Toxic or beneficial? What is the role of

Overview

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Figure 12. Optimization of DCF concentration and incubation time. Shown are mean values + SD,
incubation. Shown are mean values ± SD of 3 independent experiments with six replicates each
Shown are mean values ± SD of 3 independent experiments with six replicates each for selenite
mean values of 3 independent experiments with two replicates each + SD.
uptake assay (361). The inner graph corresponds to the full concentration range of MeSeCys
incubation. Shown are mean values + SD of 3 independent experiments with six replicates each
Shown are mean values + SD of 3 independent experiments with six replicates each for selenite
after 72-hour incubation. Shown are mean values + SD, expressed as % of the control value,
Table 1 – ICP-MS operating parameters for selenium quantification
Table 3 – Chromatographic conditions for detection of selenium species by HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-
Table 4 – Chromatographic conditions for HPLC-ICP-MS measurements of PBCEC samples
Table 5 – Effective concentrations of Se species in HepG2 cells assessed by neutral red and
Table 6 – Accumulation factors of HepG2 cells after 48-hour incubation given as the ratio of
Table 7 – Effective concentrations of Se species in PBCECs assessed by neutral red and CCK8
Table 8 – Permeability coefficients calculated from transfer experiments for selenite, MeSeCys,
Table 9 – Effects of selenite, SeMet, SeN, and ET on the effective TBHP concentrations and area
Table 10 – Ratios of total Se content in Caco-2 cells and SelenoP concentration in culture
cardiovascular diseases. At the moment it is known that around 1 μg/kg bw/day of Se is necessary
around 0.3-0.5 µg/kg (2). Due to the close chemical properties of sulfur, selenium is often
discussed as potential carcinogens (12). Recommended daily selenium intake is in the range
when serum Se levels stay in the adequate range, is associated with intractable seizures (54) and
affected so severely (72). GPx2, also called gastrointestinal GPx, has around 60% similarity in
while other GPx not. At all, GPx4 has a wider range of possible substrates, as good as electron
ingested selenium when it is consumed in the required or low-toxic range (127, 129). In case of
also be fatal (156-160), especially at doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight or higher (155). Mainly,
selenium dioxide. Data from animal studies indicate LD50 for selenite around 2-5 mg/kg body
micromolar range (162-165). It is quite ironic, that selenite at high dosage promotes RONS
moderate toxicity in vivo (185), administering 11 mg/kg bw to mice.
of the SeN was identified in red blood cells (RBC) – around 54% of total Se content was measured
endothelial cells formed as peg and socket arrangements together with gap junctions (248, 249)
equipment, materials, and solutions. Cells were cultivated in the incubator at 37 °C, 100%
in a freezing medium, containing 90% of fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide
10% (v/v) FCS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin and 1% (v/v) of non-essential amino
trypsin solution (0.25 %) in PBS-EDTA. After rinsing, cells were incubated for 30 s with 2 mL of
two measurements were carried out for each sample and results differed by ≤10% were taken
added with 1.6% (w/v) of dry unspecific protease/dispase II mixture and stirred for additional 2
pellet was resuspended in 10 mL of proliferation medium, containing 10% FCS, 50 U/mL penicillin,
achieve disruption of capillaries into smaller fragments mixture of 0.1% (w/v)
5.1.1): MEM with 10% (v/v) FCS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin and 1% (v/v) of
of 0.5% formaldehyde solution in PBS-UVC. The dye retained in the cell lysosomes was extracted
using 100 μL of acidified (1% v/v acetic acid) ethanol-PBS mixture (50/50 v/v), which was loaded
96 well plates, the culture medium was removed and cells were fixated with 100 μL of 3.7% (v/v)

Methods (brief)

5.6 Sample preparation for ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS measurements …36
5.7 Total selenium quantification by ICP-MS …38
5.8.1 SelenoP speciation in Caco-2 medium samples …41
5.8.2 Speciation of selenium compounds in PBCEC samples …42
of starting value for each sample. B: Capacitance values of PBCEC barrier during transfer
experiments, presented as percentage of starting value for each sample. C: Percentage of Se
percentage of starting value for each sample. B: Capacitance values of PBCEC barrier during
transfer experiments, presented as percentage of starting value for each sample. C: Percentage
starting value for each sample. B: Capacitance values of PBCEC barrier during transfer
experiments, presented as percentage of starting value for each sample. C: Percentage of Se
Table 1 – ICP-MS operating parameters for selenium quantification
Table 3 – Chromatographic conditions for detection of selenium species by HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-
Table 4 – Chromatographic conditions for HPLC-ICP-MS measurements of PBCEC samples
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
specific Se measurements in medium samples from apical and basolateral compartments, as
sulfonic acid (Fig. C). These compounds were earlier detected in biological samples (217),
two measurements were carried out for each sample and results differed by ≤10% were taken

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised