Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- significantly reduced As accumulation, with tissue concentrations decreasing from 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/kg in the As group to
- 0.10 ± 0.009 mg/kg in the combined exposure groups (approximately 62 % reduction; p < 0.05). In contrast, Cd accumulation
- showed no significant difference between the Cd (1.06 ± 0.09 mg/kg) and Cd+Se (1.01 ± 0.07 mg/kg) groups (p > 0.05). A
- for antioxidant defence, immune function and thyroid hormone concentrations equivalent to approximately 10% of reported LC50
- requirement and toxicity makes both deficiency and excess lethal stress conditions. Accordingly, concentrations of 4 mg/L
- clinically relevant (Rayman 2012). At physiological levels, Se for As, 2.8 mg/L for Cd and 2 mg/L for Se were chosen to
- used as a model organism in toxicology and environmental A total of 210 C. auratus with a mean body weight of 20 ± 8 g were
- aquaria (40 L each) under controlled laboratory conditions Each tube was pre-cleaned with 10% nitric acid for 48 h, followed
- It should be noted that fish were evenly distributed among ple was digested with 3 mL of 70% nitric acid (Merck) and 1 mL
- aquaria, with each treatment consisting of three independent of 30% H2 O2 at 160◦ C for 8 h, until complete tissue dissolution.
- independent replicates in the statistical analysis (n = 3 per (PerkinElmer).
- Prior to the main experiment, the 96-h median lethal concen- ICPMS-71A, Inorganic Ventures) diluted to 0.05 µg/mL in 19.6%
- sublethal exposure levels. Fish were then exposed to 10% of the Six-point calibration curves were constructed for each analyte,
- respective LC50 values for 14 days in separate treatment groups covering concentrations from the respective LOD to 200 ng/g.
- solutions of As, Cd and Se (1000 mg/L) were purchased from 2.3.1 Catalase Activity
- ment, making it suitable for isotopic studies. Compared with Samples were incubated at 95◦ C for 30 min, and the resulting
- TABLE 1 Survival rate of the different groups during the experimental study.
- Survival % 90.00 ± 7.89 80.31 ± 5.79 84.27 ± 7.80 87.36 ± 10.27 84.20 ± 6.80 81.50 ± 9.46 80.47 ± 8.93
- fish within each tank were averaged, and these mean values As shown in Figure 3A, the mean MDA levels (nmol/g tissue)
- were used for all analyses (n = 3 per treatment) to avoid differed significantly among the experimental groups. The lowest
- was examined using Levene’s test. When the assumptions for Figure 3B presents the mean activity of SOD (U/g tissue) across
- In Table 1, the survival rate of the different groups is presented. The correlations between heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd
- in initial mean body weights among the groups (p > 0.05), and statistically significant correlation was observed between As
- (p < 0.001). The lowest mean final weight was recorded in the Cd concentrations were negative and not statistically significant
Methods (brief)
- of metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Oxidative stress biomarkers, including
- arrival, fish were acclimated and randomly allocated to 21 glass For sample digestion, Pyrex glass tubes (Foss, USA) were used.
- replicates. Treatments were applied at the aquarium level; there- The digestion temperature was gradually increased from 50◦ C to
- end of the 14-day exposure period, fish were randomly sampled Whatman No. 1 filter paper, transferred into labelled containers,
- to avoid pseudoreplication. These mean values were used as samples were then analysed using a SCIEX ELAN DRC II ICP-MS
- Prior to the main experiment, the 96-h median lethal concen- ICPMS-71A, Inorganic Ventures) diluted to 0.05 µg/mL in 19.6%
- trations (LC50) of As, Cd and Se were determined to define (w/w) nitric acid, matching the acid content of the samples.
- respective LC50 values for 14 days in separate treatment groups covering concentrations from the respective LOD to 200 ng/g.
- et al. 2015; M. A. Aldoghachi 2016; J. Choi et al. 2022; M. Rabbane isotopes and verifying isotopic ratios in the digested samples (Rito
- At the end of the exposure period, fish were collected, mortality
- 2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation for immediately placed on ice. The tissue was then homogenized
- All solutions were prepared using analytical-grade reagents. the supernatant was collected for biochemical analyses (Dias et al.
- Muscle samples (∼10 g) were collected from the dorsal white in absorbance over time was used to calculate enzyme activity
- processing. All samples were analysed within one week of collec- 2.3.2 Superoxide Dismutase Activity
- tion, well before their expiration date. Before analysis, samples
- based on the dry weight of the samples. reaction was initiated under light exposure, and the reduction of
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was higher SOD activity (Weydert and Cullen 2010).
- employed to quantify heavy metals. ICP-MS is a sensitive ana-
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