Heavy metals in Cucumber

Quick read

Cucumber in the HMI library has 551 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, arsenic (As), Ba, Ca, DBT, DOT, mercury (Hg), OTC_sum_as_Sn, Sr, sumOTC, TBT, Ti, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT from 48 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{5Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →}^{6Fagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, Enujiugha VN · 2023Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaIPS Journal of Public HealthRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 551 results from 48 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}
Main drivers:
Cucumber, as sold from Moldova Noua (mining area M) (mining-affected area) had lead higher at 370 µg/kg, against 160 µg/kg for Borlova (reference area) in the same study.^{7Iosif Gergen, Monica Harmanescu · 2012Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasChemistry Central Journal6:156Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}

Cucumber overview

Cucumber in the HMI library has 551 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, Ba, Ca, DBT, DOT, Hg, OTC_sum_as_Sn, Sr, sumOTC, TBT, Ti, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT from 48 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{5Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →}^{6Fagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, Enujiugha VN · 2023Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaIPS Journal of Public HealthRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in cucumber, as sold from 2,199 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 4 to 520 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, cucumber, peeled or flesh had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 5 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 40 µg/kg (Alimohammadi et al. 2018) to 370 µg/kg (Guerra et al. 2012).^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{8Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG · 2012Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →} For cadmium, 5 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 1 µg/kg (Alimohammadi et al. 2018) to 48.6 µg/kg (Bora et al. 2022).^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{5Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Cucumber, as sold from Location A1 (industrial-affected area) had total mercury higher at 38.5 µg/kg, against 0.87 µg/kg for Control (grocery store >55 km from any power plant) in the same study.^{9Li R, Wu H, Ding J, Fu W, Gan L, Li Y · 2017Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plantsScientific ReportsRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the cucumber came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as cucumber

This page covers cucumber in 3 forms kept separate in every comparison: cucumber, as sold (503 results), cucumber, canned (39 results) and cucumber, peeled or flesh (9 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{5Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →}^{6Fagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, Enujiugha VN · 2023Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaIPS Journal of Public HealthRead source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of cucumber

The table holds every extracted cucumber result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 551 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →}^{5Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →}^{6Fagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, Enujiugha VN · 2023Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaIPS Journal of Public HealthRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

165 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 92 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 17 values from 6 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{6Fagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, Enujiugha VN · 2023Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaIPS Journal of Public HealthRead source →}^{10Kawsar Hossen, Nahian Rahman, Zannatul Ferdowsi, Tahmina Ferdous · 2026Assessment of heavy metal levels and associated health risks linked to vegetables grown in Noakhali region of BangladeshEnvironmental Health InsightsRead source →}^{11Cherfi A, Abdoun S, Gaci O · 2014Food survey: Levels and potential health risks of chromium, lead, zinc and copper content in fruits and vegetables consumed in AlgeriaFood and Chemical ToxicologyRead source →}^{12Rajni, Arif R · 2026Assessment of Lead and Cadmium contamination in Vegetables: A Study from FaridabadInternational Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 16(72s):1765-1770Read source →}^{13Reczajska W, Jedrzejczak R, Szteke B · 2005Determination of Chromium Content of Food and Beverages of Plant OriginPolish Journal of Food and Nutrition SciencesRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of cucumber, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

532 of 532 findings · 35 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Cucumber findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

102 findings · 33 studies · 14 spread figures folded in
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2009–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2009–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2009–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2015As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2012–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2003–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldAbdolahpour et al. 2023	Babol County fields2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldFagbemi et al. 2023	street vendorsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	fermented (2.5% NaCl brine, 3 weeks at 24 °C)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	raw (unfermented)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	all seven sampling pointsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP1, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP2, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP3, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP4, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP5, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP6, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP7, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 20.5 µg/kg (minimum); 20.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (minimum); 85.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 33.6 µg/kg (minimum); 34 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 37.3 µg/kg (minimum); 37.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 46.6 µg/kg (minimum); 47.1 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 19 µg/kg (minimum); 19.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldTemelkovska et al. 2026	private gardenCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2012Dry weight	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017Dry weight	median.
Cucumber, as soldAl 2010	Pickles, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAl 2010	Vegetables, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAl-Salimi et al. 2026	fruiting vegetables, Crater-Aden central marketCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldCherfi et al. 2014	Boumerdes wholesale markets2012Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAbbas et al. 2010	cucurbit vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 8.2 µg/kg (maximum); 17.4 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Cucumber, as soldMawari et al. 2022	Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRajni et al. 2026	farmland at harvest, Sector 56, Faridabad (V3)2024Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
7 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, peeled or fleshSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	not detected.

85 findings · 30 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2015–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldAbdolahpour et al. 2023	Babol County fields2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	fermented (2.5% NaCl brine, 3 weeks at 24 °C)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldKiczorowski et al. 2022	raw (unfermented)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	all seven sampling pointsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP1, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP2, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP3, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP4, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP5, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP6, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP7, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Cucumber, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2012Dry weight	median.
Cucumber, as soldAl-Salimi et al. 2026	fruiting vegetables, Crater-Aden central marketCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAbbas et al. 2010	cucurbit vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCantoral et al. 2024	all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.77 µg/kg (minimum); 2.85 µg/kg (minimum); 3.1 µg/kg (maximum); 7.19 µg/kg (maximum)
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Cucumber, as soldMawari et al. 2022	Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRajni et al. 2026	farmland at harvest, Sector 56, Faridabad (V3)2024Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
7 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, peeled or fleshSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.

19 findings · 10 studies
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2021As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAbbas et al. 2010	cucurbit vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	Muscle1987Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldMawari et al. 2022	Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
7 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

10 findings · 5 studies
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2022As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2022As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011Dry weight	median.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	Muscle1987Basis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	water-soluble1987Basis not stated	sample value.

2 findings · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	water-soluble1987Basis not stated	not detected.

21 findings · 7 studies
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2009–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / fresh	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Control (grocery store >55 km from any power plant)2015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location A12015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location A22015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location B12015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location B22015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location B32015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLi et al. 2017	Location B42015As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAbbas et al. 2010	cucurbit vegetables2007–2008Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldMawari et al. 2022	Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

43 findings · 17 studies
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	all seven sampling pointsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP1, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP2, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP3, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP4, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP5, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP6, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP7, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

45 findings · 17 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	all seven sampling pointsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP1, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP2, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP3, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP4, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP5, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP6, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldMohammadi et al. 2025	supermarket sampling point SP7, Fars ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldReczajska et al. 2005	all samples (three Polish agricultural areas)2001As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldReczajska et al. 2005	all samples (three Polish agricultural areas)2001As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (percentile)
Cucumber, as soldReczajska et al. 2005	all samples (three Polish agricultural areas)2001As sold / fresh	range.
Cucumber, as soldReczajska et al. 2005	all samples (three Polish agricultural areas)2001As sold / fresh	percentile.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldCherfi et al. 2014	Boumerdes wholesale markets2012Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

7 findings · 5 studies
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010As sold / fresh	median.
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedBenoy et al. 1971	canned, tin from containerCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, peeled or fleshFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / fresh	median.

14 findings · 8 studies
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGuerra et al. 2012	CEAGESP wholesale market2009As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

31 findings · 16 studies
Cucumber, as soldAbdolahpour et al. 2023	Babol County fields2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldFagbemi et al. 2023	street vendorsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAl-Salimi et al. 2026	fruiting vegetables, Crater-Aden central marketCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldCherfi et al. 2014	Boumerdes wholesale markets2012Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q1, December 20242024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q2, March 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q3, June 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldShuaibu et al. 2025	Q4, September 20252024–2025Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
7 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

17 findings · 10 studies
Cucumber, as soldFagbemi et al. 2023	street vendorsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldHossen et al. 2026	farm 32024As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAl-Salimi et al. 2026	fruiting vegetables, Crater-Aden central marketCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.

15 findings · 8 studies
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldNisa et al. 2020	local market, Quetta; brought from Afghanistan; June-July 20192019Dry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldOnakpa et al. 2022	Gwagwalada Central Market, Abuja, July 20192019Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

34 findings · 14 studies
Cucumber, as soldAbdolahpour et al. 2023	Babol County fields2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	autumn 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAlimohammadi et al. 2018	summer 20162016As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldFagbemi et al. 2023	street vendorsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Borlova (reference area)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Moldova Noua (mining area M)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldGergen et al. 2012	Ruschita (mining area R)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAl-Salimi et al. 2026	fruiting vegetables, Crater-Aden central marketCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldCherfi et al. 2014	Boumerdes wholesale markets2012Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012	all samples2010Dry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldRotimi et al. 2018	Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	all four phases, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 1, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 2, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 3, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldSultana et al. 2021	sampling phase 4, Kawran Bazar, DhakaCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Cucumber, as soldUroko et al. 2019	Ubani market, Umuahia, Abia StateCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Multan regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Cucumber, as soldWadood et al. 2021	peri-urban markets, Rawalpindi regionCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
7 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, cannedShavali-gilani et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 1 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 2 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (glass jar)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Cucumber, cannedTodorovska 2023	unit 3 (tin can)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

9 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	amateur farmers; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 5% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with 10% acetic acid vinegar2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	mean.
Cucumber, as soldBora et al. 2022	vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldFagbemi et al. 2023	street vendorsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldChung et al. 2020	all samples2017–2018As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019	molluscs2017–2018Basis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldChung et al. 2020	all samples2017–2018As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019	molluscs2017–2018Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldSaleem et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019	molluscs2017–2018Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldChung et al. 2020	all samples2017–2018As sold / fresh	not detected.

2 findings · 2 studies
Cucumber, as soldChung et al. 2020	all samples2017–2018As sold / fresh	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019	molluscs2017–2018Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldAltıkulaç et al. 2025	Group II2021–2022Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 13_772014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated	not detected.
Cucumber, as soldKaise et al. 1988	water-soluble1987Basis not stated	sample value.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldChung et al. 2020	all samples2017–2018As sold / fresh	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Cucumber, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019	molluscs2017–2018Basis not stated	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤8.45	4.19–12 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤8.9	3–11 (bounded)

104 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	104	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-551ede9fd6d1:6ba5241bab62

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	114–114 (bounded)	228	239
Alternative weighting	114–114 (bounded)	228	239

3 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	50%
Nisa et al. 2020	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-2ddf79b24b42:1a2621d6a08b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Pb reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

28 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-86823e03fccb:6aa656ad9297

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.5	0.156–2.2 (bounded)	2–4 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1.65	0.965–2.5 (bounded)	2.33–4 (bounded)

86 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	86	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-ad253fae895b:2024a8107558

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	102	102
Alternative weighting	≤1	102	102

5 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	33%
Nisa et al. 2020	1	33%
Sultana et al. 2021	3	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-e8e011d674bc:db65d73dc7d2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.09	≤0.09	≤0.09
Alternative weighting	≤0.09	≤0.09	≤0.09

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-c98ad98651e3:52d6a8c7449d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cd reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	1.6	2.1
Alternative weighting	≤1	1.6	2

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-9cbfe4e24cf5:ee6c9edba688

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤6.25	≤10	5.5–15 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤5.5	≤10	7.18–15 (bounded)

41 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	41	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-77eb0e80deb8:aecff58e84b8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2.79	≤2.79	≤2.79
Alternative weighting	≤2.79	≤2.79	≤2.79

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Altıkulaç et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Altıkulaç et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Altıkulaç et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-a57bc4bdaee7:88ae3cb4d558

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.8	≤0.8	≤0.8
Alternative weighting	≤0.8	≤0.8	≤0.8

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-bf1bf6b47474:101d3793e408

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tAs reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	8.5	14	19
Alternative weighting	8.5	13.5	19

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-52eb33856a45:6a6cd5474c79

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber iAs reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber iAs reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	1.78–14 (bounded)	8–20 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	0.56–3 (bounded)	3–8 (bounded)	8–20 (bounded)

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-0c8f70062c14:78b9a9ea5f63

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber iAs reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber iAs reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	388	388	388
Alternative weighting	388	388	388

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-189c8eeedaf3:a1a3635750dd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.12	≤0.14	0.14–1.85 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.12	≤0.14	0.14–1.5 (bounded)

36 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	34	50%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-2110e4c934a9:6a85016b1ec5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.5	≤0.5	≤0.5
Alternative weighting	≤0.5	≤0.5	≤0.5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-8a1931e4c10c:26f50e03f497

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber tHg reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-0c3c007095d1:fd58f7ccff8c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Ni reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Ni reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1800	5010	5820
Alternative weighting	1800	5010	5820

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nisa et al. 2020	1	50%
Sultana et al. 2021	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-0a01dbebad2d:d08f05c0794d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Ni reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Ni reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤40	≤40	≤40
Alternative weighting	≤40	≤40	≤40

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-11e7ec80a0f7:3ca33ed6a7b6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	10	10	10
Alternative weighting	10	10	10

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Reczajska et al. 2005	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Reczajska et al. 2005 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reczajska et al. 2005

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-2025c3d81fc7:e798bbcc6e9a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	750	1050	1100
Alternative weighting	750	1050	1100

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Sultana et al. 2021	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Sultana et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Sultana et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-56d66e9a7e24:ca269ce52a09

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cr reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-18b0ea4622a6:6fd28cdde327

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Al reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Al reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤236	≤236	≤236
Alternative weighting	≤236	≤236	≤236

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-fa14e3f089c9:dea66e292b1a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Sn reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Sn reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.5	≤10	10.1
Alternative weighting	≤1.5	≤10	10.1

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-e43432b95c35:57c248d96d99

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber U reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber U reference · Cucumber, peeled or flesh. Cucumber, peeled or flesh; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, peeled or flesh on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, peeled or flesh on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-e363eb9eba5d:895987130c57

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Co reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Co reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	384	384	384
Alternative weighting	384	384	384

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nisa et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Nisa et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Nisa et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-8709e5dcae44:236420dd3641

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cu reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cu reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	388	2440	10200
Alternative weighting	388	2440	10200

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nisa et al. 2020	1	50%
Sultana et al. 2021	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-22051d2a9459:12a12c78e85d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Cu reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Cu reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-87f070e7c15a:fc02c2a69c98

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Fe reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Fe reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5390	46400	128000
Alternative weighting	5390	46400	128000

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nisa et al. 2020	1	50%
Sultana et al. 2021	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-1dbf38efd0bc:9f1eab8d9dee

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Fe reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Fe reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤200	≤200	≤200
Alternative weighting	≤200	≤200	≤200

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-303708fd4bda:7a0e7ba905e2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Mn reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Mn reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	743	10700	23900
Alternative weighting	743	10700	23900

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nisa et al. 2020	1	50%
Sultana et al. 2021	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-4b8f2e6b5d6a:7f82877dcfca

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Zn reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Zn reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	38100	45900	53700
Alternative weighting	38100	45900	53700

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Sultana et al. 2021	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Sultana et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Sultana et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-571bbf452816:bbb867ca6103

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber Zn reference · Cucumber, canned

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber Zn reference · Cucumber, canned. Cucumber, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤100	≤100	≤100
Alternative weighting	≤100	≤100	≤100

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Shavali-gilani et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, canned on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Shavali-gilani et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-13f627087373:cce7e2837ea5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber V reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber V reference · Cucumber, as sold, dry weight. Cucumber, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤6.08	≤6.08	≤6.08
Alternative weighting	≤6.08	≤6.08	≤6.08

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Altıkulaç et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Altıkulaç et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Altıkulaç et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-0a8bddcd337d:d272ae04e361

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber DBT reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber DBT reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Chung et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Chung et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-f42d67d7a1d7:f006d70800c5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber DOT reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber DOT reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Chung et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Chung et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-ee919674c02c:64f316a64023

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber sumOTC reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber sumOTC reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Chung et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Chung et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-629d2f5d91d2:3cef67275e53

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber TBT reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber TBT reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Chung et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Chung et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-d8c3b3e047d2:5291d6bae5e7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI cucumber TPhT reference · Cucumber, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI cucumber TPhT reference · Cucumber, as sold. Cucumber, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤0.25	≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Chung et al. 2020	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for cucumber, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for cucumber, as sold on this basis in the completed cucumber ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Chung et al. 2020

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:cucumber-a64141761681:5a2e3d8ae070

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach cucumber

The evidence on how metals reach cucumber comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Cucumber, as sold from Location A1 (industrial-affected area) had total mercury higher at 38.5 µg/kg, against 0.87 µg/kg for Control (grocery store >55 km from any power plant) in the same study.^{9Li R, Wu H, Ding J, Fu W, Gan L, Li Y · 2017Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plantsScientific ReportsRead source →} In another study, cucumber, as sold from Ruschita (mining area R) (mining-affected area) had Mn higher at 6,730 µg/kg, against 450 µg/kg for Borlova (reference area) in the same study.^{7Iosif Gergen, Monica Harmanescu · 2012Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasChemistry Central Journal6:156Read source →} A third study found that cucumber, as sold from private garden (industrial-affected area) had lead higher at 82.3 µg/kg, against 20.5 µg/kg for private garden in the same study.^{14Temelkovska Ristevska K, Pavlovska G, Petrović SM, Savić S, Blazhevska T, Trajkovska Petkoska A · 2026Dietary Lead Intake from Vegetables Grown near Industrial Pollution Sources and Associated Public Health Risks: Case Studies from North MacedoniaPollutants 2026, 6, 58Read source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for cucumber, peeled or flesh (1.6 µg/kg) and highest for cucumber, as sold (102 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{15Nisa KU, Samiullah, Khan N, Attiq-ur-Rehman · 2020Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →}^{16Sultana R, Chamon AS, Mondol MN, Tasnim I · 2021Metal concentration in commonly sold fruit vegetables in Dhaka city market and probable health riskDhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30(1):35-47Read source →} The HMI reference for lead in cucumber, peeled or flesh pools 28 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of below 4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and below 4 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{17Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For lead in cucumber, as sold, the reference median was below 8.45 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 5 to between 4.19 and 12 µg/kg across 104 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium in cucumber, as sold, the reference median was 102 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to 102 µg/kg across 5 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{15Nisa KU, Samiullah, Khan N, Attiq-ur-Rehman · 2020Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →}^{16Sultana R, Chamon AS, Mondol MN, Tasnim I · 2021Metal concentration in commonly sold fruit vegetables in Dhaka city market and probable health riskDhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30(1):35-47Read source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, cucumber, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (4 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (520 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (2 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (11 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For inorganic arsenic, the lowest regional median was in EURO (7.05 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (388 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted cucumber, as sold samples in WPRO had cadmium lower at 1.23 µg/kg, against 3 µg/kg for WPRO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 7 groups of cucumber ranged from 46 µg/kg (supermarket sampling point SP6, Fars Province) to 109 µg/kg (supermarket sampling point SP1, Fars Province); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{18Hamed Mohammadi, Mohammad Ansarizadeh, Masoud Yousefi, Rozhan Feizi, Navid Alinejad, Fereshteh Talebi · 2025Health risk assessment of heavy metals in root and fruit vegetables in Iran using Monte Carlo simulationDiscover SustainabilityRead source →} In another study, lead across 6 groups of cucumber ranged from 310 µg/kg (unit 1 (glass jar)) to 450 µg/kg (unit 2 (tin can)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{19Todorovska N · 2023DETERMINATION OF Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu IN VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND HERBSJournal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences 77(2):33-38 (2023)Read source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for cucumber

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{9Li R, Wu H, Ding J, Fu W, Gan L, Li Y · 2017Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plantsScientific ReportsRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing cucumber for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.5 µg/kg (Al-Salimi et al. 2026) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{20Al-Salimi MSS, Saeed AAM, Bin Yahia AA · 2026Lead and trace element contamination in market vegetables of Aden, Yemen: a human health risk assessmentDiscover Chemistry (2026) 3:83Read source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.09 µg/kg (Shavali-gilani et al. 2025) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{21Shavali-gilani P, Abedini A, Irshad N, Maleknezhad S, Yazdanfar N, Sadighara P · 2025Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbersScientific ReportsRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.03 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 3,300 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying cucumber

No maximum level for metals in cucumber was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from cucumber

No source in the library converted cucumber concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names cucumber was decided on its content: 48 occurrence extracted, 48 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Cucumber FAQs

What heavy metals are found in cucumber?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, Ba, Ca, DBT, DOT, Hg, OTC_sum_as_Sn, Sr, sumOTC, TBT, Ti, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT in cucumber, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Abdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, Dehghani MH · 2023The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranInternational Archives of Health SciencesRead source →}^{4Alimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, Ghanbari F · 2018Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentToxin ReviewsRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in cucumber, as sold from 2,199 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 4 to 520 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into cucumber?

In the studies available, cucumber from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than cucumber from the same study’s control.^{7Iosif Gergen, Monica Harmanescu · 2012Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasChemistry Central Journal6:156Read source →} Cucumber, as sold from Moldova Noua (mining area M) (mining-affected area) had lead higher at 370 µg/kg, against 160 µg/kg for Borlova (reference area) in the same study.^{7Iosif Gergen, Monica Harmanescu · 2012Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasChemistry Central Journal6:156Read source →}

Which types of cucumber have the lowest levels?

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for cucumber, peeled or flesh (1.6 µg/kg) and highest for cucumber, as sold (102 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{15Nisa KU, Samiullah, Khan N, Attiq-ur-Rehman · 2020Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityAl-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56Read source →}^{16Sultana R, Chamon AS, Mondol MN, Tasnim I · 2021Metal concentration in commonly sold fruit vegetables in Dhaka city market and probable health riskDhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30(1):35-47Read source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in cucumber?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, cucumber, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (4 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (520 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (2 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (11 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in cucumber is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 10 results from 5 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{22Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{23Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{24European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}^{25Kaise T, Hanaoka K, Tagawa S, Hirayama T, Fukui S · 1988Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsApplied Organometallic ChemistryRead source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 9 µg/kg (Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012) to 11.1 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014).^{23Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{24European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
The health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Babol city, IranAbdolahpour Alamdari H, Sleman Ali H, Sadighara P, Jahed Khaniki G, Shahsavanpoor Landeh K, and Dehghani MH · International Archives of Health Sciences · 2023 · doi.org/10.48307/IAHSJ.2023.177176Peer-reviewed
Heavy metal(oid)s concentration in Tehran supermarket vegetables: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessmentAlimohammadi M, Younesian M, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Jahed Khaniki GR, Hadi M, et al. · Toxin Reviews · 2018 · doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2018.1522644Peer-reviewed
Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaBora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, et al. · Horticulturae · 2022 · doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111034Peer-reviewed
Microbial Density and Diversity and Lead Loads in Selected Street-Hawked Foods in Akure Metropolis, NigeriaFagbemi SA, Rotifa OJ, Adesina OA, Ojo OD, and Enujiugha VN · IPS Journal of Public Health · 2023 · doi.org/10.54117/ijph.v3i2.22Peer-reviewed
Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasIosif Gergen and Monica Harmanescu · Chemistry Central Journal6:156 · 2012 · doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-6-156Peer-reviewed
Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthGuerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, and Canniatti-Brazaca SG · Scientia Agricola 69(1):54-60 · 2012 · doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162012000100008Peer-reviewed
Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plantsLi R, Wu H, Ding J, Fu W, Gan L, and Li Y · Scientific Reports · 2017 · doi.org/10.1038/srep46545Peer-reviewed
Assessment of heavy metal levels and associated health risks linked to vegetables grown in Noakhali region of BangladeshKawsar Hossen, Nahian Rahman, Zannatul Ferdowsi, and Tahmina Ferdous · Environmental Health Insights · 2026 · doi.org/10.1177/11786302261440637Peer-reviewed
Food survey: Levels and potential health risks of chromium, lead, zinc and copper content in fruits and vegetables consumed in AlgeriaCherfi A, Abdoun S, and Gaci O · Food and Chemical Toxicology · 2014 · doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.044Peer-reviewed
Assessment of Lead and Cadmium contamination in Vegetables: A Study from FaridabadRajni and Arif R · International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 16(72s):1765-1770 · 2026 · doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.16.72s.195Peer-reviewed
Determination of Chromium Content of Food and Beverages of Plant OriginReczajska W, Jedrzejczak R, and Szteke B · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · 2005Peer-reviewed
Dietary Lead Intake from Vegetables Grown near Industrial Pollution Sources and Associated Public Health Risks: Case Studies from North MacedoniaTemelkovska Ristevska K, Pavlovska G, Petrović SM, Savić S, Blazhevska T, and Trajkovska Petkoska A · Pollutants 2026, 6, 58 · 2026 · doi.org/10.3390/pollutants6040058Peer-reviewed
Detection of Heavy metals in Fruits and Vegetables available in the Market of Quetta cityNisa KU, Samiullah, Khan N, and Attiq-ur-Rehman · Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 23(1):47-56 · 2020 · doi.org/10.22401/anjs.23.1.07Peer-reviewed
Metal concentration in commonly sold fruit vegetables in Dhaka city market and probable health riskSultana R, Chamon AS, Mondol MN, and Tasnim I · Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30(1):35-47 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i1.51807Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in root and fruit vegetables in Iran using Monte Carlo simulationHamed Mohammadi, Mohammad Ansarizadeh, Masoud Yousefi, Rozhan Feizi, Navid Alinejad, and Fereshteh Talebi · Discover Sustainability · 2025 · doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01930-2Peer-reviewed
DETERMINATION OF Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu IN VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND HERBSTodorovska N · Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences 77(2):33-38 (2023) · 2023 · doi.org/10.55302/JAFES23772033tPeer-reviewed
Lead and trace element contamination in market vegetables of Aden, Yemen: a human health risk assessmentAl-Salimi MSS, Saeed AAM, and Bin Yahia AA · Discover Chemistry (2026) 3:83 · 2026 · doi.org/10.1007/s44371-026-00553-4Peer-reviewed
Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbersShavali-gilani P, Abedini A, Irshad N, Maleknezhad S, Yazdanfar N, and Sadighara P · Scientific Reports · 2025 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06896-9Peer-reviewed
Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodBaxter M and Brereton N · Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 · 2015 · www.food.gov.ukGovernment
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government
Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsKaise T, Hanaoka K, Tagawa S, Hirayama T, and Fukui S · Applied Organometallic Chemistry · 1988 · doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590020607Peer-reviewed

Sources

Browse Cucumber Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every cucumber record in the library: 48 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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Heavy metals in Cucumber

Cucumber overview

What counts as cucumber

Heavy metal contamination profile of cucumber

How metals reach cucumber

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for cucumber

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing cucumber for metals

Buying and verifying cucumber

Exposure from cucumber

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Cucumber FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

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