Assessment of Heavy Metals Content in Edible Vegetable of Kangkung (Ipomaea)

Overview

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Key numbers

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• Trop J Nat Prod Res, January 2025; 9(1): 1 - 6 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
• ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
• Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Jl. Kampus Unsrat Kleak, 95115, Manado, North Sulawesi
• Received 01 October 2024 present study aims to assess the heavy metals content in the edible vegetable Kangkung grown on
• Revised 11 October 2024 Tondano Sediments-based fly ash bottom ash (FABA) mixtures. The research was conducted by
• Published online 01 February 2025 complete randomized design for Kangkung planting in five treatments (A: sediment, B: FABA,
• replicates totaling 15 experimental pot samples. Water hyacinth was used as green fertilizer in
• Copyright: © 2025 Sinolungan et al. This is an open- up to six weeks after planting. The heavy metals contents were determined by atomic absorption
• weeks 2 and 5. Heavy metal analysis detected arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in Kangkung after
• anthropogenic activities. The most potentially harmful of these heavy inorganic wastes, including heavy metals in Lake Tondano.5 Heavy
• metals are lead, mercury and cadmium.1 Heavy metal is generally used metals in water bodies are a threat to living organisms who depend on
• aquatic environment due to their toxicity and accumulation by aquatic causing toxic effect to the organisms.6 Content of Pb in the water of
• organisms.2 Aquatic contaminants such as heavy metals are not easily Lake Tondano, especially in the District of Remboken (at the villages
• can accumulate in the environment.3 Lake Tondano as a natural resource quality guidelines.7 Research have shown that water hyacinth could
• population has placed a huge demand on the lake, which has resulted in days.8,9 Heavy metals such as, nickel, copper, chromium, lead, and zinc
• environmental pollution.4 The sedimentation caused by land erosion in measurable concentrations in water and sediment samples across
• which has covered some parts of the lake. activity of vegetables grown in the area.10,11 Therefore, caution should
• *Corresponding author. E mail: meldisinolungan@unsrat.ac.id the potentially high concentrations of heavy metals in such plants.12
• Tel: 62 81356422433 The amount of heavy metals absorbed from the soil most times depends
• Kangkung (Ipomaea) Grown on Tondano Sediments-Based Fly Ash fertilizers, herbicides, and rainwater.13 With increasing human activities
• Bottom Ash (FABA) Mixtures. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2025; 9(1): 1 -6. that generate a large volume of both industrial and domestic wastes
• https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i1.1 daily coupled with poor wastes management, and deteriorating climatic
• Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria represents the final consumer at the top of the food chain.14 Heavy metal
• challenges and a major pollutant worldwide.15
• © 2025 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
• Trop J Nat Prod Res, January 2025; 9(1): 1 - 6 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
• ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
• constituents of the aquatic system. As a result, sediment may play a key IPB Formula as previously described.21
• chemical contaminants through sediment collection is a process, which using the pipette method as follows; 10 g of soft air-dried soil (2 mm
• needs to be deeply understood as there, is limited understanding of sieved) was weighed, and 30-40 mL of 6% H2O2 solution was added.
• sediments at the moment. The situation is complicated by the limited The mixture was left overnight, after which 10 mL of 30% H2O2
• sampling techniques and the absence of guidelines for sediment quality solution was added. The mixture was then heated in the oven at 105 oC
• in Indonesia presently. To overcome these limitations, it is important to until the H2O2 had evaporated completely. To the dry soil was added 45
• obtain complete sampling tools, and use the sediment guidelines from mL of 0.4 N HCl, left overnight, and then washed three times with HCl
• other countries like the United States of America and Canada.16 solution in order to remove its gaseous contents, and water. The mixture
• Researchers have proposed that Lake Tondano should be paid attention was filtered, and the filtrate was treated with AgNO3, 20 mL of
• by the Government and stakeholders. Studies that have been done on peptizing agent 0.1 N Na4P2O7.10H2O was added, and the mixture was
• Lake Tondano include the investigation of the growth of Pakcoy, heated directly with water for 30 minutes. It was then filtered through a
• seasonal plants, and nuts using organic fertilizer from water hyacinth 50 μm sieve. The sand (diameter >0.05mm) was poured into a beaker
• and sediment of Lake Tondano.4,17-19 Study on Fly ash of charcoal and dried at 105oC until a constant weight was reached. Grains between
• obtained from electric power plant in Lake Tondano showed that the fly 0 and 50 μm in size were pipetted, the mixture was shaken for one
• ash consisted of silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and iron minute, and the grains were again pipetted directly at a depth of 15cm

Methods (brief)

• Accepted 29 October 2024 both purposive sampling method for the sediment, water hyacinth, and FABA samples, and
• replicates totaling 15 experimental pot samples. Water hyacinth was used as green fertilizer in
• Copyright: © 2025 Sinolungan et al. This is an open- up to six weeks after planting. The heavy metals contents were determined by atomic absorption
• access article distributed under the terms of the spectrophotometry (AAS). Results showed that the treatments did not significantly affect the
• environmental pollution.4 The sedimentation caused by land erosion in measurable concentrations in water and sediment samples across
• Pre-survey was conducted at the locations where samples of Lake
• Sediment and water hyacinth samples were collected at the outlet of
• samples were collected from electric steam power plant of Sulut 3 (at
• the outlet of Tondano Lake by boat and dredged by Grab sampler to the
• base of the lake. The samples were placed in suitable containers until
• known weight (previously dried at 105oC). The samples were heated in
• Each plant harvested from the pot was washed, all plant parts were Composition of each sample
• weighed, the plant was cut into small size, and placed into a plastic sack The composition of the samples was analyzed in two phases: (I) Before
• metals analyzed include Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium which consisted of sediment (sample A), FABA (sample B), mixtures
• (Cr) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) according to of sediment and FABA (samples C, D, and E). Variables analyzed
• activities on these samples. The results of these analyses are presented
• Table 1: Characteristics of each sample before and after planting
• Name of Sample Kind of Variables

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

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Update history

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