Association of pre-and postnatal mercury exposure with cardiometabolic

Overview

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were available (N = 1301 mother–child pairs). The study further focused these processes can influence mitochondrial function of the placenta and fetus.
mercury (THg) levels and fish consumption (N = 648), and (b) those the mitochondrial DNA content (mtDNA content) of the placenta and umbilical cord
with measurements of childhood TL (N = 806) (Supplemental Fig. S1). blood.\nMethods: DNA was extracted from placental tissue (n = 174) and umbilical
Approximately >75 % of THg is considered to represent MeHg (Llop cord leukocytes (n = 176). Relative mtDNA copy numbers (i.e., mtDNA content)
research, and the study protocols received approval from the national 16.1 % decrease (95 % confidence interval (CI): –25.2, –6.0 %, p = 0.003) in
country. This study adheres to the ethical standards outlined in the during the third trimester was 17.4 % (95 % CI: –31.8, –0.1 %, p = 0.05).
associated with an increase in placental mtDNA content of 4.0 % (95 % CI: 0.4, 7.8 %,
cohort (mean = 14.1 weeks, SD = 3.7), and during late pregnancy for the p.1104458″,“issue”:“9″,”note“:”publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives“,”
BiB (mean = 26.6 weeks, SD = 1.4), KANC (mean = 39.4 weeks, SD = page“:”1346-1352″,“source”:“ehp.niehs.nih.gov (Atypon)”,“title”:“Placental Mito
1.3), and EDEN cohorts (mean = 26.1 weeks, SD = 1.2). In the case of chondrial DNA Content and Particulate Air Pollution during in Utero
12 years (mean age (95 % CI) = 8.2 years (6.5, 9.1)). THg levels in Gyselaers“,”given“:”Wilfried“},{”family“:”Nawrot“,”given“:”Tim S.“}),”issued“:
quality control measures implemented in the HELIX project have been efficient of variation of 0.72 % for mitochondrial genes and 0.43 % for the nuclear
2.3. Genetic data obtained by means of Infinium Global Screening Array (GSA) MD
is a widely used and efficient technique for assessing TL in large sample sizes. The Genetic variants were filtered out if they had a call rate <95 %, if they
repeats and a single-copy gene, typically the 36B4 gene, used as a reference to minor allele frequency (MAF) <1 %, and if they were not in Hardy-
signal to the 36B4 signal. This ratio was then compared to a standard curve generated TL effect on health (Supplemental Table S1): rs33954691, rs10054203,
percentile) (Flynn et al., 2017). (Se) (all measured in μg/L) were analysed in urine samples obtained
samples (expressed in pg/g lipids) collected during the first trimester. mate by more than 10 % (Lee, 2014). Finally, linear regression models
geometric mean (GM) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CI) were potential exposure–mediator interaction and by conducting sensitivity
variables and TL was also considered as a potential mediator of the THg surements (n = 572). As a sensitivity analysis to account for potential
effect on cardiometabolic outcomes. The GM and 95 %CI were calcu bias due to loss to follow-up, mediation models were additionally fitted
Thus, all models were adjusted using a minimal set of covariates: cohort, covariates among participants (Supplemental Table S2).
horts. Other dietary variables were examined in exploratory analyses the homozygous minor allele frequency was very low (<5 % of the
participants are compared in Supplemental Table S3, showing no rele
of 1301 mother–child pairs are summarized in Table 1. Sensitivity riates were poor (Spearman coefficients <0.1 in all cases). The direction
provided in Supplemental Table S2. Exposure and adjustment covariates
Outcomes (Child) GM/ CI 95 %/% Valid Missing fell within the normal percentiles for children aged 6–9 years based on
WHO reference ranges for BMI-for-age (15.3, 16.6 kg/m2) (de Onis et al.
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 75.30 58.50 99.20 1284 17 respectively) (see Supplemental Table S4). European participants
Systolic BP, mean of 2nd & 3rd 99.64 99.03 100.25 1298 3 compared with non-European children (Supplemental Table S5).
measures HDL cholesterol levels were within normal range (≥45 mg/dL)
Diastolic BP, mean of 2nd & 58.47 57.94 58.99 1298 3
percentile) 74.80) mg/dl, respectively) (Supplemental Table S4). Fasting insulin
with the normal range of 2–15 µU/mL defined by the International So
Exposure and adjustment GM/ CI 95 %/% Valid Missing ciety for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Clinical Practice
THg in child’s blood (μg/L) 1.40 1.31 1.49 1297 4 this range may suggest insulin resistance. Blood pressure measurements
THg in maternal blood (μg/L) 2.68 2.50 2.87 1020 281 were within the expected ranges for this population, with systolic values
mtDNA copy number (child) 1.07 1.05 1.09 1165 136 Hg (De Jesus, 2011). Nevertheless, 4.2 % of participants exhibited
Maternal age at birth (years) 30.76 30.49 31.03 1285 16 cohorts (Supplemental Table S4), as well as among participants with
non-European origin (Supplemental Table S5). Additionally, systolic
Female 590 45.3 1301 0 in females (98.92 (98.04, 99.81) mm Hg) (Supplemental Table S6).
Cohort Table S4) cohorts and participants with Pakistani/Asian origin

Methods (brief)

THg levels (μg/L) were assessed using blood samples collected dur mitochondrial alterations, which may both reflect and intensify oxidative stress pro
exposure, maternal blood samples were obtained during mid-pregnancy early life must be further elucidated.“,”container-title“:”Environmental Health Per
the INMA cohort, cord blood samples were collected at the time of de Life”,“volume”:“120″,”author“:({”family“:”Janssen“,”given“:”Bram G.“},{”family“:”
Smith, 2003). Postnatal THg exposure was assessed using blood samples Cuypers“,”given“:”Ann“},{”family“:”Fierens“,”given“:”Frans“},{”family“:”
from children in all HELIX cohorts, collected between the ages of 6 and Penders“,”given“:”Joris“},{”family“:”Vangronsveld“,”given“:”Jaco“},{”family“:”
maternal and child blood samples from the BiB, EDEN, KANC, MoBa, {”date-parts“:((”2012″,9))}}}),“schema”:“https://github.com/citation-style-la
cord blood samples from the INMA cohort were processed at the Public were done in triplicate using a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System, with serial di
quality DNA samples with adequate concentration were selected for fest. SNP coordinates were reported on human reference GRCh37 and on
is a widely used and efficient technique for assessing TL in large sample sizes. The Genetic variants were filtered out if they had a call rate <95 %, if they
relative TL for each sample was calculated by measuring the ratio of the telomere their previous association in the literature with Hg, other metals and/or
from DNA samples of known TL to quantify the relative TL. More details can be found rs2736100, rs2736098, rs2853669 and rs2735940 in TERT gene;
growth standards’ cross-sectional sample (18–71 months) to smooth the tran et al., 2014a). All components of MetS risk score were measured using
sition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to the harmonized protocol (Maitre et al., 2018). We used the calculated z-
best models, were applied to this combined sample.\n\nFindings\nThe merged
weight cut-off for adults (≥25.0 kg/m2). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m2 Comprehensive data were collected on maternal characteristics,
percentile) (Flynn et al., 2017). (Se) (all measured in μg/L) were analysed in urine samples obtained
Blood samples from the children were obtained following the during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. The mean of both
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, in mg/dL) and tri samples for adjustment of urinary dilution (Lozano et al., 2022).

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised