fungi in remediating toxic metals

Overview

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Key numbers

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mine tailings in agricultural soil (Gnandi and Tobschall, 2002; occurs naturally in the earth’s crust with a mean concentration of
metals are reported in nearby paddy ﬁelds (Lee et al., 2001). In 80%–90% of the soil. It prevails in solutions predominantly as a
another study in the Co Dinh mine of Vietnam, high levels of stable ion (UO2)+2 and as soluble carbonate complexes, that is,
Based on the dynamic translocation factor (TF dyn>1), Cr and Ni (ﬂuoride, carbonate, sulfate, and phosphate) and a pH range
2.4 Iron mines stable product lead (206Pb) is formed (Sarangi, 2003). The radiation
the backbone of the world economy (World Steel Association, (2012), a mean concentration of U in ambient air has been reported
the production of iron (around 69%) (Holmes et al., 2022). To in New York City, United States of America. Uranium enters the
health (Maiti et al., 2005). According to Dhatrak et al. (2017), the mean metal pollution index (MPI) value indicates the overall
HMs have not shown any detrimental effect on native plants. showed good ability for phytoextraction (84%–95% of recovery)
Rather, higher Fe content promotes lavish growth, as stated by of U from hydroponic solution at a concentration below 200 ppm
1,000 ppm, it is translocated from the root to the shoot. Pb, and Cu) present in mine areas were found to be signiﬁcant at the
vast range of published articles, the research papers were selected Cachada et al., 2018). As we know, remediation of heavy metals
and control means. The effect size or outcomes were calculated by 2018). Bio-remediation techniques have gained attention due to
85 mg kg−1). The result was expressed on mean difference as a alone or in association with microorganisms help to stabilize,
continuous factor for statistical analysis at the 95% conﬁdence level mineralize, transfer, and remove toxic metals (Wang et al., 2018).
overall mean value for Cr was 0.16 (CIs: 0.14–0.17) and for Ni, it was manner (Wani et al., 2012). Supplementary Table S1 shows different
inconsistency indexes (I2) of 98.58% and 96.05%, respectively, shows images of such mechanisms. Generally, plants can extract
the overall mean values were 0.01 (CIs: 0.01–0.01), 0.06 (CIs: physiological process and can store an enormous amount of the
indexes (I2) of Cd, Pb, and Cu were 47.34%, 99.24%, and 98.02%, regarding different mechanisms of phytoremediation strategies, as
respectively, indicating substantial heterogeneity. The positive value shown in Supplementary Table S2. The advantages of
mine areas were higher than the permissible level recommended by (60%–80% lesser than traditional process); 2) minimize soil
of secondary hazardous compounds; 5) suitable and broad-spectrum pollutants such as 2,4-DNT and bisphenol A in the United States
improve biomass accumulation, amplify photosynthesis capacity, around 20% of carbon from host plant cells for their survival.
Around 80% of terrestrial plants and 90% of agricultural plants rhizosphere and vacuoles and activate the plant anti-oxidant defense
the schematic diagram of the heavy metal detoxiﬁcation mechanism nitrogen (3%–5%), hydrogen (4%–6%), oxygen (33%–49%), and a
and non-hyperaccumulators (TF < 1). The translocation factor (TF) 2012; Wu et al., 2015). Easily extractable glomalin-related soil
5 Evaluation of AMF as a tool to 96.39%, 99.30%, and 98.89%, respectively, indicating substantial
(Table 1). Studies reporting remediation of Cr with AMF were not decreased (Glomus constrictum, Glomus caledonium, and G.
From the RE models shown in Figures 6A–D, the overall mean margarita) (Orłowska et al., 2011; Lam and Lai, 2018; Manyiwa
The inconsistency indexes (I2) of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cu were 92.94%, which increase plant nutrient uptake ability, increases biomass
TABLE 1 Summary of studies on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in toxic metal remediation.
TABLE 1 (Continued) Summary of studies on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in toxic metal remediation.
TABLE 1 (Continued) Summary of studies on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in toxic metal remediation.
Nigeria. Pollut 4, 515–525. doi:10.22059/poll.2018.249913.375 vegetables grown near mining sites in Northern Vietnam. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188,
Amir, H., Lagrange, A., Hassaïne, N., and Cavaloc, Y. (2013). Arbuscular mycorrhizal
Geochem. Health. 40, 2325–2342. doi:10.1007/s10653-018-0100-5 translocation and chemical speciation in vegetable crops. Planta 206, 293–299. doi:10.
and vegetables in the vicinity of Jiuhuashan copper mine, China. Environ. Earth. Sci. 64,

Methods (brief)

standard error, sample size, and the difference between the tested additional environmental management challenges (Khan et al.,
Adrees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Ibrahim, M., Abbas, F., Farid, M., et al. (2015). The spatial variability of mercury and other heavy metals in surface soil samples of periurban
sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate Lins, C. E. L., Cavalcante, U. M. T., Sampaio, E. V. S. B., Messias, A. S., and Maia, L. C.
(2007). Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of metals, radionuclides activity and mineralogy of soil samples from an artisanal gold
of copper phytotoxicity in ﬁeld-collected agricultural soils exposed to copper mining

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised