Catello Pane, Aldo Tava and Cristina Bignami

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

and stable aggregates and to improve the biological functionality of the soil (5). The use of biochar
of soil, biochar and 5% biochar amended soils were measured following the procedure described
(SYNGENTA, Milan, Italy) were sterilized in 1% w/v sodium hypochlorite for 30 min and rinsed in
biochar applied was 5% w/w, equivalent to about 25 t ha−1 , and within the range used for pot biochar
to 50% water holding capacity (WHC) (22), and kept at 4 ◦ C for 24 h. Germination was monitored and
containing 0.1% v/v triﬂuoroacetic acid (TFA) in aqueous 0.1% v/v TFA at 45 ◦ C; ACN ramped from 15%
calibration curves (in the range 5–200 μg/mL) at speciﬁc wavelengths (λIAA = 254 nm; λGAs = 205 nm;
analyzed by RT-qPCR. Gene primers (as shown in Table 2) were designed using the NCBI Primer Blast
Table 2. List of primers used for real time PCR.
increasing its pH from 5.6 to 7.1 and the water retention from 35.9% to 53.4% (Table 1). The latter
varieties. Moreover, the application of 5% wood biochar signiﬁcantly increased the transcription of these
This study reports that the amendment of a typical agricultural Cambisol with 5% wood biochar
in the stimulation of growth and development of wheat cultivars. Although, the application of a 5%
pH, and other properties (3–5). Biochar has between 40% to 90% carbon (C) and, depending on the
been practiced for the last 80 to 100 years. Soils under the WW-SF system have lost more than 60% of
18% Clay, 70% silt, and 12% ﬁne sand was collected from the top 20 cm depth of a WW-SF ﬁeld at
adjusted by adding deionized water in pots when the moisture was below 70% of the ﬁeld capacity.
Table 1. Physiochemical characteristics of Douglas ﬁr biochar and soil used in the study.
Statistical signiﬁcance (α = 0.05) for mean comparisons of variables was determined using a mixed
a signiﬁcant eﬀect on root biomass (Table 2). Biochar increased wheat shoot biomass by 15% to 20%
application rate (44.8 Mg ha−1 ) increased shoot biomass of wheat by 18% (6.45 g−1 pot) compared
the highest biochar rate. Root biomass increased by 39 and 45% compared to the control (1.3 g−1 pot)
Table 2. Analysis of variance (p value) of biochar and fertilizer eﬀects on soil properties (pH, EC, OM,
There were signiﬁcant biochar and fertilizer interactions on many soil properties (Table 2). Th soil
fertilizer application (Table 3). Soil P was 18% to 50% greater with 11.2 to 44.8 Mg ha−1 biochar rates,
respectively, than controls (33 mg P kg−1 soil) without fertilizer addition while it was 14% to 36%
Sulfur was 93% to 380% greater in biochar treatments than control (18.8 mg S kg−1 soil) without
fertilizer and 66 to 297% more than control (29 mg S kg−1 ) with fertilizer application. Soil K was 16
(Table 2 and Figure 1c). The biochar application increased SOM content by 13% to 20%, and the highest
without fertilizer application there was no correlation of SOM with the nutrients (Table 3).
were stored in sealed plastic bags until used. Biochar properties appear in Table 1.
Feedstock Temperature Ash % VM 1 % C% H% N% O%
G-350 biochar was immersed in 50 mL of a 3% H2 O2 solution and allowed to react for a period of 24 h
those prepared at higher pyrolysis temperature (20). The 3% H2 O2 solution was used to minimize the
improve image resolution, biochar samples were coated with a 2 nm layer of metal (60% Au, 40% Pd)
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3:1, while instrumental limit of quantiﬁcation (LOQ) was calculated as the
concentration resulting in an S/N ratio of 10:1. The LOD and LOQ were 0.01 mg L−1 and 0.03 mg L−1 ,
diﬀerences existed, the means were further compared using Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Additionally,
content decreased from 62.7% to 59.2%, whereas nitrogen content increased from 1.06% to 1.15%, and
oxygen content increased from 32.4% to 36.6% following H2 O2 activation. The ash content of the
biochar decreased from 10.5% to 3.5% following H2 O2 activation. While other studies have observed a
(400 ◦ C) with H2 O2 treatments ranging from 1% to 30% H2 O2 . In the present study, the measured

Methods (brief)

2.1. Description and Analysis of Samples
Surface samples (0–25 cm depth) were collected from a traditional agricultural soil in Avellino
organic management practices. Soil samples were dried at 40 ◦ C for 24 h and sieved (<2 mm) to remove
concentrations of soil and biochar samples were determined in triplicate by dry combustion (1000 ◦ C)
by De la Rosa et al. (20). Brieﬂy, samples were dried at 105 ◦ C and subsequently heated in a muﬄe
oven-dried weight sample. Soil, biochar, and biochar amended soils properties are shown in Table 1.
Sample pH %C %N % WHC % Ash
control soils and soils amended with 5% biochar were collected three days after sowing. Abscisic acid
measured by HPLC (24). Five wheat seedlings were collected from each pot and frozen at −80 ◦ C.
Wheat samples (2 g) were grinded to a ﬁne powder and diluted in methanol (2.5 mL g−1 of fresh
under vacuum, a volume of deionized water was added to each sample and extracted with an equal
phase-HPLC. HPLC analysis was performed on a LC-20 Prominence HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto,
(PDAD) and SIL-20 AH autosampler (20 μL injection vol). Plant hormones were separated on a
The results of germination assay and HPLC-based hormone analysis are expressed as means ±S.D.
A Sigma mirPremier microRNA isolation Kit was used to extract RNA from wheat leaf samples.
cycler” (BioRad) were used for retrotranscription, and samples were stored at −20 ◦ C. The expression
the germination percentage for each sample; the vertical bars represent the standard deviation of mean
(GA) contents (μg g−1 fresh weight) for each sample. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised