Osuolale et al. 2025 - Leafy vegetables in Ondo, Nigeria
This study measured trace elements in commonly consumed leafy vegetables from Ondo Metropolis using PIXE and evaluated non-carcinogenic health-risk indices for nickel and cobalt.
Key numbers
Source units are mg/kg dry weight.
- Sample frame: ten composite samples from six vegetables: Vernonia amygdalina, Talinum triangulare, Solanum macrocarpon, Amaranthus hybridus, Telfairia occidentalis, and Solanecio biafrae.
- Ni detected in 60% of samples; range 0.4-6.4; mean 2.3 +/- 2.1; median 1.6.
- Co was present in all samples; range 0.8-6.1; mean 3.0 +/- 1.8; median 3.2.
- Cd range 0.029-0.049; mean 0.038 +/- 0.007.
- Pb was below LOD in the summarized table.
- Bitter leaf and garden egg leaf were identified as higher accumulators for Co and Ni.
- Health-risk assessment reported THQ > 1 for Ni through Vernonia amygdalina consumption.
Methods
Samples were dried, ground, pelletized, and analyzed by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Reported LODs included Co 0.2 mg/kg, Ni 0.3 mg/kg, Cd 0.02 mg/kg, and Pb 0.1 mg/kg.
Implications
The source supports leafy-vegetable nickel/cobalt context for Ondo, Nigeria. Dry-weight basis must be preserved unless a moisture conversion is explicitly introduced.
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Verification notes
- Source identity checked against DOI 10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.10100000203 and the downloaded PDF.
- The paper uses a conservative cobalt comparison threshold; the source should be cited for occurrence and risk-model context rather than regulatory-limit authority.
Page history
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