Shellfish in the HMI library has 565 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, BTs_sum, DBT, DOT, DPT, MBT, MPT, NP-Hg, OTC_sum_as_Sn, PTs_sum, sumOTC, sumOTC (MBT+DBT+TBT+MPhT+DPhT+TPhT, as Sn), TBT, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT from 50 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →5Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryFood Additives & Contaminants: Part BRead source →6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 565 results from 50 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →
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Main drivers:
Shellfish, as sold from Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1980 sampling (industrial-affected area) had cadmium higher at 62,300 µg/kg, against 3,850 µg/kg for Heron Island control site (HRI), 1980 sampling in the same study.7Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsCanadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916Read source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →
Shellfish overview
Shellfish in the HMI library has 565 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, BTs_sum, DBT, DOT, DPT, MBT, MPT, NP-Hg, OTC_sum_as_Sn, PTs_sum, sumOTC, sumOTC (MBT+DBT+TBT+MPhT+DPhT+TPhT, as Sn), TBT, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT from 50 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →5Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryFood Additives & Contaminants: Part BRead source →6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in shellfish, as sold from 1,300 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 5.5 to 90 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave subgroup medians from 9.5 to 300 µg/kg from 1,999 results.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Across 5 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 20 µg/kg (Garofalo et al. 2025) to 950 µg/kg (Lehel et al. 2018).4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →5Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryFood Additives & Contaminants: Part BRead source → For cadmium, 8 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 3 µg/kg (Barchiesi et al. 2020) to 3,510 µg/kg (Baki et al. 2018).2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Shellfish, as sold from water-soluble had TMA higher at 42,200 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for lipid-soluble in the same study.8Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsApplied Organometallic ChemistryRead source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the shellfish came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as shellfish
This page covers shellfish in 3 forms kept separate in every comparison: shellfish, as sold (560 results), shellfish, canned (3 results) and shellfish, frozen (2 results).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →5Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryFood Additives & Contaminants: Part BRead source →6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Heavy metal contamination profile of shellfish
The table holds every extracted shellfish result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 565 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →5Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryFood Additives & Contaminants: Part BRead source →6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
218 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 18 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 7 values from 4 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.7Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsCanadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916Read source →9Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member StatesReports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11Read source →10Arsenic levels in fish and shellfish from the North SeaJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyRead source →11Exposure Assessment of methyl mercury from consumption of fishPeer-reviewed articleRead source →
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of shellfish, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 74 findings from 13 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
470 of 470 findings · 36 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
50 findings · 13 studies · 24 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO1995–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2010–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2008–2010 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2010–2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2007–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2008 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 30–260 µg/kg (range); 50–370 µg/kg (range); 20–170 µg/kg (range); 30–450 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 50–360 µg/kg (range); 40–400 µg/kg (range); 20–410 µg/kg (range); 30–260 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 70–430 µg/kg (range); 20–520 µg/kg (range); 20–310 µg/kg (range); 40–530 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | mean.Same samples: 340 µg/kg (maximum); 130 µg/kg (percentile); 340 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 14.3 µg/kg (minimum); 36.5 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldOlmedo et al. 2013 | all samples in EC category2009–2010 | median.Same samples: 900 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldOlmedo et al. 2013 | all samples in EC category2009–2010 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSinghato et al. 2025 | all samples2025 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2012Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 61.8 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0 µg/kg (percentile); 100 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 8 µg/kg (percentile); 200 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Fish and seafood2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKim et al. 2023 | all samples in category2021Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 32.2 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
159 findings · 18 studies · 23 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004–2006 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005–2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | SEARO2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 10–60 µg/kg (range); 10–770 µg/kg (range); 10–270 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 10–80 µg/kg (range); 20–300 µg/kg (range); 10–1,880 µg/kg (range); 10–350 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 20–70 µg/kg (range); 20–80 µg/kg (range); 10–470 µg/kg (range); 10–280 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Heron Island control site (HRI), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1E (one mile ESE of Chapel Point), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L1W (one mile WNW of Chapel Point), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1987 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1988 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | L4E (four miles ESE of Chapel Point), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Outside Harbour Breakwater (LOBE), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1980 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1981 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1982 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1983 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1984 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1985 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1986 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1989 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1990 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1991 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChou et al. 1993 | Petit Rocher (PET), 1992 sampling1980–1992 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007 | mean.Same samples: 2,300 µg/kg (maximum); 0.5 µg/kg (percentile); 500 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | mean.Same samples: 850 µg/kg (maximum); 330 µg/kg (percentile); 600 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | mean.Same samples: 110–710 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 18.2 µg/kg (minimum); 131 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldOlmedo et al. 2013 | all samples in EC category2009–2010 | median.Same samples: 99 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldOlmedo et al. 2013 | all samples in EC category2009–2010 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSinghato et al. 2025 | all samples2025 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2012Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldOnyegeme-Okerenta et al. 2023 | all species, all three riversCollection date unreportedDry weight | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 8.1 µg/kg (minimum); 38.6 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: BelgiumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: FinlandCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: FranceCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: GreeceCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: IrelandCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: NorwayCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012 | all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | Food industry (ingredients used worldwide) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | France data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | USA (FDA monitoring) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022 | GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKim et al. 2023 | all samples in category2021Basis not stated | mean. | ||
30 findings · 12 studies · 5 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2014 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2012 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2024 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2011–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldFalconer et al. 1983 | all areas (species average)1975–1982 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldFalconer et al. 1983 | Orkney1975–1982 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldFalconer et al. 1983 | Orkney1975–1982 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | mean.Same samples: 1,040–7,890 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 3,170 µg/kg (minimum); 18,300 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSinghato et al. 2025 | all samples2025 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldFattorini et al. 2006 | Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldFattorini et al. 2006 | Fish feeding preferentially on benthic crustaceansCollection date unreportedDry weight | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean.Same samples: 100,000 µg/kg (maximum); 26,000 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | Muscle1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | Muscle1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKim et al. 2023 | all samples in category2021Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldReinke et al. 1975 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldReinke et al. 1975 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, cannedBrooke et al. 1981 | Canned lobsterCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
24 findings · 8 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2020–2022 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016–2021 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2020–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2021–2022 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2020–2024 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2022 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA CONTAM Panel 2024 | EU occurrence data (EFSA 2021 dataset)2013–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 8.7 µg/kg (minimum); 113 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2018–2020Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA 2021 | EU occurrence data (LB)2013–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA 2021 | EU occurrence data (UB)2013–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | Muscle1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | Muscle1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldReinke et al. 1975 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldReinke et al. 1975 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, cannedBrooke et al. 1981 | Canned lobster; Procedure A (distillation)Collection date unreported | range. | ||
| Shellfish, cannedBrooke et al. 1981 | Canned lobster; Procedure B (chelation-extraction)Collection date unreported | range. | ||
5 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2022 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
95 findings · 20 studies · 20 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2020 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2019 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2005–2018 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2009–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2008–2020 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2007–2020 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1984–1994 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all seasons2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all seasons2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all seasons2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | early season (May-1 July)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | early season (May-1 July)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | early season (May-1 July)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | late season (15 July-October)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | late season (15 July-October)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | late season (15 July-October)2023 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2026 | commercially available foods, Taiwan (11 FFQ categories)2017–2022 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 30–70 µg/kg (range); 30–100 µg/kg (range); 30–170 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20172017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 30–90 µg/kg (range); 30–100 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20182017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean.Same samples: 30–60 µg/kg (range); 30–40 µg/kg (range); 30–100 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBarchiesi et al. 2020 | Italy, 20192017–2019 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBlanco et al. 2023 | all years 2011-2017, THg measurements2011–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChristian et al. 2024 | Dominica2005–2023 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChristian et al. 2024 | Grenada2005–2023 | geometric mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | mean.Same samples: 520 µg/kg (maximum); 390 µg/kg (percentile); 520 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldGarofalo et al. 2025 | all samples (2014-2023 official control)2014–2023 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | mean.Same samples: 23–55 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLehel et al. 2018 | all samples2015 | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 9 µg/kg (minimum); 97.8 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSinghato et al. 2025 | all samples2025 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSuzuki et al. 2022 | Shellfish (Japan retail)2019–2020 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | Peninsular Malaysia landing complexes and wholesale markets2008–2009Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 1,040 µg/kg (maximum); 189 µg/kg (percentile); 282 µg/kg (percentile); 374 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: BelgiumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: FranceCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: GreeceCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: IrelandCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004 | Member State: NorwayCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKim et al. 2023 | all samples in category2021Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLim et al. 2015 | Shellfish, crustaceans2010–2011Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLim et al. 2015 | Shellfish, crustaceans2010–2011Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.1 µg/kg (minimum); 862 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLim et al. 2015 | Shellfish, crustaceans2010–2011Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLim et al. 2015 | Shellfish, crustaceans2010–2011Basis not stated | max. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, frozenDabeka et al. 2003 | Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000 | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, frozenDabeka et al. 2003 | Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000 | sample value. | ||
14 findings · 8 studies · 7 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2008–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2008–2017 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | mean.Same samples: 17.2–47.9 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHarding et al. 2018 | outer Bay of Fundy / Gulf of Maine (benthic)2000–2003 | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLin et al. 2021 | all samples, TaiwanCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 2.5 µg/kg (minimum); 25.1 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSulaiman 2022 | derived from tHg x assumed MeHg fraction (not measured)2008–2009 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldSuzuki et al. 2022 | Shellfish (Japan retail)2019–2020 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 970 µg/kg (maximum); 280 µg/kg (percentile); 309 µg/kg (percentile); 970 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKim et al. 2023 | all samples in category2021Basis not stated | mean. | ||
7 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012 | mean.Same samples: 130 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012 | mean.Same samples: 580 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012 | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHan et al. 2024 | Aquatic food and products (Shellfish)2018–2019Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHan et al. 2024 | Aquatic food and products (Shellfish)2018–2019Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 56–1,530 µg/kg (range); 1,280 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHan et al. 2024 | Aquatic food and products (Shellfish)2018–2019Basis not stated | range. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldHan et al. 2024 | Aquatic food and products (Shellfish)2018–2019Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
7 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 11 µg/kg (minimum); 107 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 3 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldStahl et al. 2017 | all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldStahl et al. 2017 | all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011 | mean.Same samples: 70 µg/kg (minimum); 40,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldStahl et al. 2017 | all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldStahl et al. 2017 | all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
6 findings · 4 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2005 | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 6.1 µg/kg (minimum); 24 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldYe et al. 2026 | all samples in category2018–2019Dry weight | median. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldYe et al. 2026 | all samples in category2018–2019Dry weight | mean.Same samples: 400 µg/kg (maximum); 100 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldYe et al. 2026 | all samples in category2018–2019Dry weight | max. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldYe et al. 2026 | all samples in category2018–2019Dry weight | percentile. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 2,830 µg/kg (minimum); 9,280 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Fish and seafood group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldBaki et al. 2018 | all samples (St. Martin's Island and local market)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
5 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all samples2025 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2026 | commercially available foods, Taiwan (11 FFQ categories)2017–2022 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all samples2025Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all samples2025Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldauthors 2025 | all samples2025Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
6 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | all samples in group2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | crustaceans2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
4 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | all samples in group2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | crustaceans2017–2018Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldSuzuki et al. 2022 | Shellfish (Japan retail)2019–2020 | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | all samples in group2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | crustaceans2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldShu et al. 2023 | crustaceans2020–2021Dry weight | mean. | ||
6 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | all samples in group2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | crustaceans2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 7_422014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | lipid-soluble1987Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldKaise et al. 1988 | water-soluble1987Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldChung et al. 2020 | all samples2017–2018 | mean. | ||
4 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011 | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldLee et al. 2016 | crustaceans (4 species) (all samples)2011Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | all samples in group2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Shellfish, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019 | crustaceans2017–2018Basis not stated | mean. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
HMI shellfish Pb reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Pb reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤6 | ≤20 | ≤300 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤6 | ≤13.7 | ≤300 |
95 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 92 | 33% |
| Baki et al. 2018 | 2 | 33% |
| Garofalo et al. 2025 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-c1f5fd05647a:389f3e382732
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Pb reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Pb reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight. Shellfish, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Alternative weighting | 90 | 90 | 90 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-1828695b86ae:af12954a5c20
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Cd reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Cd reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 12.5 | 26.5–30 (bounded) | 30 |
| Alternative weighting | 12.5 | 22.8–26.7 (bounded) | 30 |
87 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 85 | 33% |
| EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | 1 | 33% |
| Garofalo et al. 2025 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-04418adbd7d1:85502fe57a6d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Cd reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Cd reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight. Shellfish, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 210 | 210 | 210 |
| Alternative weighting | 210 | 210 | 210 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-4e25cc483e21:5b9c4fcbeb80
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish tAs reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish tAs reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤100 | ≤100 | 2850 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤100 | ≤100 | 2810 |
58 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 56 | 50% |
| Baki et al. 2018 | 2 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-3e26d01d46ec:ecda8a7f8593
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish tAs reference · Shellfish, canned
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish tAs reference · Shellfish, canned. Shellfish, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 3600 | 3600 | 3600 |
| Alternative weighting | 3600 | 3600 | 3600 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Brooke et al. 1981 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Brooke et al. 1981 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, canned on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-4aa634216bad:f9684f2cd705
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish iAs reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish iAs reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤20 | 19.5–38 (bounded) | 100 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤20 | 19.5–36 (bounded) | 77.8–85.5 (bounded) |
30 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 30 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-060c3cb004d5:2c0abcb7aea9
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish iAs reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish iAs reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight. Shellfish, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 12 | 14.9 | 17.8 |
| Alternative weighting | 12 | 14.9 | 17.8 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-9c89a1ad198a:91fa884b8540
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish DMA reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish DMA reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-6c360dcdcafa:8f6ee8899787
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤33.5 | 34.3–60 (bounded) | 60–70 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤33.5 | 41.9–60 (bounded) | 60–70 (bounded) |
92 reference units; 7 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 76 | 14% |
| Baki et al. 2018 | 1 | 14% |
| Blanco et al. 2023 | 1 | 14% |
| Garofalo et al. 2025 | 1 | 14% |
| Harding et al. 2018 | 1 | 14% |
| Lehel et al. 2018 | 1 | 14% |
| Sulaiman 2022 | 11 | 14% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
7 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
- WHO GEMS/Food
- Baki et al. 2018
- Blanco et al. 2023
- Garofalo et al. 2025
- Harding et al. 2018
- Lehel et al. 2018
- Sulaiman 2022
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-3241a16fcd69:048e60b34d38
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, as sold, dry weight. Shellfish, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 251 | 273 | 280 |
| Alternative weighting | 251 | 273 | 280 |
13 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Sulaiman 2022 | 13 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Sulaiman 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-f5ea646478d4:635a4687c158
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, frozen
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish tHg reference · Shellfish, frozen. Shellfish, frozen; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 24 | 37.5 | 51 |
| Alternative weighting | 24 | 37.5 | 51 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Dabeka et al. 2003 | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, frozen on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Dabeka et al. 2003 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, frozen on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-e06a5ba95335:34d1733333a5
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish MeHg reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish MeHg reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 24.1 | 34–35.6 (bounded) | 35.6–41 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | 24.1 | 30.5–35.6 (bounded) | 35.6–40 (bounded) |
15 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 13 | 33% |
| Harding et al. 2018 | 1 | 33% |
| Sulaiman 2022 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-cadb2205ed53:abbc80af46cf
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Cr reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Cr reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤80 | ≤80 | ≤80 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤80 | ≤80 | ≤80 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baki et al. 2018 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baki et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-06068988b2d9:115798351651
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Al reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Al reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 2540 | 2540 | 2540 |
| Alternative weighting | 2540 | 2540 | 2540 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Stahl et al. 2017 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Stahl et al. 2017 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-4a6db196376e:db26a76321c7
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Sn reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Sn reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 100–130 (bounded) | 150–165 (bounded) | 200 |
| Alternative weighting | 100–130 (bounded) | 150–165 (bounded) | 200 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-de80496ff2e9:0a6df2a07715
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish Mn reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish Mn reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤200 | ≤200 | ≤200 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤200 | ≤200 | ≤200 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baki et al. 2018 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baki et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-dd96cf9ca446:8584d83e7c2d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI shellfish DOT reference · Shellfish, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI shellfish DOT reference · Shellfish, as sold. Shellfish, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Chung et al. 2020 | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for shellfish, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for shellfish, as sold on this basis in the completed shellfish ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:shellfish-492769374891:a4826de6c085
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The value could not be reconciled with its own paper, so it is shown but not compared.
The result is below a reporting limit, and the range from zero to that limit crosses more than one band.
No medians or sample values exist for this form and metal, so no HMI reference could be built.
The HMI reference for this form has fewer than four units or no measurable spread, below the display minimum.
The result is on a basis (dry weight, or not stated) that no HMI reference for this form uses, so it cannot be placed.
Reporting limits overlap the study comparison, so no direction can be shown.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach shellfish
The evidence on how metals reach shellfish comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Shellfish, as sold from water-soluble had TMA higher at 42,200 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for lipid-soluble in the same study.8Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsApplied Organometallic ChemistryRead source → In another study, shellfish, as sold from Belledune Harbour West (HW), 1980 sampling (industrial-affected area) had cadmium higher at 174,000 µg/kg, against 3,850 µg/kg for Heron Island control site (HRI), 1980 sampling in the same study.7Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsCanadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916Read source →
These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.
Which forms and regions measured lower
The HMI reference for lead in shellfish, as sold pools 95 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of below 20 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 6 (lower quartile) and below 300 µg/kg (upper quartile).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source → For cadmium in shellfish, as sold, the reference median was between 26.5 and 30 µg/kg, with a middle half from 12.5 to 30 µg/kg across 87 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source →12Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodThe EFSA JournalRead source → For total arsenic in shellfish, as sold, the reference median was below 100 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 100 to 2,850 µg/kg across 58 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, shellfish, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (5.5 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (90 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in AFRO (18 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (300 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in EURO (178 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (17,000 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Targeted shellfish, as sold samples in EURO had total arsenic lower at 522 µg/kg, against 2,020 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In another study, targeted shellfish, as sold samples in EURO had total arsenic lower at 330 µg/kg, against 2,020 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
In one study, cadmium across 7 groups of shellfish ranged from 18 µg/kg (AFRO) to 300 µg/kg (EURO); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In another study, cadmium across 4 groups of shellfish ranged from 17 µg/kg (Member State: Greece) to 100 µg/kg (Member State: Finland); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.9Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member StatesReports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11Read source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.
Mitigation for shellfish
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.8Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsApplied Organometallic ChemistryRead source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing shellfish for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 2,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.3 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 2,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.7 µg/kg (Singhato et al. 2025) to 500 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →13Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metal Exposure in Selected Seafood Species from ThailandFoodsRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying shellfish
No maximum level for metals in shellfish was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from shellfish
No source in the library converted shellfish concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names shellfish was decided on its content: 50 occurrence extracted, 50 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Shellfish FAQs
What heavy metals are found in shellfish?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, BTs_sum, DBT, DOT, DPT, MBT, MPT, NP-Hg, OTC_sum_as_Sn, PTs_sum, sumOTC, sumOTC (MBT+DBT+TBT+MPhT+DPhT+TPhT, as Sn), TBT, Tl, TMA, TPhT and TPT in shellfish, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshEcotoxicology and Environmental SafetyRead source →3Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyFoodsRead source →4Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisFoods 14(3):451Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in shellfish, as sold from 1,300 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 5.5 to 90 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How do heavy metals get into shellfish?
In the studies available, shellfish from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than shellfish from the same study’s control.7Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsCanadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916Read source → Shellfish, as sold from Belledune Harbour East (HE), 1980 sampling (industrial-affected area) had cadmium higher at 62,300 µg/kg, against 3,850 µg/kg for Heron Island control site (HRI), 1980 sampling in the same study.7Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsCanadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916Read source →
Which regions report the lowest levels in shellfish?
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, shellfish, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (5.5 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (90 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in AFRO (18 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (300 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How much of the arsenic in shellfish is inorganic?
Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 28 results from 9 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →14Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in foodEFSA JournalRead source →15Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →16Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA JournalRead source →17Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →8Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsApplied Organometallic ChemistryRead source →18The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarographyEnvironmental LettersRead source →19Determination of Total Inorganic Arsenic in Fish, Shellfish and Fish ProductsAnalystRead source → Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 15 µg/kg (EFSA CONTAM Panel 2024) to 50.2 µg/kg (Marín et al. 2018).6Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →14Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in foodEFSA JournalRead source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsDataset
- Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, BangladeshPeer-reviewed
- Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central ItalyPeer-reviewed
- Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year AnalysisPeer-reviewed
- Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in HungaryPeer-reviewed
- Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Peer-reviewed
- Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 resultsGray literature
- Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organismsPeer-reviewed
- Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member StatesGovernment
- Arsenic levels in fish and shellfish from the North SeaPeer-reviewed
- Exposure Assessment of methyl mercury from consumption of fishPeer-reviewed
- Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodGovernment
- Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metal Exposure in Selected Seafood Species from ThailandPeer-reviewed
- Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in foodGovernment
- Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodGovernment
- Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicGovernment
- Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationGovernment
- The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarographyPeer-reviewed
- Determination of Total Inorganic Arsenic in Fish, Shellfish and Fish ProductsPeer-reviewed
Sources
Browse Shellfish Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every shellfish record in the library: 50 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.