Overview
Lettuce, kale, chard, arugula, herbs (basil, parsley, cilantro), and other leafy green vegetables not in the spinach row. Clean baseline of the Row 4 / Row 5 clean-contaminated pair: spinach is split out as its own row because Spinacia oleracea is a documented Cd hyperaccumulator at species level.
This page is a Step 0 lock scaffold for Cat 4 Row 4. Literature evidence will be populated as routed source pages accumulate per the synthesis workflow. The Step 0 lock document at Category4_Step_0_Output_LOCKED.md is the canonical reference for the row’s clean-vs-contaminated framing and platform attribution.
Who this page is for
Brand legal teams evaluating HMT&C certification for the Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other row need to know what the cited literature reports per panel metal, what the applicable regulatory caps are, and how this row relates to its clean-contaminated pair (when applicable). Retailer compliance teams stocking the produce, dried-goods, and snack aisles need the row-level assortment-eligibility view. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page.
Evidence summary
Evidence summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | EU Regulation 2023/915 maximum levels for contaminants in food: 300 ppb (wet weight) | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other (summary-only / supporting context) | mean 38 ppb (1 source); highest reported 38 ppb | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 1 cited | low (1-2 sources) | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
_Hand-curated section. Populated by the synthesis pass as Cat 4 sources route to this row. Initial scaffold state: zero contributing sources. The Cat 4 corpus search prioritizes sources reporting concentration data on the specific commodity in this row; broad-scope produce surveys are filed under the master.
Supporting evidence and scope
Pending: regenerated by tools/evidence/apply-product-broad-context.mjs once broad-scope Cat 4 sources route to this page.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending. Cat 4 regulatory landscape: Codex GSCTFF and EU Regulation 2023/915 set finished-product limits on fruits and vegetables (Pb, Cd) and on specific commodities (e.g., spinach Cd at 0.20 mg/kg per eu-2023-915); FDA Closer-to-Zero applies to infant fruit purées (Cat 1, not Cat 4) but informs the regulatory baseline; California Prop 65 covers cumulative Pb/Cd exposure across produce categories. Awaiting agency-page ingest.
Controls and mitigation
The Cat 4 Step 0 lock framework distinguishes lower-contamination row produce/seed rows from contaminated-platform commodity rows (where species or production system carries elevated metal load by characteristic). For this row, the levers below are ordered by impact magnitude per the literature evidence base; sourcing-and-agronomic levers dominate the per-product metal load, with processing-and-formulation levers offering additional reduction.
- Maintain the clean-baseline commodity choice. The Row 4 clean baseline exists precisely because alternative commodities (without the platform load) are commercially available within the same product class. Brands certifying this row commit to NOT using the contaminated variant’s ingredient class as a substitute.
- Sourcing-level controls: origin region, soil-Cd or paddy-iAs pre-screening, supplier specification.
- Agronomic levers: soil amendments, water management, cultivar selection.
- Processing levers where applicable: washing, peeling, blanching for fresh-cut and frozen formats.
- Testing/QC levers: lot-level ICP-MS on raw commodity and finished product.
Pair relationship
This is the clean-baseline row of a Cat 4 clean-contaminated split. The contaminated counterpart is Row 5 (Spinach). The Step 0 lock documents the categorical metal-load difference attributable to the contaminated row’s platform ingredient(s); the clean baseline row certifies against limits set to genuinely clean-achievable levels independent of the platform.
How standards math uses this page
This page reports what the peer-reviewed and government literature says about heavy-metal concentrations in this product category; it publishes no certification thresholds of its own. Certification criteria are set separately under the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified program at heavymetalcertified.com, which reads this page as its literature baseline. The two are kept apart by design, so this page remains an independent record of the evidence rather than a justification for any threshold.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Cat 4 (produce, nuts, seeds) regulatory enforcement intersects two domains: heavy-metal contamination (the focus of this row) and microbial contamination (FDA recall notices for E. coli/Salmonella/Listeria in fresh produce, a separate concern). FDA Total Diet Study and Pesticide Data Program surveillance reports establish the heavy-metal occurrence baseline (FDA 2022). State-level Cd-in-leafy-greens enforcement has been active in California under Prop 65; the related Mateel Environmental settlement framework has shaped compliance practice. Individual brand recall actions are not enumerated here.
Additional geographic and remediation evidence
Muhammad Abubakar, 2025. Abubakar and colleagues measured seven metals in sewage water, soil, spinach and cauliflower at two peri-urban sites in Faisalabad, Pakistan. The paper reports substantial differences between the two crop/site combinations, but its design does not separate plant-species effects from location. Concentrations are retained with the source’s measurement and tissue limitations. These are localized paired environmental and crop measurements, with plant results routed as leafy-tissue evidence. They do not establish a cauliflower-head concentration, a fresh-weight concentration, or a causal reduction in biomass from metal exposure. Industrial source attribution is proposed by the authors, rather than measured by a source-apportionment experiment.
John Joseph, 2025. Joseph and colleagues measured seven metals in kenaf, chili pepper, tomato and spinach plant parts, with associated soil and irrigation water from Gobbiya Dam in Nigeria. The paper separates edible leaves or fruits from roots and stems. Its concentration tables are preserved independently of several inconsistent safety comparisons and a soil-index calculation that uses water standards. The organ-resolved dry-weight values support local occurrence and irrigation-pathway analysis. Roots, stems and non-edible leaves are retained as pathway context rather than assigned to edible-product distributions. Broad leafy-vegetable and herb/spice ingredient routes retain kenaf and chili identity in the structured record without substituting a named cultivar.
Shanshan Chen, 2024. Shanghai farm samples had lower reported lead and cadmium concentrations under hydroponic cultivation than conventional soil cultivation. The element-specific summaries combine four vegetables, while commodity-specific means combine lead with cadmium; neither split can be reconstructed into commodity-by-element concentrations from the preserved main paper. Supports a local cultivation-system comparison and the soil/irrigation pathway. It does not establish commodity-specific Pb or Cd distributions or universal hydroponic safety. Mixed-contaminant hazard indices include pesticides and phthalates; their interpretation remains source-reported. The mixed-vegetable summaries cannot be assigned to this category as category-specific metal concentrations.
G. Narayana Murthy, 2024. Premna latifolia leaves collected in three Andhra Pradesh villages had different reported elemental concentrations. Village-specific values are preserved as local leafy-vegetable evidence; the paper supplies no replicate counts or uncertainty estimates. Supports geographic variation in six elements in a specific wild edible leaf. It does not establish nutritional adequacy, safety, or a regional market distribution. The source’s characterization of aluminium as an essential nutrient is not adopted.
Thilini Kananke, 2026. This Sri Lankan study compares elemental concentrations and simulated digestive release in two leafy vegetables across five growing areas. Raw, coconut-milk-cooked and coconut-oil-stir-fried portions were tested separately; lower in-vitro release does not establish lower human absorption or safe consumption. Supports region-specific leafy-vegetable occurrence and cooking/bioaccessibility comparisons. Processing effects are not uniform: for example Wellampitiya A. sessilis gastric Pb is 15.3% raw and 20.7% cooked. Coconut additions can change the matrix; an in-vitro endpoint is not in-vivo absorption.
Iosif Gergen, 2012. Gergen and Harmanescu analyze metal contamination patterns across two historic Romanian mining areas and a reference area. Their PCA study reproduces vegetable concentrations and male hazard quotients from the earlier Harmanescu 2011 study; these remain linked secondary observations rather than additional independent samples. Supports legacy mining and tissue/region differences. Parsley root and leaf remain distinct, as do carrot root and leaf. The fresh-matter food table is retained with cohort linkage so that a reanalysis cannot inflate the evidence pool. Source THQ rankings are model results, not clinical outcomes. The food observations reuse the Harmanescu 2011 cohort and must not be counted as independent samples.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in the Leafy / Green Vegetables, Other row. Speciation is non-substitutable (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (as-sold or as-consumed depending on the product form). Non-detect handling follows each source’s convention. Pooling avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
Cat 4 lock empirical basis: Pass 2 occurrence-data extraction from the heavymetalindex.com wiki corpus (build claude/zealous-bhabha-d422c9, 896 source pages). The Step 0 lock document at Category4_Step_0_Output_LOCKED.md records the splitting decisions and platform attributions; this row inherits its scope from that document.
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements DataGovernment
- Effects of sewage water irrigation on heavy metals accumulation in vegetables in peri-urban areas of Faisalabad, PakistanPeer-reviewed
- Assessment of the Level of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water, Farm Soil, and Vegetables Grown in Gobbiya Dam, Bogoro Local Government Area Bauchi State, NigeriaPeer-reviewed
- Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pesticides, Phthalates, and Heavy Metal Residues in Vegetables from Hydroponic and Conventional CultivationPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of a Wild Leafy Vegetable (Premna latifolia Roxb.) Samples for Essential Trace Elements using ICP - MS TechniquePeer-reviewed
- Bioaccessibility of Heavy Metals in Raw and Processed Alternanthera sessilis and Centella asiatica: An In vitro StudyPeer-reviewed
- Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasPeer-reviewed
Sources
Source records associated with this topic. Inclusion does not establish that every finding applies to this product or ingredient. References above identify works cited in the text.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hossen et al. 2026. Assessment of heavy metal levels and associated health risks linked to vegetables grown in Noakhali region of Bangladesh, Environmental Health Insights | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Cu occurrence in Fifty-four samples from nine integrated farms in Noakhali, Bangladesh: nine vegetable samples and nine corresponding soil samples, each… (n=54) |
| 2 | Kananke et al. 2026. Bioaccessibility of Heavy Metals in Raw and Processed Alternanthera sessilis and Centella asiatica: An In vitro Study, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology25(1):D1830 | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | LK Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu occurrence in 40samples of each of two species,8per species at each of5WesternProvince cultivation areas; collection year not specified. (n=80) |
| 3 | Abubakar et al. 2025. Effects of sewage water irrigation on heavy metals accumulation in vegetables in peri-urban areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan, Agricultural Research Reports 3(1):46–57 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | PK Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, tHg, Cu, Ni occurrence in Three representative plants per sampled crop/site; spinach at Ghulam Muhammad Abad and cauliflower at Chokera, Faisalabad |
| 4 | Emmanuel 2025. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risks from Urban-Grown Vegetables in Kano State, Nigeria, ChemClass Journal | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn, Cr occurrence in Vegetable and soil samples from urban agriculture sites in Wudil, Nomans-Land, and Sharada, Kano State, Nigeria, collected January-March… (n=64) |
| 5 | Joseph et al. 2025. Assessment of the Level of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water, Farm Soil, and Vegetables Grown in Gobbiya Dam, Bogoro Local Government Area Bauchi State, Nigeria, Journal of Energy Technology and Environment 7(4):79–92 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG tAs, Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni occurrence in Four vegetable species and associated soil/water at Gobbiya Dam, Bauchi State; n=3 replicate measurements, independent field sample count… |
| 6 | Jurkovic et al. 2025. Heavy Metals and Microbiological Assessment of the Soil-Plant System of Flooded Areas Applied on Chard (Beta vulgaris), ACS Omega | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | BA Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Soil, sludge, and chard samples from flooded and control areas in central Bosnia and Herzegovina after autumn 2024… (n=21) |
| 7 | Masri et al. 2025. Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65, Nutrients | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, MeHg occurrence in Cross-sectional online dietary survey (Qualtrics) administered between 1 March and 15 June 2023 to Southern California residents (adults… (n=186) |
| 8 | Osuolale et al. 2025. Assessing Public Health Risks from Trace Element Contamination in Common Leafy Vegetables from Ondo, Nigeria, Using PIXE and Multivariate Statistics, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn occurrence in Ten composite samples from six leafy vegetable types in Ondo Metropolis, Nigeria |
| 9 | See et al. 2025. Heavy Metals Assessment in Selected Leafy Vegetables from Selangor, Malaysia, Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | MY Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb occurrence in Four leafy vegetable types (cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata; mustard B. juncea; spinach Spinacia oleracea; pak choi B… (n=12) |
| 10 | Chen et al. 2024. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pesticides, Phthalates, and Heavy Metal Residues in Vegetables from Hydroponic and Conventional Cultivation, Foods 13, 1151 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in Shanghai farms, 2022–2023: hydroponic/conventional lettuce 32/26, celery 15/20, tomato 20/22, cucumber 19/23; total 86/91. (n=177) |
| 11 | Fatai et al. 2024. Concentration and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals (HMs) in African spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Grown around Ashaka Community, Gombe State, Nigeria, Journal of Chemistry and Nutritional Biochemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb occurrence in African spinach and tomato composite samples collected around Ashaka community, Gombe State, Nigeria (n=2) |
| 12 | Kim et al. 2024. Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot study, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, U occurrence in Darkibor kale grown at three urban and four rural farms in and around Baltimore City, Maryland, USA; harvested… (n=42) |
| 13 | Murthy et al. 2024. Analysis of a Wild Leafy Vegetable (Premna latifolia Roxb.) Samples for Essential Trace Elements using ICP - MS Technique, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 12(2):1–4 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IN Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn occurrence in Premna latifolia leaves from three villages in Kaviti Mandal, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh; collection year and independent sample N… |
| 14 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 15 | Zhang et al. 2024. Impact of Physical Interventions, Phosphorus Fertilization, and the Utilization of Soil Amendments on the Absorption of Cadmium by Lettuce Grown in a Solar-Powered Greenhouse, Biology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in One-cycle randomized-block solar-greenhouse field trial in Nanying Village, Wuquan Town, Yangling District, Shaanxi Province, China; each treatment had… (n=3) |
| 16 | Luc et al. 2023. Evaluation of the Metallic Contamination of Market Garden Products around the Loumbila Dam, Open Journal of Applied Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BF Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb occurrence in Market-garden vegetables around Loumbila Dam, Burkina Faso |
| 17 | Kharkwal et al. 2023. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in cooked beans and vegetables in Punjab, North India, Food Science & Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cooked beans and cooked vegetable preparations collected from 150 selected households across 30 urban and rural locations in… (n=150) |
| 18 | Liu et al. 2023. Enrichment Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil-Crop Systems, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Paired crop and soil samples from Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province: 88 rice/root-soil pairs, 68 bayberry/topsoil pairs, and 60… (n=216) |
| 19 | Martin-Leon et al. 2023. Evaluation of essential, toxic and potentially toxic elements in leafy vegetables grown in the Canary Islands, Toxics | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ES Cd, tAs, Pb, Al, Cr, Ni, V, Sr occurrence in Two hundred forty-four ready-to-eat leafy-vegetable samples from the Canary Islands, including spinach, watercress, chard, lettuces, arugula, and lamb’s… (n=244) |
| 20 | Orosun et al. 2023. Potentially toxic metals in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables and their health risks using Monte Carlo models, Scientific Reports | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb occurrence in Soil, irrigation water, and farm-grown vegetables (cabbage and an Amaranthus species labelled spinach) sampled in March 2021 along… (n=31 composite soil samples (from 155 individual samples); 12 composite cabbage samples (from 60 heads, Brassica oleracea); 19 composite leafy-green samples (from 95 plants labelled Amaranthus hybridus); 30 irrigation-water samples) |
| 21 | Tjoa et al. 2023. Nickel acquisition affected by root density of mono- and mixed-cropping peanut and choy sum, Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ID Ni occurrence in Peanut and choy sum grown in limonitic laterite soil from nickel-mining context in mono- and mixed-cropping pots |
| 22 | Doris et al. 2023. Determination of cadmium and lead in vegetables marketed in Quito, Ecuador, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EC Cd, Pb occurrence in Tomato, carrot, and lettuce samples marketed in Quito, Ecuador |
| 23 | Bora et al. 2022. Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, Romania, Horticulturae | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | RO/EU tAs, Cd, Pb, Zn occurrence in 80 fruit and vegetable samples from Galați County, Romania (45 from vegetable/fruit market, 35 from amateur farmers), collected… (n=80) |
| 24 | Mawari et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fruits and Vegetables and Human Health Risk Assessment: Findings From Maharashtra, India, Environmental Health Insights | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 24 frequently consumed crop types — 11 vegetables and 13 fruits/legumes — collected from farms near Solapur, an… (n=24) |
| 25 | Sadee 2022. Determination of trace metals in vegetables using ICP-MS, ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IQ tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu occurrence in ten common vegetables from local markets in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq (n=10) |
| 26 | Sultana et al. 2022. Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health Risks, Environmental Systems Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn occurrence in Four root vegetables (beet Beta vulgaris, radish Raphanus sativus, carrot Daucus carota, turnip Brassica rapa) and five leafy… (n=36) |
| 27 | Ullah et al. 2022. Health Risk Assessment and Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Vegetables of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Region, Pakistan, Biological Trace Element Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PK Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn occurrence in Nine locally grown vegetable types from three peri-urban D.I. Khan sectors: sectors X and Y irrigated with untreated… |
| 28 | Fonge et al. 2021. An assessment of heavy metal exposure risk associated with consumption of cabbage and carrot grown in a tropical Savannah region, Sustainable Environment | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CM tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Triplicate edible-portion samples from cabbage-head farms and carrot-root farms at four Santa sites in the North West Region,… (n=24) |
| 29 | Wang et al. 2021. Mercury accumulation in vegetable Houttuynia cordata Thunb. from two different geological areas in southwest China and implications for human consumption, Scientific Reports 11:1470 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, MeHg occurrence in Edible Houttuynia cordata tissues collected from a mercury mining area and a non-mining comparison area in southwest China. (n=Houttuynia cordata plants and rhizosphere soils from Danzhai mercury-mining and Zhijin non-mining areas in Guizhou, China; tissue-level n varies by site/tissue table.) |
| 30 | Heshmati et al. 2020. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran, Journal of Food Protection 83(1):101-107 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IR/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Four hundred composite food samples — 50 each of eight commodities (potato Solanum tuberosum, onion Allium cepa, tomato… (n=400) |
| 31 | Jiang et al. 2020. Compound health risk assessment of cumulative heavy metal exposure: A case study of a village near a battery factory in Henan Province, China, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN tHg, tAs, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn occurrence in Locally produced wheat, corn, and vegetables collected in SZD village near a battery factory in Xinxiang, Henan Province,… |
| 32 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 33 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 34 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 35 | Souri et al. 2019. Plant growth stage influences heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables of garden cress and sweet basil, Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Pb, Ni, tAs, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn occurrence in Garden cress and sweet basil from five wastewater-irrigated farms in Shahre Rey, south of Tehran, Iran; field samples… (n=5) |
| 36 | Stark et al. 2019. Open-source food: Nutrition, toxicology, and availability of wild edible greens in the East Bay, PLOS ONE | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US Cd, Pb occurrence in Urban East Bay foraging survey with soil testing at 28 Richmond and Oakland addresses plus rinsed wild edible-greens… (n=28) |
| 37 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 38 | Ghasemidehkordi et al. 2018. Concentration of lead and mercury in collected vegetables and herbs from Markazi province, Iran: a non-carcinogenic risk assessment, Food and Chemical Toxicology 113:204-210 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tHg occurrence in Ten species of green leafy vegetables and herbs (Allium ampeloprasum L. [leek], A. wakegi L. [Welsh/Japanese bunching onion],… (n=160) |
| 39 | Naser et al. 2018. Heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables grown in industrial areas under varying levels of pollution, Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr occurrence in spinach, red amaranth, and amaranth from Gazipur industrial and non-industrial areas, Bangladesh (n=three leafy vegetables across three pollution levels) |
| 40 | Ngodhe et al. 2018. Effects of Sludge on the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants in Obunga Slum, Kisumu County, Kenya, International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | KE Pb, Cu, Zn occurrence in Kale and soil samples from farms around the KIWASCO sewage treatment plant in Obunga slum, Kisumu County, Kenya |
| 41 | Ahmed et al. 2017. Arsenic Contamination of Water-Soil-Crop System in an Industrial Area of Bangladesh, International Journal of Environment | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | BD tAs occurrence in Vegetables grown in a Gazipur industrial-area water-soil-crop system in Bangladesh (n=27) |
| 42 | Jitender et al. 2017. Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables and their Effect on Health, International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni occurrence in Vegetables grown on domestic-wastewater-irrigated farmland around Hisar district, Haryana, India |
| 43 | AMMM et al. 2016. Environmental surveillance of commonly-grown vegetables for investigating potential lead and chromium contamination intensification in Bangladesh, SpringerPlus | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in Commonly grown vegetables collected across all 64 districts of Bangladesh: white potato, green cabbage, red spinach, white radish,… (n=292) |
| 44 | X-D et al. 2016. Levels and potential health risk of heavy metals in marketed vegetables in Zhejiang, China, Scientific Reports | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, tHg, Ni, Pb occurrence in Five thousand seven hundred eighty-five vegetable samples of 28 species collected from Zhejiang province, China, from March to… (n=5785) |
| 45 | Sharma et al. 2016. Heavy metals in vegetables: screening health risks involved in cultivation along wastewater drain and irrigating with wastewater, SpringerPlus | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Fe occurrence in Edible portions of 12 common vegetable types from three Amritsar, Punjab agricultural sites, collected in triplicate per vegetable/site. (n=108) |
| 46 | Salehipour et al. 2015. Health Risks from Heavy Metals via Consumption of Cereals and Vegetables in Isfahan Province, Iran, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in Seventy edible-part samples of nine commodities — onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium pp.; species not stated by authors),… (n=70) |
| 47 | Zemanova et al. 2015. Changes in the contents of amino acids and the profile of fatty acids in response to cadmium contamination in spinach, Plant, Soil and Environment | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | CZ Cd occurrence in Spinach cv. Matador grown in a controlled pot experiment in Prague with four Cd soil-dose treatments and four… (n=96) |
| 48 | Cherfi et al. 2014. Food survey: Levels and potential health risks of chromium, lead, zinc and copper content in fruits and vegetables consumed in Algeria, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | DZ Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu occurrence in Two fruit and thirteen vegetable foodstuffs purchased from two wholesale markets supplying Boumerdes, Algeria, during the first two… (n=15) |
| 49 | Huang et al. 2014. Heavy metals in vegetables and the health risk to population in Zhejiang, China, Food Control | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Three hundred forty-three vegetable samples of 11 usual types collected in Zhejiang, China, from March to October 2012. (n=343) |
| 50 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 51 | Elbagermi et al. 2012. Monitoring of Heavy Metal Content in Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Production and Market Sites in the Misurata Area of Libya, ISRN Analytical Chemistry | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | LY Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni occurrence in Fruit and vegetable produce purchased from several local suppliers and markets in Misurata City, Libya, during 2010. (n=250) |
| 52 | Gergen et al. 2012. Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areas, Chemistry Central Journal6:156 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | RO Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb occurrence in Three Banat areas: Ruschita,MoldovaNoua and Borlova reference;27soil composites from10grabs each;27vegetable/tissue-region summaries reused from Harmanescu2011. |
| 53 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 54 | Zhou et al. 2000. Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables and Their Control in China, Food Reviews International | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in Secondary review of previously published Chinese city surveys of vegetables and some grains. Tables 2-11 reproduce values from… |
Update history
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