Ingredient class — botanicals/herbs/traditional formulas
This page is a scaffolded entry for HMTc Taxonomy v2.0 Category 16 (Dietary Supplements (Human)), Row 15: Ingredient class — botanicals/herbs/traditional formulas. Evidence ingest into this row is in progress; this page is the routing destination for source-page declarations of products: [supplements-botanicals-herbs]. Sections below are populated by the routing layer (CLAUDE.md Part 5b) as sources land. Where a section is empty, the row has not yet accumulated contributing sources of the required kind.
Who this page is for
- Brand legal teams
- What the peer-reviewed and regulatory literature reports for heavy-metal occurrence in Ingredient class — botanicals/herbs/traditional formulas, with applicable regulatory caps and source-traceable findings. Use this page to evaluate certification or class-action exposure on a literature-anchored basis.
- Brand regulatory affairs / QA
- The current evidence base for Ingredient class — botanicals/herbs/traditional formulas, the levers most-effective at reducing heavy-metal load, and the applicable regulatory limits with jurisdiction and basis.
- Retailers and category buyers
- The row-level assortment risk profile and where the literature distinguishes higher-risk from lower-risk product configurations within this row.
- HMT&C staff (internal)
- HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this public page. The Index and HMT&C operate on the same evidence base but apply different publication rules; see the methodology for the separation.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in ingredient class — botanicals/herbs/traditional formulas. Speciation is non-substitutable per CLAUDE.md Part 14 (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold unless the source specifies otherwise; see each row for the basis label). Non-detect handling follows each source’s reporting convention. Pooling is avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The applicable regulatory jurisdictions for this row are: FDA (DSHEA), USP, California Prop 65.
Literature Evidence Summary
Pending ingest. The routing layer will surface direct-row-fit sources here as they are added to the corpus with products: [supplements-botanicals-herbs] in source-page frontmatter.
Source Evidence Inventory
Pending ingest. The routing layer populates this section from the source-page set declaring products: [supplements-botanicals-herbs].
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Pending ingest. The routing layer surfaces sources whose author-stated scope is broader than this row (route_kind: broad_product_context) as they are added.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending ingest. The applicable regulatory jurisdictions for this row are recorded in the page frontmatter; the crosswalk table is generated by tools/apply-product-crosswalk-sections.mjs once regulation pages and field-evidence sources are routed to this row with structured limit values.
Levers to reduce contamination
Practical interventions to reduce heavy-metal load in this row, ordered by impact magnitude. Each lever names the magnitude of the effect with a cited source; cross-links to dedicated mitigation pages where they exist.
- Sourcing levers — Pending ingest.
- Agronomic levers — Pending ingest. (See agronomic for general agronomic mitigation context.)
- Processing levers — Pending ingest. (See processing.)
- Formulation levers — Pending ingest. (See formulation.)
- Testing and QC levers — Pending ingest. (See testing-and-qc when published.)
- Packaging and storage levers — Pending ingest. (See packaging-and-storage when published.)
How standards math uses this page
HMT&C certification thresholds for this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page. The row-standard for this row is an aggregate computed from the contributing source pool in the row’s native finished-product basis; it is not a per-source decoration of any single value cited on this page. This public page reports literature evidence only.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Pending ingest. Regulatory events (recalls, enforcement actions, import alerts) relevant to this row will be added as agency records are ingested into the corpus.
Sources
Pending ingest. The Source Legend below is auto-generated by tools/evidence/build-source-legend.mjs once source pages declaring products: [supplements-botanicals-herbs] are added.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Porwollik et al. 2026. The quality and safety of Rhodiola rosea supplements on the U.S. market: An analysis of biomarkers, heavy metals, and pesticide residues, PLoS One | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in Ten commercially available Rhodiola rosea supplement products (7 capsular, 3 tinctures) purchased on the U.S. market in 2024 (n=10) |
| 2 | Yang 2024. LIBS detection of cadmium in Panax notoginseng, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Panax notoginseng (tienchi ginseng) botanical samples analysed for Cd by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) |
| 3 | Inada 2023. Comparison of heavy metal regulations for herbal medicines across pharmacopoeias, Journal of Natural Medicines | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | JP/EU/US Pb, Cd, Hg, As occurrence in Regulatory limit compilation across 9 pharmacopoeias (Japanese, European, USP, Chinese, Korean, Taiwanese, Indian, British, WHO) |
| 4 | Jurowski et al. 2022. Chromium impurities in peppermint tinctures from Polish pharmacies: speciation and health implications, unknown | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL Cr occurrence in Peppermint tinctures from Polish pharmacies |
| 5 | Njinga et al. 2022. Major chemical carcinogens and health exposure risks in some therapeutic herbal plants in Nigeria, PLOS ONE | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, Cr occurrence in Dried plant material of Adansonia digitata (baobab), Psidium guajava (guava), and Carica papaya (papaya) collected from Northern Nigeria… (n=3) |
| 6 | Shchukin et al. 2022. Evaluation of Elemental Impurities in Peppermint Herb and Peppermint-Based Herbal Products, Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 7 | Zafeiraki et al. 2021. Macro and Trace Elements in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Greece: Risk Assessment of Toxic Elements, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | GR/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr, Ni, Al, Sn occurrence in 90 Cannabis sativa L. leaf/flower samples from 9 varieties cultivated across 13 regions in Greece, collected 2018-2019; 21… (n=90) |
| 8 | Ibrahim 2020. Determination of trace element levels in flowers and leaves of vicia faba by ICP-MS, Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.