Overview
Hossen and colleagues measured heavy metals in vegetables and paired soils from integrated farms in Noakhali, Bangladesh, then modeled dietary risk from vegetable consumption. This is direct a1 occurrence evidence with a4 health-risk outputs layered onto it.
Key numbers
The study collected 54 samples in total, covering 9 vegetable types and 9 corresponding soils, each sampled in triplicate.
Table 2 reports vegetable fresh-weight concentrations for As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, and Cu. Bitter gourd showed Pb 4.78E-03 mg/kg, Cd 0.17 mg/kg, and Cr 3.10 mg/kg. Lady finger showed the highest Cd at 0.27 mg/kg, while pumpkin showed Pb 3.77E-03 mg/kg and Cd 0.21 mg/kg. Indian spinach was included as sample V8.
The paper reports estimated daily intakes of As 0.0736 mg/day, Pb 2.4128 mg/day, Cd 0.3644 mg/day, Cr 0.01098 mg/day, Fe 12.4201 mg/day, and Cu 0.5712 mg/day.
The abstract states that cancer-risk values for lead in bitter gourd, lady finger, and pumpkin exceeded 10^-4, and that cadmium cancer risk in bitter gourd and lady finger likewise exceeded that threshold.
Methods (brief)
Vegetable and soil samples were collected from nine integrated farms, oven dried, wet digested, and measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The paper then calculated estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, total hazard quotient, and cancer risk for adult vegetable consumers.
Implications
Certification: Direct vegetable occurrence evidence with risk-model outputs. Preserve the source’s fresh-weight basis and do not collapse the multi-vegetable scope into spinach alone.
Courses: Useful for linking paired soil and vegetable occurrence data to exposure and cancer-risk modeling in a real agricultural setting.
App: Eligible for vegetable-occurrence and health-risk context after synthesis.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Non-Root Vegetables
- Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other
- Root and Tuber Vegetables
- Arsenic, Total
- Lead
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Health
Verification notes
Recovered from the corpus-rescreen queue under the 2026-06-10 inclusion-by-default rule. The triggering gap row was spinach-tagged, but the paper is a broader vegetable-occurrence and health-risk study spanning multiple farm vegetables plus soil.
Update history
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