Sadee 2022 - Trace metals in vegetables from Erbil markets
Sadee measured arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead in ten commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The paper is routeable for vegetable occurrence evidence because it reports concentration ranges in edible vegetables by ICP-MS. The authors also calculated estimated daily intake and carcinogenic risk.
Key numbers
- Sample frame: ten vegetable types from Erbil local markets, including chard, celery, garden cress, spinach, Egyptian leek, wild mint, spring onion, arum, mallow, and sunflower.
- Reported concentration ranges in µg/g: As 0.198-0.436; Cd <LOD-0.396; Cr 1.653-11.915; Cu 3.956-17.782; Pb 0.244-1.323.
- The method was validated with GBW10015 spinach certified reference material.
- The authors state that estimated daily intake values were below maximum tolerable daily intake, while carcinogenic risk for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb exceeded the acceptable level.
Methods (brief)
Vegetable samples were microwave digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, then analyzed by ICP-MS for total As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb. Chromium is total Cr, not Cr(VI). Arsenic is total As, not inorganic arsenic.
Implications
Certification: Supports non-root and leafy vegetable occurrence context, with market geography limited to Erbil.
Courses: Useful for teaching why total arsenic and total chromium cannot be substituted for iAs or Cr(VI).
App: Can inform vegetable risk priors for Kurdistan/Iraq market context, not US-market defaults.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- non-root-vegetables
- leafy-vegetables-other
- vegetables
- spinach
- celery
- leafy-vegetables
- arsenic-total
- cadmium
- chromium
- lead
Verification notes
The same DOI appeared in three auto-fetched paths for iAs, Pb, and tAs. This page treats the source as total arsenic only and does not support inorganic arsenic.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 6eea0b9 | 2026-05-29 | ingest auto-fetched 2026-05-29 0000 batch 1: 9 source pages |