elements in different tissues of the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) in the southern Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 81 | Chepak et al. 2023. Light Harvesting Nanoprobe for Trace Detection of Hg2+ in Water, Molecules | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical sensor for tHg detection in aqueous/environmental matrices, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 82 | Coe et al. 2023. Assessing the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Methylmercury Demethylation and Elimination in Humans and Gnotobiotic Mice, Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 97, pp. 2399-2418 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg microbial methylation/demethylation: gut microbiota roles in speciation and bioaccessibility |
| 83 | Elsebai et al. 2023. Novel Amperometric Mercury-Selective Sensor Based on Organic Chelator Ionophore, Molecules | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Rapid analytical sensor for tHg detection in milk, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 84 | EU 2023. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, Official Journal of the European Union | 2023 | Regulation | EU Regulation 2023/915: updated maximum levels for tHg across food categories, with enforcement provisions |
| 85 | Han et al. 2023. A Simple and Effective Visual Fluorescent Sensing Paper-Based Chip for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Mercury Ions in Environmental Water, Sensors | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Fluorescent paper-chip sensor for ultrasensitive tHg detection in water, cited for analytical-methods context |
| 86 | Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023. Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish Market, Nutrients 15(14):3251 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in ready-to-eat baby purees (n=159) by ICP-MS |
| 87 | Hu et al. 2023. Current Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Tea across China, Toxics | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in green tea (n=4803) |
| 88 | Hussein et al. 2023. Risk assessment of toxic residues among some freshwater and marine water fish species, Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 89 | Lepak et al. 2023. Predicting sport fish mercury contamination in heavily managed reservoirs: Implications for human and ecological health, PLOS ONE | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 90 | Liu et al. 2023. Characterization, source identification, risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water and sediment of the Beibu Gulf, China, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg in Beibu Gulf coastal seawater: source characterisation, distribution, and aquatic food-chain transfer risk context |
| 91 | Sirisangarunroj et al. 2023. Toxic Heavy Metals and Their Risk Assessment of Exposure in Selected Freshwater and Marine Fish in Thailand, Foods 2023, 12, 3967 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in fish muscle (n=45) by ICP-MS |
| 92 | Stahl et al. 2023. Contaminants in fish from U.S. rivers: Probability-based national assessments, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 93 | Ulusoy 2023. Determination of toxic metals in canned tuna sold in developed and developing countries: Health risk assessment associated with human consumption, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in tuna (n=222) by ICP-MS |
| 94 | Valizadeh et al. 2023. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Canned Pinto Beans and Fava Beans Distributed in Gilan Province of Iran, Scientific Reports (published 2023; open access) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg data: Valizadeh et al. |
| 95 | Wang et al. 2023. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans, Science of the Total Environment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in grain crops (n=509) |
| 96 | Almeida et al. 2022. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(18):11178 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula |
| 97 | Bair 2022. A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy, Frontiers in Nutrition 9:919913 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of tHg in infant cereal: synthesised occurrence, health effects, and exposure data |
| 98 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results Key, FDA Total Diet Study supporting documentation | 2022 | Government report | FDA TDS FY2018-2020 analytical key: tHg measurement LODs and QA/QC parameters by food category |
| 99 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-2020: tHg concentrations and estimated dietary exposures across commercial food categories |
| 100 | Parker et al. 2022. Human health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury ingestion from baby foods, Toxicology Reports | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in baby food |
| 101 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg in 397 ready-to-eat products for Polish children aged 0.5-3 years: concentrations, risk assessment, and EU compliance context |
| 102 | Balali-Mood et al. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic, Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:643972 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Multi-metal toxicology review covering tHg: oxidative stress, DNA damage, enzyme inhibition, and carcinogenic mechanisms |
| 103 | Kinuthia et al. 2021. Urban mosquitoes and filamentous green algae: their biomonitoring role in heavy metal pollution in open drainage channels in Nairobi industrial area, Kenya, BMC Ecology and Evolution | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg human biomonitoring: blood/urine/tissue concentrations as exposure indicators |
| 104 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in milk and dairy by ICP-MS |
| 105 | Pompa et al. 2021. Evaluation and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Selected Toxic Trace Elements in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum) Imported into the Italian Market: Six Years of Official Controls, Foods | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg dietary exposure estimates in wheat |
| 106 | Reksten et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Contamination in 24 Fish Species from the Bay of Bengal: Risk Assessment for Human Health, Foods | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in fish and seafood (n=1111) |
| 107 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in quinoa (n=53) by ICP-MS |
| 108 | Rothenberg et al. 2021. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China, Environmental Health, Vol. 20, Article 50 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in rice and rice products |
| 109 | Uzomah et al. 2021. Chemical Contaminants in Nigerian Fresh and Marine Fish: A Review, Foods | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood |
| 110 | Igweze et al. 2020. Public Health and Paediatric Risk Assessment of Aluminium, Arsenic and Mercury in Infant Formulas Marketed in Nigeria, Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 20(1):e63-e70 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in infant formula (n=26) |
| 111 | Reksten et al. 2020. Nutrient and Contaminant Analyses of Five Commercially Important Fish Species from the Angolan Coast, Foods | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in fish and seafood (n=25) by ICP-MS |
| 112 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | Food Standards Australia New Zealand: tHg occurrence and dietary exposure from the 25th Total Diet Study |
| 113 | Zhang et al. 2018. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in tea (n=26) by ICP-MS |
| 114 | Zolfaghari 2018. Risk assessment of mercury and lead in fish species from Iranian international wetlands, MethodsX | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations and health risk assessment in fish and seafood |
| 115 | FDA 2017. Advice About Eating Fish — For Those Who Might Become or Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding and Children Ages 1 to 11 Years, U.S. FDA and U.S. EPA | 2017 | Government report | FDA/EPA fish consumption advice: tHg exposure thresholds and guidance for pregnant women and vulnerable populations |
| 116 | C-C et al. 2016. Methylmercury varies more than one order of magnitude in commercial European rice, Food Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in rice flour (n=87) |
| 117 | FSA 2016. Survey of metals in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foods, UK Food Standards Agency report FS102048 | 2016 | Government report | UK Food Standards Agency 2016 survey: tHg concentrations in infant foods and formula |
| 118 | Pacquette et al. 2016. Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Raw Ingredients, Nutritional Products, and Infant Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 766-779 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | tHg concentrations in powdered infant formula by ICP-MS |
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