Bora et al. 2022 — Heavy metals in Romanian fruits and vegetables, with vinegar washing reduction

This study quantified total arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc in 80 fruit and vegetable samples from Galați County, Romania using ICP-MS, comparing contamination between vegetable/fruit market and amateur-farm produce, then testing 5% and 10% acetic-acid vinegar washing as a mitigation intervention. Market-sourced samples carried higher metal loads than amateur-farm samples across all four analytes (means up to 35% higher for As, 68% for Cd, 67% for Pb, 3% for Zn). Washing with 10% vinegar reduced As by 45%, Cd by 65%, and Pb by 33% relative to water-washed baselines, with the strongest per-commodity reductions reaching 93% (tomato As, tomato Cd) and 100% (red cherry tomato Pb); zinc was largely unaffected (~5–13% reduction). The page’s downstream value is twofold: (1) Romanian occurrence data for 21 fresh-produce commodities across four metals on a fresh-weight basis, and (2) empirical evidence on acetic-acid washing as a partial-mitigation intervention for produce metals.

Key numbers

All concentrations in µg/kg fresh weight (FW) unless noted. Reported as mean ± SD across triplicate analysis. ICP-MS limits of quantification (LoQ): As 0.743 µg/L, Cd 0.069 µg/L, Pb 0.231 µg/L, Zn 1.203 µg/L. BLD = below limit of detection.

Table 1 — Tap-water-washed baseline (n = 80; µg/kg FW)

Fruiting vegetables (market | amateur):

• Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): As 388.86 ± 29.10 | 374.26 ± 42.10; Cd 16.48 ± 6.42 | 17.93 ± 4.59; Pb 66.81 ± 12.38 | 73.34 ± 15.72; Zn 3942.11 ± 431.55 | 4113.70 ± 125.40
• Yellow cherry tomato (L. esculentum var. cerasiforme): As 254.53 ± 29.19 | no samples; Cd 23.49 ± 3.79 | no samples; Pb 51.34 ± 7.35 | no samples; Zn 3563.84 ± 27.11 | no samples
• Red cherry tomato: As 334.37 ± 50.77 | 317.90 ± 29.14; Cd BLD | BLD; Pb 18.45 ± 4.67 | BLD; Zn 3780.45 ± 113.00 | 4113.81 ± 122.88
• Long cucumber (Cucumis sativus): As 258.23 ± 46.76 | 240.03 ± 12.41; Cd 46.41 ± 2.53 | 48.63 ± 4.61; Pb 112.04 ± 22.24 | 59.82 ± 16.25; Zn 2847.48 ± 451.78 | 3039.74 ± 73.08
• Kirby cucumber: As BLD; Cd BLD; Pb BLD; Zn 1358.74 ± 68.01 | 1853.70 ± 124.23
• Red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): As BLD | no samples; Cd 23.90 ± 7.99 | no samples; Pb 46.15 ± 8.13 | no samples; Zn 1735.33 ± 124.80 | no samples
• White beans: As 163.04 ± 9.30 | 129.52 ± 5.91; Cd 18.76 ± 4.62 | BLD; Pb 43.60 ± 15.94 | 26.81 ± 15.94; Zn 2821.95 ± 410.66 | 4061.19 ± 124.74
• Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo): As 100.78 ± 20.41 | BLD; Cd 14.18 ± 1.05 | 18.51 ± 5.72; Pb 30.20 ± 2.55 | 35.69 ± 8.58; Zn 2184.42 ± 168.16 | 1956.63 ± 72.16

Fruits (market | amateur):

• Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): all BLD As/Cd/Pb; Zn 1374.39 ± 50.70 | 1489.97 ± 152.52
• Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): all BLD As/Cd/Pb; Zn 2366.08 ± 210.54 | no samples
• Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa): As 69.67 ± 26.76 | 73.95 ± 15.99; Cd 17.78 ± 3.50 | BLD; Pb 10.78 ± 1.85 | 9.92 ± 4.38; Zn 1143.59 ± 168.11 | 1374.25 ± 71.85
• Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus): As 68.40 ± 24.06 | 43.13 ± 38.85; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 1102.96 ± 117.96 | 1305.56 ± 31.76
• Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum): all BLD As/Cd/Pb; Zn 3807.96 ± 217.90 | 1817.25 ± 40.87
• Chestnut (Castanea sativa): As 27.47 ± 4.27 | no samples; Cd 12.74 ± 1.30 | no samples; Pb BLD; Zn 3807.96 ± 217.90 | no samples
• Apples (Malus domestica): all BLD As/Cd/Pb; Zn 946.53 ± 62.51 | 909.56 ± 72.67
• Plums (Prunus domestica): As 116.92 ± 15.97 | 132.36 ± 21.03; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 596.93 ± 49.63 | 738.75 ± 132.90
• Pear (Pyrus communis): As BLD; Cd 15.19 ± 2.95 | 15.82 ± 3.97; Pb 78.13 ± 14.95 | 69.15 ± 23.18; Zn 440.15 ± 99.11 | 379.37 ± 63.19
• Quince (Cydonia oblonga): all BLD As/Cd/Pb; Zn 3218.41 ± 218.26 | 2993.33 ± 124.85
• Grapes (Vitis vinifera): As 81.85 ± 45.11 | 48.74 ± 6.94; Cd 14.78 ± 5.71 | BLD; Pb 27.48 ± 15.75 | 18.32 ± 5.41; Zn 1362.93 ± 85.83 | 1288.26 ± 267.83

Leafy vegetables (market | amateur):

• Cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata (L.) f. alba L.): As 19.78 ± 12.59 | BLD; Cd 9.70 ± 1.31 | BLD; Pb 25.41 ± 7.72 | BLD; Zn 2814.32 ± 121.77 | 2885.18 ± 138.52
• Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus): As BLD; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 4964.44 ± 280.40 | no samples
• Parsley (Petroselinum crispum convar. crispum (Denst.)): As BLD; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 1366.95 ± 126.54 | 1698.12 ± 233.44
• Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.): no samples in market; amateur Zn 428.10 ± 55.18
• Dill (Anethum graveolens): As 7.60 ± 4.11 | no samples; Cd 23.90 ± 7.99 | no samples; Pb 79.41 ± 13.01 | no samples; Zn 994.47 ± 235.14 | no samples
• Lettuce (Lactuca sativa convar. capitata): As 1.44 ± 0.60 | 0.81 ± 0.51; Cd 46.88 ± 11.16 | 39.11 ± 4.54; Pb 155.07 ± 28.25 | 73.25 ± 17.70; Zn 1055.13 ± 61.07 | 3030.91 ± 777.65
• Celery (Apium graveolens L. conv. rapaceum (Mill.)): As BLD; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 741.26 ± 267.80 | 742.48 ± 168.77

Bulbs (market | amateur):

• Garlic (Allium sativum ssp. vulgare): As 207.88 ± 82.87 | 153.52 ± 31.21; Cd 0.14 ± 0.06 | BLD; Pb BLD; Zn 5139.25 ± 525.83 | 6178.18 ± 1468.35
• Onion (Allium cepa): As BLD; Cd/Pb BLD; Zn 2737.88 ± 336.55 | 1163.25 ± 153.30

Root vegetables (market | amateur):

• Potato (Solanum tuberosum): As BLD; Cd 28.60 ± 12.84 | BLD; Pb 65.41 ± 27.71 | 29.70 ± 77.3; Zn 6256.99 ± 2200.29 | 7640.07 ± 1095.27
• Parsley root (P. crispum convar. radicosum): all BLD As/Cd/Pb/Zn
• Carrot (Daucus carota L. conv. sativus): As BLD | no samples; Cd 5.18 ± 1.69 | no samples; Pb 14.56 ± 5.69 | no samples; Zn 1039.56 ± 174.48 | no samples

Category-level means (tap-water-washed baseline)

• As: range <LoQ to 388.86 µg/kg FW. Fruiting vegetables 338.86 µg/kg FW; bulbs 207.88 µg/kg FW; fruits 132.36 µg/kg FW; leafy vegetables 19.78 µg/kg FW; root vegetables <LoQ. Market samples carried up to 35% more As than amateur (market mean 85.08; amateur mean 63.09 µg/kg FW).
• Cd: range <LoQ to 48.63 µg/kg FW (mean 8.04). Fruiting vegetables 16.31; leafy vegetables 8.70; root vegetables 6.75; fruits 3.82; bulbs 0.03 µg/kg FW. Market samples carried up to 68% more Cd than amateur (market mean 9.81; amateur 5.83 µg/kg FW).
• Pb: range <LoQ to 155.07 µg/kg FW (mean 22.61). Leafy vegetables 43.32; fruiting vegetables 35.35; root vegetables 26.66; fruits 10.82; bulbs <LoQ. Market samples carried up to 67% more Pb than amateur (market mean 27.50; amateur 16.50 µg/kg FW).
• Zn: range <LoQ to 7640.07 µg/kg FW (mean 2268.22). Bulbs 3804.64; root vegetables 2987.32; fruiting vegetables 2955.93; leafy vegetables 1886.92; fruits 1509.48 µg/kg FW. Amateur samples carried up to 3% more Zn than market (amateur 2301.92; market 2241.26 µg/kg FW).

Tables 2 and 3 — Mean concentrations after vinegar washing (n = 80; µg/kg FW)

Selected commodities (those that recorded measurable metals after tap-water washing) re-washed with 5% or 10% vinegar (3–10 min, 30 °C immersion). For brevity, only commodities and metals with non-BLD values are listed.

5% vinegar wash (Table 2; market | amateur):

• Tomato: As 202.19 ± 19.22 | 175.40 ± 19.06; Cd 12.20 ± 2.23 | 7.00 ± 1.91; Pb 53.96 ± 9.52 | 55.45 ± 5.02; Zn 3328.74 ± 212.85 | 3937.54 ± 80.91
• Yellow cherry tomato: As 188.89 ± 11.96; Cd 17.27 ± 0.97; Pb 37.73 ± 2.92; Zn 3251.94 ± 49.52
• Red cherry tomato: As 243.73 ± 9.60 | 231.29 ± 2.39; Pb 14.24 ± 3.75 | BLD; Zn 3753.05 ± 47.37 | 4032.43 ± 60.30
• Long cucumber: As 220.67 ± 18.93 | 212.70 ± 5.34; Cd 41.23 ± 0.92 | 46.21 ± 2.22; Pb 76.19 ± 8.07 | 45.26 ± 5.14; Zn 2856.76 ± 481.35 | 3012.07 ± 40.88
• Zucchini: As 91.35 ± 11.41; Pb 22.98 ± 0.94 | 28.61 ± 14.47; Zn 1996.25 ± 14.47 | 1943.09 ± 65.85
• Strawberry: As 52.79 ± 12.89 | 66.44 ± 16.86; Pb 11.19 (mean) | 11.83 (mean); Zn 1119.83 ± 120.00 | 1354.20 ± 33.55
• Pear: Cd 14.79 ± 1.33 | 16.78 ± 0.40; Pb 74.94 ± 4.37 | 63.97 ± 19.74; Zn 437.57 ± 98.91 | 374.30 ± 67.95
• Grapes: As 76.63 ± 14.46 | 48.71 ± 5.38; Cd 14.66 ± 2.35 | BLD; Pb 24.44 ± 14.31 | 16.98 ± 4.96; Zn 1354.49 ± 97.81 | 1237.83 ± 188.78
• Cabbage: Zn 2695.65 ± 217.47 | 2858.42 ± 41.64
• Lettuce: Cd 43.67 ± 1.81 | 33.78 ± 6.62; Pb 108.79 ± 5.60 | 71.49 ± 3.06; Zn 1035.12 ± 22.58 | 2949.49 ± 462.23
• Garlic: As 191.13 ± 54.07 | 151.87 ± 10.66; Zn 5003.11 ± 157.42 | 5293.34 ± 367.19
• Potato: Cd 27.97 ± 9.42 (market); Pb 63.47 ± 1.48 | 13.22 ± 1.82; Zn 6134.38 ± 476.38 | 7084.80 ± 727.80
• Carrot: Zn 1022.26 ± 91.29

10% vinegar wash (Table 3; market | amateur):

• Tomato: As 217.02 ± 16.92 | 181.48 ± 9.20; Cd 9.92 ± 0.28 | 7.88 ± 0.48; Pb 53.54 ± 3.19 | 47.90 ± 0.90; Zn 3249.31 ± 149.70 | 3638.93 ± 157.78
• Yellow cherry tomato: As 184.12 ± 8.31; Cd 16.93 ± 1.32; Pb 32.95 ± 1.79; Zn 3319.00 ± 86.28
• Red cherry tomato: As 223.28 ± 15.74 | 206.65 ± 5.69; Pb 8.55 ± 1.05 | BLD; Zn 3756.90 ± 65.57 | 3917.89 ± 94.31
• Long cucumber: As 212.82 ± 4.09 | 200.74 ± 2.02; Cd 39.99 ± 1.50 | 41.81 ± 4.79; Pb 102.45 ± 6.74 | 53.33 ± 14.95; Zn 2485.62 ± 122.53 | 2951.89 ± 62.65
• Zucchini: As 82.87 ± 6.82 (market); Pb 20.60 ± 1.32 | 23.42 ± 7.58; Zn 2160.86 ± 53.14 | 1923.14 ± 29.58
• Strawberry: As 44.16 ± 2.63 | 45.16 ± 5.81; Zn 1059.94 ± 26.37 | 1361.67 ± 19.76
• Pear: Cd 14.94 ± 1.46 | 15.79 ± 1.41; Pb 69.03 ± 1.37 | 64.36 ± 19.48; Zn 393.68 ± 52.57 | 377.08 ± 54.10
• Grapes: As 78.35 ± 3.55 | 46.25 ± 5.22; Cd 12.65 ± 0.81 | BLD; Pb 20.74 ± 12.80 | 14.39 ± 3.95; Zn 1240.40 ± 127.27 | 1125.31 ± 84.77
• Cabbage: Zn 2565.82 ± 133.88 | 1473.58 ± 171.45
• Lettuce: Cd 36.16 ± 4.58 | 33.20 ± 7.66; Pb 94.52 ± 4.53 | 73.14 ± 1.97; Zn 1031.40 ± 17.28 | 2064.13 ± 61.28
• Garlic: As 167.03 ± 12.94 | 129.89 ± 4.11; Zn 4682.37 ± 113.49 | 4731.25 ± 477.80
• Potato: Pb 60.24 ± 5.33 | 30.50 ± 15.07; Zn 5628.20 ± 775.49 | 6022.00 ± 120.16
• Carrot: Zn 943.34 ± 45.57 (market)

Tables 4, 5, 6 — Pooled mean concentrations across all washed samples

Vinegar washing reduction summary (pooled means, % reduction vs water-washed baseline)

• 5% vinegar (Figure 1): As 35%, Cd 37%, Pb 33%, Zn 5%.
• 10% vinegar (Figure 2): As 45%, Cd 65%, Pb 33%, Zn 13%.
• 10% vs 5% comparison (Figure 3): As 8%, Cd 20%, Pb 0%, Zn 8% additional reduction at 10%.

Highest per-commodity reductions observed:

• 5% vinegar: As 93% (tomato), Cd 79% (tomato), Pb 42% (long cucumber). Zinc reductions only 1–11% across all commodities.
• 10% vinegar: Pb 100% (red cherry tomato), Cd 93% (tomato), As 91% (tomato). Zn reductions 1–32% (lettuce highest at 32%).

Cases where vinegar washing had no significant effect: pear (Cd 2%, Pb 6% at 5%), grapes (Pb 1% at 5%), garlic (As 5% at 5%), potato (Cd 2% at 5%; Pb 5% at 10%), pear (Cd 1% at 10%).

Regulatory comparison

National (Romanian) maximum allowable limits (MAL; M.Of 173/13 March 2002) and EU Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 cited as benchmarks. All measured values fell below the Romanian national MAL (As 0.5 mg/kg; Cd 0.05–0.2 mg/kg by commodity; Pb 0.5 mg/kg; Zn 5–15 mg/kg). However, several As values (particularly tomato 388.86 µg/kg FW, ~3.9× over) exceeded the Codex Alimentarius recommended limit of 0.1 mg/kg for As in fruits and vegetables. One lettuce sample (108.79 µg/kg FW Pb after 5% vinegar) exceeded the Codex 0.1 mg/kg Pb recommendation.

Methods (brief)

Sample collection. 80 samples (45 market, 35 amateur farm) collected August 2020–December 2021 from three Galați County localities (Tecuci, Matca, Târgu Bujor; GPS coordinates given). Samples transported in clean polyethylene bags, processed within 1–3 days; only edible parts analysed.

Sample preparation. Samples washed under tap water (no distilled water) to identify whether tap water alone reduces metals. For vinegar-wash arm, samples immersed in glass bowls with 5% or 10% acetic-acid vinegar (white-wine vinegar, available in any grocery store) for 5–10 min at 30 °C depending on commodity size. Fresh samples weighed, cut, dried at 105 °C on FD 53 Binder (Darmstadt, Germany) for 72–92 h until stable weight, ground on Retsch 110 automatic mill, sieved through 2 mm. Concentrations measured on dry-weight basis then converted to fresh-weight for comparison with national MAL.

Digestion. Milestone START D microwave digestion (Sorisole, Italy): 0.5 g sample + 7 mL 65% HNO₃ (Merk, supra pure) + 2 mL H₂O₂ (≥30%, Sigma-Aldrich) in Teflon vessels.

Instrumentation. Thermo Fisher Scientific iCAP Q ICP-MS (Waltham, MA, USA) with ASX-520 autosampler, Ni sampler and skimmer cones, micro-concentric nebulizer, cyclonic spray chamber, 1.5 mm injector. Daily M⁺ optimization; Ba²⁺/Ba⁺ and Ce²⁺/CeO⁺ kept < 2%. Argon 5.0 and helium 6.0 (Messer, 99.99% purity).

Isotopes monitored: ⁶⁵Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹¹¹Cd, ²⁰⁸Pb. No As speciation (total As only; reported as tAs in this wiki).

Calibration / QC. External calibration with multi-element ICP Multi-Element Standard XXI CertiPUR (Merk). Internal standards Ge, Tb, Rh, Sc in 1% HNO₃ at 50 µg/L in all samples, blanks, and standards. Tuning solution TUNE B iCAP Q (Ba, Bi, Ce, Co, In, Li, U at 1.0 µg/L in 2% HNO₃ + 0.5% HCl); RSD < 5%. Calibration curve at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 µL points. CRM recovery 97–102% for each element; recovery from spike assays (n = 3, 25 µL level) 90.04–112.36%. Triplicate samples (n = 3), variation coefficient < 5%, RSD < 5%.

LoD/LoQ. LoD = 3 × SD/s; LoQ = 10 × SD/s. Reported LoQ values (instrumental, µg/L): As 0.743, Cd 0.069, Pb 0.231, Zn 1.203.

Statistics. Mean ± SD of triplicates. Two-way ANOVA via SPSS v24, Duncan test at p ≤ 0.005, supported by Excel 365 and Addinsoft v15.5.03.3707.

Implications

Certification. Provides Romanian fresh-produce occurrence data (n = 80, 21 commodities, four analytes) on a fresh-weight basis suitable for fresh-fruit, non-root-vegetables, root-tuber-vegetables, and leafy-vegetables-other. Origin-of-produce splits (vegetable/fruit market vs. amateur farms) document that market produce in this dataset carries 35–68% higher As/Cd/Pb than amateur-farm produce, suggesting commercial supply-chain inputs (fertilizers, soil, irrigation, atmospheric deposition near transport routes) are dominant drivers over farm-gate exposure. Total As only (no inorganic As speciation), so the Codex 0.1 mg/kg recommended As limit comparison must be interpreted as a total-As exceedance rather than an iAs threshold.

Courses. Demonstrates that acetic-acid washing has a measurable, limited, and metal-specific effect on produce metals. Cd is most mobilizable (37% at 5%, 65% at 10% pooled mean); As intermediate (35% / 45%); Pb intermediate but identical at 5% and 10% (33% / 33%, with no additional benefit from concentration doubling); Zn least mobilizable (5% / 13%). Per-commodity behavior diverges sharply: tomato and long cucumber show large reductions across all metals; pear and grapes show essentially none; garlic resists As reduction. The 10% concentration gives meaningfully larger Cd reductions but no extra Pb reduction over 5%, which is the most actionable course-content finding for consumer washing guidance.

App. Useful as Romanian-baseline data for tomato, cucumber, beans, zucchini, cabbage, lettuce, parsley, celery, garlic, onions, potatoes, carrot, apple, pear, grapes, plums, strawberries, raspberries, watermelon, and (as wash-treatment evidence) vinegar. Fresh-weight basis; relevant for ingredient contamination_profile Romanian-region entries during the Part 9 synthesis pass.

Verification notes

Merge-enhanced 2026-05-28 from the 2026-05-14 source page against the original PDF (Manual Fetch Kimi / condiment_papers / 02_Vinegars). Changes:

• raw_handle corrected from generic manual-fetch-kimi to canonical MFK_quantification-and-reduction-in-heavy-metal-residu.
• raw_path corrected from truncated …Some Frui.pdf to the actual filename ending …A Case Study Gal.pdf.
• license clarified from CC BY to CC BY 4.0 (article footer specifies version).
• access_url and raw_sha256 added.
• Ingredient slug list rewritten to canonical taxonomy: tomatoes→tomato, strawberry→strawberries, onion→onions, potato→potatoes; added missing measured commodities (cabbage, lettuce, parsley, celery, raspberries, watermelon, pear, plums). garlic and zucchini declared via their alias resolution (garlic → onions, zucchini → squash). vinegar retained as the washing-reagent commodity touched by the paper’s mitigation arm.
• Product slug list expanded from fresh-fruit only to the four locked HMTc rows touched: fresh-fruit, non-root-vegetables, root-tuber-vegetables, leafy-vegetables-other.
• sample_population expanded to itemize the 21 commodities, the market/amateur split, the collection window, and the three Galați County localities.
• Key numbers section was previously a 3-paragraph thin summary with the phrase “not fully extracted; large table”. Replaced with full Table 1 transcription (per-commodity As/Cd/Pb/Zn, market vs amateur, mean ± SD), pooled category means for all four metals, Tables 2–3 transcriptions for 5% and 10% vinegar arms, Tables 4–6 pooled reduction summaries, and Figures 1–3 percent-reduction breakdowns including the highest per-commodity reductions (As 93% tomato, Cd 93% tomato, Pb 100% red cherry tomato at 10%).
• Methods section expanded from one paragraph to subsection-organized detail: collection, prep, digestion, instrumentation, isotopes monitored (with explicit ⁷⁵As-only no-speciation flag → tAs in metals), calibration/QC, LoD/LoQ, statistics. Vendor/material names retained per Part 12 Exception 2 (instrument, reference material, software, digestion equipment).
• Implications rewritten as Certification/Courses/App structure per Part 6 template, removing the legacy [[mitigation/washing-decontamination]] and Wiki pages updated on ingest section (page does not exist; routing layer handles fan-out).
• Brand firewall: paper names no commercial brands in measured-contamination context; the vinegar wash reagent is described generically (“white-wine vinegar available in any grocery store”). No Part 12 violations introduced.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold proposals; observation-data only. The Codex As/Pb exceedance flags are the paper’s own regulatory framing, not synthesis claims.
• Speciation discipline: ⁷⁵As measured (total As, no iAs/MMA/DMA/AsB speciation), so metals uses tAs, not iAs. Zn included as the paper’s microelement, treated here as an additional analyte without speciation.

Auto-audit subagent (2026-05-28, fresh-context Agent) returned verdict REVISE with one ⚠️ finding under Check 2 — claim that [[ingredients/garlic]] and [[ingredients/zucchini]] would surface as routing_unresolved.csv entries. Verified false positive against source: wiki/ingredients/onions.md declares aliases: [onion, garlic, allium-vegetables] and wiki/ingredients/squash.md declares aliases: [zucchini]; the routing audit script (tools/evidence/build-routing-audit.mjs line ~190) explicitly accepts alias-resolved slugs (if (ingredientAliases.has(ingredient)) continue); the post-ingest routing audit ran clean (0 unresolved entries for this source). Per-commodity declaration preserves accurate provenance — the paper measures garlic and zucchini as distinct commodities with non-BLD As, Cd, Pb, and Zn values across both market and amateur arms — even though their routing target is shared via alias with their parent slugs. Whether garlic and zucchini eventually warrant their own ingredient pages is a Part 10 5-paper-threshold question for future synthesis, out of scope for this skill execution per the hard constraint against new-ingredient-page creation. Checks 1, 3, 4, and 5 returned clean. No content changes applied; finding rejected with rationale.

Page history

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