The Influence of Environmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens on

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

affecting hormone signaling (8). Their actions are unpredictable, functioning as either
chickpeas, beans, and, to a lesser extent, certain fruits, vegetables, and nuts (34). Further-
(10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, via gavage) reversed TDS symptoms and normalized TDS-induced
receptors to pesticides in children (54). In the general population, fruits and vegetables are
the US since 1991, reports that over 50% of conventionally grown vegetables and fruits in
shown that some Pacific oysters can contain Cd in the amount of 13.5 mg/kg dry weight,
consumption was only 1.2 µg/L. This suggests that interactions with selenium and other
total diet study (TDS) showed the presence of Al in 86% of the 243 samples. The most
Al content of 28.5 mg/kg, and the group “water-based sugars, sweets and sweet desserts”
with an average Al content of 21, 1 mg/kg. For other food groups, the Al content ranged
between 0.1 and 5.2 mg/kg, and in the group “animal and vegetable fats and oils”, no
Conversely, the average consumption of Al by adults in France was defined as 0.28 mg/kg
Italian adult population, it was 4.1 mg/day (corresponding to 0.48 mg/kg BW/week;
(2017) reported that antiperspirants contain 0.2–5.8% Al, which means that with an av-
0.69 mg/kg BW/week and 0.98 mg Al/kg BW/week for children aged 11 to 14 years (89,95).
0.1% and a maximum of 0.8% (92). Assuming an average use of 18 g of sunscreen for
25 days a year (96), with 0.1% Al in the cream, the exposure for adults would be 0.02 mg
Al/kg BW/week and 0.16 mg Al/kg BW/week with 0.8% Al content in the cream. The
and the tests showed the average Al content in the 15 tested products at the level of 0.9%
with a median of 0.02% and the highest value of 3.9%. In line with the average paste con-
in a wide range of technical products and processes (89). It may be absorbed by human
for the first time a BPA risk assessment based on a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 µg/kg
(removal efficiency 62.5–99.6%) before being released into the environment (113).
municipal open landfills in Indian cities ranged from 41 up to 459 ng/g (115).
Spain (35.6% of samples exceeded the European Union (EU) standards of 0.1 ppm for toys)
concentration of OTA in wheat and oats can range from 30 to 27,000 ng/g, with estrogenic
Table 1. Comparison of the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of xenoestrogens.
Glyphosate Inhibition of aromatase activity (up to 30%) (129)
breast condition that affects approximately 50% of boys at sexual maturity (156). Although
cancer (CRPC) resulted in gynecomastia in 59% of patients (157). There is no evidence of
cancer cells. Table 2 provides a summary of the effects of the most prevalent xenoestrogens
Table 2. Summary of the effects of the most prevalent xenoestrogens encountered in everyday life on
1. Forma, E.; Szymczyk, A.; Krzeslak, A. Selected Xenoestrogens and Their Impact on Human Health. Folia Medica Lodz. 2013, 40,
1. Bustamante-Rangel, M.; Delgado-Zamarreño, M.M.; Pérez-Martín, L.; Rodríguez-Gonzalo, E.; Domínguez-Álvarez, J. Analysis of

Methods (brief)

total diet study (TDS) showed the presence of Al in 86% of the 243 samples. The most
Examination of the Al content of fourteen sunscreen samples showed an Al content of
homes, and clothing stores. From the samples collected in this microenvironment, the
BPA levels in superficial soil samples from informal electronic waste recycling facilities and
Spain (35.6% of samples exceeded the European Union (EU) standards of 0.1 ppm for toys)
cheap online stores (17% of samples exceeded the EU migration norm) (118,119).
1. Forma, E.; Szymczyk, A.; Krzeslak, A. Selected Xenoestrogens and Their Impact on Human Health. Folia Medica Lodz. 2013, 40,
1. Frankenfeld, C.L. Dairy Consumption Is a Significant Correlate of Urinary Equol Concentration in a Representative Sample of US
Contamination of the Hydrolytic Enzyme Used during Sample Extraction. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 6973–6982. (CrossRef)
1. Franke, A.A.; Custer, L.J.; Wang, W.; Shi, C.Y. HPLC Analysis of Isoflavonoids and Other Phenolic Agents from Foods and from
1. Clemons, J.; Michael Glodé, L.; Gao, D.; Flaig, T.W. Low-Dose Diethylstilbestrol for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised