Heavy metals in Coffee

Quick read

Coffee in the HMI library has 852 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl from 33 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and total mercury and others, in 852 results from 33 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}
Main drivers:
Coffee, as sold from French press brew from processing series had lead higher at 40 µg/kg, against 30 µg/kg for espresso brew from processing series in the same study.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}

Coffee overview

Coffee in the HMI library has 852 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl from 33 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in coffee, as sold from 738 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 3.5 to 148 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, coffee, powder or ground had a median lead result below 1 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 3 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 10.3 µg/kg (Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022) to 86.7 µg/kg (Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022).^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} For cadmium, 3 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.03 µg/kg (Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022) to 15 µg/kg (Pokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024).^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Coffee, as sold from Italian moka brew from processing series had inorganic arsenic higher at 420 µg/kg, against 41 µg/kg for espresso brew from processing series in the same study.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the coffee came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as coffee

This page covers coffee in 4 forms kept separate in every comparison: coffee, as sold (579 results), coffee, powder or ground (229 results), coffee, cooked (33 results) and coffee, flour or meal (11 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of coffee

The table holds every extracted coffee result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 852 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

76 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 152 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 31 values from 4 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}^{8Grazyna Adler, Arkadiusz Nedzarek, Agnieszka Torz · 2019Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd) in coffeeZdravstveno Varstvo / Slovenian Journal of Public HealthRead source →}^{9Sabrina Alves da Silva, Fabricia Queiroz Mendes, Marcelo Rodrigues Reis, Flavia Regina Passos, Andre Mundstock Xavier de Carvalho, Katia Rodrigues de Oliveira Rocha, Frederico Garcia Pinto · 2017Determination of heavy metals in the roasted and ground coffee beans and brewAfrican Journal of Agricultural ResearchRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of coffee, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

764 of 764 findings · 24 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Coffee findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

84 findings · 15 studies · 23 spread figures folded in
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2014	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009–2014	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 19 µg/kg (minimum); 27 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 17 µg/kg (minimum); 25 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 21 µg/kg (minimum); 24 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 19 µg/kg (minimum); 23 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 10–20 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 11.9 µg/kg (minimum); 13.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 22.3 µg/kg (minimum); 27.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	mean.Same samples: 9.01 µg/kg (minimum); 13.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	mean.Same samples: 35.8 µg/kg (minimum); 48.9 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	mean.Same samples: 38.8 µg/kg (minimum); 44.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 73.2 µg/kg (minimum); 88.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015Dry weight	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015Dry weight	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015Dry weight	median.
Coffee, as soldAl 2010	Beverages, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, as soldMohammad et al. 2022	all 11 coffee products2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCantoral et al. 2024	Beverages (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1.4 µg/kg (minimum); 12.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	espresso brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	French press brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	Italian moka brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, as soldSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
40 findings · 11 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	modern roasting for 25 min (sample 6)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	semi-modern roasting for 20 min (sample 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	traditional roasting for 20 min (sample 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 1 (blend label)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 2 (Brazilian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 3 (Indian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 4 (Brazilian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 5 (Syrian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 6 (blend)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 7 (Dubai-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 8 (Yemen-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 9 (Syrian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 10 (blend)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 11 (Indian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0 µg/kg (percentile); 90 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1.4 µg/kg (percentile); 100 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Coffee, tea and cocoa (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (percentile); 1,330 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
3 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	mean.Same samples: 54.3 µg/kg (minimum); 85.1 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	min.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	max.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

76 findings · 15 studies · 14 spread figures folded in
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2012	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2010	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2015	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	all samples, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru2022	not detected.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 12–19 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 0.124 µg/kg (minimum); 0.351 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	2-in-1 and 3-in-1 instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 0.07 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	cappuccino instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	mean.Same samples: 1.99 µg/kg (minimum); 4.01 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory and coffee instant blend2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	mean.Same samples: 2.29 µg/kg (minimum); 4.32 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	chicory instant drink2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	mean.Same samples: 2.65 µg/kg (minimum); 3.58 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant cereal coffee drink2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	mean.Same samples: 0.067 µg/kg (minimum); 0.137 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	min.
Coffee, as soldWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	instant coffee2019	max.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2013–2019Dry weight	median.
Coffee, as soldMohammad et al. 2022	all 11 coffee products2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.08 µg/kg (minimum); 1.73 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, as soldSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldSuzuki-Inoue et al. 2024	supermarkets1979–1980Basis not stated	geometric mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
37 findings · 11 studies · 5 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	mean.Same samples: 190 µg/kg (maximum); 0.5 µg/kg (percentile); 24 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	max.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	modern roasting for 25 min (sample 6)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	semi-modern roasting for 20 min (sample 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundNoor et al. 2023	traditional roasting for 20 min (sample 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 1 (blend label)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 2 (Brazilian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 3 (Indian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 4 (Brazilian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 5 (Syrian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 6 (blend)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 7 (Dubai-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 8 (Yemen-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 9 (Syrian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 10 (blend)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundMohammad et al. 2022	coffee product 11 (Indian-labelled)2018–2019Dry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 58 µg/kg (percentile); 16,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
10 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2005	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2005	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	mean.Same samples: 0.358 µg/kg (minimum); 0.732 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	min.
Coffee, cookedWiniarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	green and roasted instant coffee blend2019	max.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

39 findings · 6 studies
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2022	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2019	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2021–2023	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2022	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2020	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2021	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2020	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009–2014	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
10 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedDry weight	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.Same samples: 240 µg/kg (maximum); 74 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedDry weight	max.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedDry weight	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (percentile); 250 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
7 findings · 1 study
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2022	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2021	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2023	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2022	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

20 findings · 6 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2023	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2020	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 35 µg/kg (minimum); 60 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 35 µg/kg (minimum); 54 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 43 µg/kg (minimum); 53 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 43 µg/kg (minimum); 60 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	espresso brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	French press brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	Italian moka brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
4 findings · 1 study
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019–2023	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2017	median.

3 findings · 1 study
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022–2023	median.
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2017	median.

18 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2013	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000	not detected.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	all samples, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru2022	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (maximum); 2.1 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Coffee, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
2 findings · 2 studies
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.

31 findings · 6 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (percentile); 1,420 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	mean.

34 findings · 6 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Brazil, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Colombia, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Mexico, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (maximum)
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	min.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2024	instant coffee, country of origin Peru, retail2022	max.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	espresso brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	French press brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldGuadalupe et al. 2023	Italian moka brew from processing series2021Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
14 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (percentile); 4,320 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.

31 findings · 6 studies
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
11 findings · 3 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 9,000 µg/kg (percentile); 84,500 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Coffee, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008	median.

13 findings · 3 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, powder or groundFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

22 findings · 4 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Coffee, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
4 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 5 µg/kg (percentile); 670 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.

30 findings · 4 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 1,000–1,500 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 60 µg/kg (percentile); 16,300 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	mean.

20 findings · 3 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 39,100–46,800 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
9 findings · 3 studies
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	mean.

23 findings · 3 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 20,100–37,100 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
12 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 7.5 µg/kg (percentile); 16,700 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

30 findings · 4 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 8,000–10,400 µg/kg (range)
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreported	range.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	all brewed coffee samples (6 brews)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldAdler et al. 2019	brew of roasted coffee product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	instant coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	instant coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in capsules2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in cartons2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	packaged in glass bottles2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Algeria2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: France2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Italy2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Sweden2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	product origin: Switzerland2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, as soldZergui et al. 2023	sold in bulk (unpackaged)2022Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 1Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 3 (R 3), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 4 (R 4), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 5 (R 5), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundAdler et al. 2019	roasted coffee product 6 (R 6), SarajevoCollection date unreported	sample value.
Coffee, powder or groundFuckar et al. 2023	single pooled sample from one Croatian coffee companyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundPokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024	ground roasted coffeeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	range.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Coffee, powder or groundSilva et al. 2017	infusions from 50 ground coffee samples, 50 mL cupCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 400 µg/kg (percentile); 6,540 µg/kg (percentile)
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	all 44 samples2022Basis not stated	percentile.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee in capsules (N = 8)2022Basis not stated	mean.
Coffee, powder or groundZergui et al. 2023	ground coffee packaged in cartons (N = 15)2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

11 findings · 2 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

12 findings · 2 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	mean.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, flour or mealMuntean et al. 2024	all samples2023Basis not stated	not detected.

11 findings · 2 studies
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.

1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.

10 findings · 1 study
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Classic coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Decaffeinated coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Filter coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Gold coffee (product 3)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Green coffee (product 1)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Milicano coffee (product 2)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Coffee, as soldDemir et al. 2025	Turkish coffee (product 4)Collection date unreported	not detected.

2 findings · 1 study
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1042014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Coffee, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1062014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Coffee, powder or groundBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 17_1052014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	0.275–10.3 (bounded)	12.4–26 (bounded)	41
Alternative weighting	≤9.9	12.4–26 (bounded)	40–41 (bounded)

104 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	98	50%
Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	6	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-17ebfcb44dab:0cf137ef6e19

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, as sold, dry weight. Coffee, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	6.55	7.7	47.8
Alternative weighting	6.55	7.7	47.8

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-fcbe6f602d44:7b9aa17337c1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.625	≤1	5.75–6.25 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.625	≤1	5.75–6.25 (bounded)

13 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	25%
Adler et al. 2019	6	25%
Noor et al. 2023	3	25%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-c97c6c0c9fac:7d1e91468041

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Pb reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤69.8	34.9–79.9 (bounded)	69.8–90 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤69.8	34.9–79.9 (bounded)	69.8–90 (bounded)

2 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	50%
Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-6499e7150f90:10909f2e4216

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.9	0.04–3.02 (bounded)	2.24–5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.32	≤3.02	0.34–5 (bounded)

95 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	88	33%
Guadalupe et al. 2024	1	33%
Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	6	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-3dfc8d33074c:d7b8a51579a9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, as sold, dry weight. Coffee, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	23	37	285
Alternative weighting	23	37	285

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-50e700dd8e47:30f4ce10aa3d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	4
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	4

14 reference units; 5 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	20%
Adler et al. 2019	6	20%
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	1	20%
Noor et al. 2023	3	20%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	20%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

5 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-dc9a5a3d0145:2b6634b61b5d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cd reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.585	0.585	0.585–4.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.585	0.585	0.585–5 (bounded)

13 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	12	50%
Winiarska-Mieczan et al. 2022	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-8725bee2216e:bcf3a039f0e7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3.6	3.6	3.6–9.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤3.6	3.6	3.6–8.25 (bounded)

39 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	38	50%
Ventura et al. 2025	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-fd0ae415e4a7:5494421cdc0f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-40e5dee60974:d62776e09781

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, powder or ground, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, powder or ground, dry weight. Coffee, powder or ground; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	12	12	12
Alternative weighting	12	12	12

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-ccb88e50a242:3d4334b2aa7f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tAs reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤18	≤20	3–38.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤18.5	≤20	3–39 (bounded)

17 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	17	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, cooked on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-752c2ab34013:7aa0ad6f36d8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee iAs reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee iAs reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.54	≤11.5	50–60 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1.54	≤11.5	50–60 (bounded)

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-a0259855ad54:b4fdae3a2914

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee iAs reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee iAs reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤12	≤20	7–25 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤12	≤20	7–25 (bounded)

9 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	9	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, cooked on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-7c6d40d66a77:f44abb2b6a63

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee DMA reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee DMA reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤20	≤20	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤20	≤20	≤20

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	5	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, cooked on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-134574ab894b:3755ca1641e4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.08	≤2	≤5
Alternative weighting	≤0.08	≤2.5	≤5

31 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	28	33%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	33%
Guadalupe et al. 2024	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-fba7b3d3201f:0f6266f05f7e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-1f31b0254855:2758d5415267

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee tHg reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, cooked on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-f9d1af268cf1:8c428a79cdfd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Ni reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Ni reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	35	365	780
Alternative weighting	35	365	780

9 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Adler et al. 2019	6	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-c06ae4eb238d:07f14e87eb4d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cr reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cr reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤25	≤25	≤25
Alternative weighting	≤25	≤25	≤25

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-a756ad962cfa:5660bef0a4ea

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Al reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Al reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤236	≤236	513
Alternative weighting	≤236	≤236	513

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-e9ef981c2596:62ad570806c7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Al reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Al reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3530	4350	5170
Alternative weighting	3530	4350	5170

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Adler et al. 2019	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Adler et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Adler et al. 2019

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-8976b18ddb79:21d440f5c8ea

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Sn reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Sn reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2.08	0.96–4.01 (bounded)	3.63–7.67 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤2.08	0.96–4.01 (bounded)	3.63–7.67 (bounded)

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-4bdd9d89c7b2:a7631b680c5b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Sn reference · Coffee, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Sn reference · Coffee, cooked. Coffee, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	90	90	90
Alternative weighting	90	90	90

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, cooked on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-dde37332f6ae:dd3b85cb594b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee U reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee U reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-08eef566e448:4518b4642ce6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Co reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Co reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	10	10	10
Alternative weighting	10	10	10

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-d7139148da4b:dfe313880fdf

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Cu reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Cu reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	6900	11800	14600
Alternative weighting	6900	11800	14600

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Adler et al. 2019	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Adler et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Adler et al. 2019

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-e3475d25001a:36057e29b895

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Fe reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Fe reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	36200	39600	46700
Alternative weighting	36200	39600	46700

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Adler et al. 2019	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Adler et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Adler et al. 2019

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-f04690bb31a4:f7df837e77b3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Zn reference · Coffee, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Zn reference · Coffee, powder or ground. Coffee, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5070	5190	5890
Alternative weighting	5070	5190	5890

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Adler et al. 2019	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Adler et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, powder or ground on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Adler et al. 2019

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-a8e01224586b:0bd85c4a7f64

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Se reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Se reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3.1	≤3.1	≤3.1
Alternative weighting	≤3.1	≤3.1	≤3.1

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-398ee3b8d532:5801caec6d62

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Mo reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Mo reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	46	46	46
Alternative weighting	46	46	46

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-678a7582b2c7:a0f7a6b76253

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coffee Sr reference · Coffee, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coffee Sr reference · Coffee, as sold. Coffee, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	133	133	133
Alternative weighting	133	133	133

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coffee, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for coffee, as sold on this basis in the completed coffee ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coffee-c97bcd9351d3:aa8a2d7acecc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach coffee

The evidence on how metals reach coffee comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Coffee, as sold from Italian moka brew from processing series had inorganic arsenic higher at 420 µg/kg, against 41 µg/kg for espresso brew from processing series in the same study.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for coffee, cooked (0.585 µg/kg) and highest for coffee, as sold (37 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} The HMI reference for lead in coffee, powder or ground pools 13 subgroup units from 4 sampling families, with a median of below 1 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 0.625 (lower quartile) and between 5.75 and 6.25 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Grazyna Adler, Arkadiusz Nedzarek, Agnieszka Torz · 2019Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd) in coffeeZdravstveno Varstvo / Slovenian Journal of Public HealthRead source →}^{10Noor R, Wagiman, Jumeri · 2023Quality Characteristics of Merapi Robusta Coffee Products from the Traditional, Semi Modern, and Modern ProcessProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Innovative AgricultureRead source →}^{11Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For lead in coffee, as sold, the reference median was between 12.4 and 26 µg/kg, with a middle half from between 0.275 and 10.3 to 41 µg/kg across 104 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →} For cadmium in coffee, powder or ground, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to 4 µg/kg across 14 units.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Grazyna Adler, Arkadiusz Nedzarek, Agnieszka Torz · 2019Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd) in coffeeZdravstveno Varstvo / Slovenian Journal of Public HealthRead source →}^{10Noor R, Wagiman, Jumeri · 2023Quality Characteristics of Merapi Robusta Coffee Products from the Traditional, Semi Modern, and Modern ProcessProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Innovative AgricultureRead source →}^{11Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{12EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) · 2009Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodThe EFSA JournalRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, coffee, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (3.5 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (148 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (0.19 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (43 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 11 groups of coffee ranged from 271 µg/kg (coffee product 1 (blend label)) to 1,620 µg/kg (coffee product 2 (Brazilian-labelled)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{13Abraheem Ezuldeen Mohammad, Etorki Abdunnaser Mohamed, Elgornazi Aborawi M., Atrabelse Sabreen · 2022Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentration in Different Samples of Tea and Coffee Circulating in the Libyan MarketInternational Journal of Science and ResearchRead source →} In another study, lead across 10 groups of coffee ranged from 60 µg/kg (sold in bulk (unpackaged)) to 2,230 µg/kg (packaged in glass bottles); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{14Zergui A, Boudalia S, Ababou A, Marlie-Landy J · 2023Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by ICP-MS: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for coffee

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing coffee for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.25 µg/kg (Noor et al. 2023) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{10Noor R, Wagiman, Jumeri · 2023Quality Characteristics of Merapi Robusta Coffee Products from the Traditional, Semi Modern, and Modern ProcessProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Innovative AgricultureRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.11 µg/kg (Pokorska-Niewiada et al. 2024) to 300 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{5Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, Agata Witczak · 2024Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandFoodsRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 27,300 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying coffee

No maximum level for metals in coffee was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from coffee

No source in the library converted coffee concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names coffee was decided on its content: 33 occurrence extracted, 33 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Coffee FAQs

What heavy metals are found in coffee?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl in coffee, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Demir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, Derun E · 2025Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeJournal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3)Read source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in coffee, as sold from 738 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 3.5 to 148 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into coffee?

In the studies available, coffee from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than coffee from the same study’s control.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →} Coffee, as sold from French press brew from processing series had lead higher at 40 µg/kg, against 30 µg/kg for espresso brew from processing series in the same study.^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}

Which types of coffee have the lowest levels?

For cadmium, the HMI reference median was lowest for coffee, cooked (0.585 µg/kg) and highest for coffee, as sold (37 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{6Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, Dmytro Yanovych · 2022Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in coffee?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, coffee, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (3.5 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (148 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (0.19 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (43 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in coffee is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 34 results from 6 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{4Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E · 2024Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruFoods 2024, 13, 726Read source →}^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}^{15Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{16Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{17European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 0.6 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014) to 420 µg/kg (Guadalupe et al. 2023).^{7Grobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, Eva Domenech · 2023Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingFoodsRead source →}^{17European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in TurkiyeDemir F, Uygunoz D, Kipcak AS, and Derun E · Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 22(3) · 2025 · doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1400651Peer-reviewed
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and PeruGuadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, and Doménech E · Foods 2024, 13, 726 · 2024 · doi.org/10.3390/foods13050726Peer-reviewed
Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in PolandKamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Aniela Scheffler, Laura Przedpelska, and Agata Witczak · Foods · 2024 · doi.org/10.3390/foods13142212Peer-reviewed
Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk AssessmentAnna Winiarska-Mieczan, Karolina Jachimowicz, Svitlana Kislova, Malgorzata Kwiecien, Zvenyslava Zasadna, and Dmytro Yanovych · Biological Trace Element Research · 2022 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03129-2Peer-reviewed
Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and ProcessingGrobert A. Guadalupe, Segundo G. Chavez, Erick Arellanos, and Eva Domenech · Foods · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/foods12173254Peer-reviewed
Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd) in coffeeGrazyna Adler, Arkadiusz Nedzarek, and Agnieszka Torz · Zdravstveno Varstvo / Slovenian Journal of Public Health · 2019 · doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2019-0024Peer-reviewed
Determination of heavy metals in the roasted and ground coffee beans and brewSabrina Alves da Silva, Fabricia Queiroz Mendes, Marcelo Rodrigues Reis, Flavia Regina Passos, Andre Mundstock Xavier de Carvalho, Katia Rodrigues de Oliveira Rocha, et al. · African Journal of Agricultural Research · 2017 · doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.11832Peer-reviewed
Quality Characteristics of Merapi Robusta Coffee Products from the Traditional, Semi Modern, and Modern ProcessNoor R, Wagiman, and Jumeri · Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture · 2023 · doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-128-9_32Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) · The EFSA Journal · 2009 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.980Government
Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentration in Different Samples of Tea and Coffee Circulating in the Libyan MarketAbraheem Ezuldeen Mohammad, Etorki Abdunnaser Mohamed, Elgornazi Aborawi M., and Atrabelse Sabreen · International Journal of Science and Research · 2022 · doi.org/10.21275/sr211222165040Peer-reviewed
Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by ICP-MS: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessmentZergui A, Boudalia S, Ababou A, and Marlie-Landy J · Biological Trace Element Research · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03582-7Peer-reviewed
Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodBaxter M and Brereton N · Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 · 2015 · www.food.gov.ukGovernment
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Coffee Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every coffee record in the library: 33 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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Heavy metals in Coffee

Coffee overview

What counts as coffee

Heavy metal contamination profile of coffee

How metals reach coffee

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for coffee

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing coffee for metals

Buying and verifying coffee

Exposure from coffee

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Coffee FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Referenced by

Graph View

Heavy metals in Coffee

Coffee overview

What counts as coffee

Heavy metal contamination profile of coffee

How metals reach coffee

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for coffee

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing coffee for metals

Buying and verifying coffee

Exposure from coffee

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Coffee FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View