Demir et al. 2025 - Elements in Commercial Coffees in Turkiye
Demir et al. measured essential and non-essential elements in ten brewed commercial coffee samples sold in Turkiye using ICP-OES, then calculated adult intake, target hazard quotient, hazard index, and target carcinogenic risk for a 300 mL/day coffee-consumption scenario. The paper is directly relevant to the coffee product row for brewed-coffee occurrence context. It is not evidence for total arsenic contamination in coffee: arsenic and cadmium were not detected in any sample.
Key numbers
Element concentrations were reported for brewed coffee. Table 1 reports aluminum, barium, nickel, chromium, and lead among the non-essential or HMI-relevant elements, with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, antimony, and titanium not detected in all coffee types.
| Finding | Source-reported value |
|---|---|
| Samples | 10 brewed coffee products/types |
| Method | ICP-OES after sample preparation |
| Arsenic | Not detected in all coffee types |
| Cadmium | Not detected in all coffee types |
| Lead | Detected in four coffee types: Gold P2 11.50 +/- 0.7 ug/L; Gold P3 20.50 +/- 0.7 ug/L; Decaffeinated P3 36.00 +/- 2.8 ug/L; Decaffeinated P1 19.00 +/- 1.4 ug/L |
| Nickel | Detected in six coffee types: 26.50, 12.50, 7.50, 7.50, 7.50 ug/L-class values depending on product; several products not detected |
| Aluminum | Detected in all coffee types, 8.50-57.50 ug/L across Table 1 |
| Barium | Detected in all coffee types, 8.00-72.50 ug/L across Table 1 |
| Risk screening | All hazard index values were below 1 for 300 mL/day; target carcinogenic risk was below 1e-4 for all types except Classic P1 per the authors’ conclusion |
The highest reported lead value was 36.00 +/- 2.8 ug/L in a decaffeinated coffee sample. The highest barium value was 72.50 +/- 0.7 ug/L in a decaffeinated coffee sample. Aluminum reached 57.50 ug/L in several products.
Methods (brief)
The authors analyzed Zn, Se, P, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Ca, B, Ti, Sb, Pb, Ni, Mo, Cd, Ba, As, and Al in selected coffee samples using a PerkinElmer Optima 2100 DV ICP-OES. Health-risk calculations used a 300 mL/day coffee intake scenario and source-selected reference doses/cancer slope factors. The paper reports concentrations as ug/L or mg/L in brewed coffee, not dry coffee powder.
Implications
For the coffee product page, this source contributes brewed-coffee occurrence evidence for Pb, Ni, Al, Ba, and total/unspecified Cr in the Turkish market. It is also useful negative evidence for As and Cd in these ten samples because both were not detected. The data should remain market-specific and basis-specific: brewed-coffee ug/L values should not be pooled silently with dry coffee bean or coffee powder results.
For standards and app work, the source is summary-table evidence rather than sample-level distribution evidence. It can support source-scope means and ranges but should not by itself define a benchmark percentile.
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Verification notes
- Batch 1 auto-fetched ingest, 2026-05-25. The filename and wishlist row targeted total arsenic, but the actual paper reports arsenic as not detected in all coffee samples. Ingest retained under the actual paper identity because it is a real coffee element-occurrence paper.
- Brand firewall: product labels in the paper are generic product codes/types (P1-P4, classic/gold/decaffeinated/filter/Turkish coffee) rather than consumer-brand findings; no consumer brand names are reproduced.
- Speciation: arsenic is total/unspecified As by ICP-OES; do not treat it as inorganic arsenic. Chromium is total/unspecified Cr; do not treat it as Cr(VI).
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.