for alleviating heavy metal stress

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

tolerate or detoxify Cd, making them valuable for bioremediation showed 97% similarity with other Bacillus strains based on 16S
that were reported for alleviating Cd stress and its accumulation be credibly classiﬁed due to more than 99% identity to a large
common in environmental studies (Supplementary Table 3). paidb.re.kr/browse_genomes.php?m=g). The virulence genes (e.g.,
foodborne pathogens, B. cereus group bacteria with multiple decrease (47% and 41%, respectively) in interspeciﬁc diversity
evaluation framework for bacterial safety assessment. Evaluating trials by 158.19% and 140.79%, respectively (Li et al., 2023). These
solve this problem, two approaches are preferred. One is coating 0.27 mg/kg in China (Zhang et al., 2015). Further analysis suggests
microbes on the seed of plants. For example, to detoxify and the majority of arable soils (45.16%) have Cd with concentrations
promote chickpea growth in Cd-contaminated soils, about 108 between 0.097 and 0.3 mg/kg, although more than 150 mg/kg is
using 1% guar gum powder as an adhesive (Syed et al., 2023). The the concentration data of Cd from six hundred and two sampling
other is immobilization with carriers. Environmentally compatible sites, revealing that the average Cd concentration was 0.29 mg/kg,
carriers, like biochar or sodium alginate, might be good choices. which is very close to China’s national quality standard of 0.3 mg/kg
2023). Of these sampling sites, 69.1% exceed the national average can reach about 30, 5, and 0.6 mg/kg in the root, shoot, and
background concentration of 0.097 mg/kg for Cd by 2.99 times. All grain, respectively (Sabella et al., 2022). In contrast, 0.17 mg/g (170
agricultural soils is quite prevalent (Figure 2A). The widespread contamination of Cd, and as high as 5.99 mg/g (5,990 mg/kg) when
contamination of Cd in agricultural soils inevitably resulted in soils were contaminated with 40 mg/kg Cd (Shahzad et al., 2025).
a considerable proportion of grains having Cd concentrations This means there are more than 100 folds of Cd in wheat than in
4,000 mg/kg CdSO4 that are roughly 10,000-fold higher than the metals, samples should be treated by the most widely used methods.
in a hydroponic model, 100 μM Cd (∼22.85 mg/L) hampered be dried and digested in a solution containing trace-metal-grade
the overall plant growth and development, resulting in noticeable concentrated HNO3 and 30% (v/v) H2 O2 in a microwave digestion
inﬂuenced, e.g., germination rate was less than 60%, plant length
as low as 0.2–5 mg/kg. Concentrations above 5 mg/kg can cause
wheat seed germination rate decreased to less than 60% by 1 mM Software, Writing – original draft. ZS: Conceptualization, Funding
Cd in wheat grains ranged between 0.0080 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg Funding
(dry weight), and 83% of these wheat samples have lower Cd
concentrations than the national food safety standard of 0.1 mg/kg The author(s) declare that ﬁnancial support was received for the

Methods (brief)

4,000 mg/kg CdSO4 that are roughly 10,000-fold higher than the metals, samples should be treated by the most widely used methods.
the overall plant growth and development, resulting in noticeable concentrated HNO3 and 30% (v/v) H2 O2 in a microwave digestion
mg/kg in soil, the growth parameters of chickpea were severely coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
(dry weight), and 83% of these wheat samples have lower Cd

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Verification notes

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Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised