Overview
This page is a scaffolded entry for HMTc Taxonomy v2.0 Category 7 (Oils, Condiments, and Specialty Foods), Row 2: Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame). Studies for this row are still being read. Where a section is empty, the row has not yet accumulated contributing sources of the required kind.
Reading guide
Legal, regulatory and retailer teams can use the cited measurements, applicable limits and study limitations to assess the evidence for this category.
Quality teams can examine product form, measurement basis and sources of variation. Journalists and researchers can follow each reference to the original findings and methods.
Related tools and pages: heavymetalcertified.com · methodology
Evidence summary
Evidence summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame). Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | 100 ppb | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Ni | Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame) (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
Sources for this row will be listed here once they are catalogued.
Supporting evidence and scope
Broader-scope sources for this row will be listed here when they are catalogued.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Regulatory limits for this row will be listed here once they are catalogued.
Controls and mitigation
Practical interventions to reduce heavy-metal load in this row, ordered by impact magnitude. Each lever names the magnitude of the effect with a cited source; cross-links to dedicated Mitigation pages where they exist.
- Sourcing levers — Not yet catalogued.
- Agronomic levers — Not yet catalogued. (See Agronomic mitigation for general agronomic mitigation context.)
- Processing levers — Not yet catalogued. (See Processing mitigation.)
- Formulation levers — Not yet catalogued. (See Formulation mitigation.)
- Testing and QC levers — Not yet catalogued. (See Testing and quality-control mitigation when published.)
- Packaging and storage levers — Not yet catalogued. (See Packaging and storage mitigation when published.)
How standards math uses this page
HMT&C certification thresholds for this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page. The row-standard for this row is an aggregate computed from the contributing source pool in the row’s native finished-product basis; it is not a per-source decoration of any single value cited on this page. This public page reports literature evidence only.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Public regulatory events for this row, such as recalls and import alerts, will be listed here as they are catalogued.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame). Speciation is non-substitutable (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (finished-product as sold unless the source specifies otherwise; see each row for the basis label). Non-detect handling follows each source’s reporting convention. Pooling is avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetalcertified.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
The applicable regulatory jurisdictions for this row are: FDA, EU, Codex.
Sources
Sources for this row will be listed here once they are catalogued.
Sources
Source records associated with this topic. Inclusion does not establish that every finding applies to this product or ingredient. References above identify works cited in the text. Additional records await source or bibliographic review and are excluded from this list.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abedi et al. 2025. Comparison Between Emerging and Conventional Methods for Edible Oils Bleaching, Food Science & Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Al, Cu, Fe occurrence in Narrative review of published literature on industrial and emerging bleaching technologies for edible vegetable oils. No primary measurements;… |
| 2 | Matei et al. 2025. Physicochemical Properties, Trace Elements, and Health Risk Assessment of Edible Vegetable Oils Consumed in Romania, Applied Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | RO Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni occurrence in 24 edible vegetable oil samples (three samples each of eight oil types: sunflower, grapeseed, extra virgin olive, organic… (n=24) |
| 3 | Ntigoroku et al. 2025. Physicochemical Properties, Heavy Metals levels and Health Risk Assessment of selected Edible Oils purchased from major markets in Delta State, Nigeria, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu occurrence in Twenty edible vegetable oil samples purchased from major markets in Delta State, Nigeria, grouped as sunflower oil, soybean… (n=20) |
| 4 | Tayeb et al. 2025. Assessment of lead and cadmium exposure through olive and corn oil consumption in Gonbad-Kavus, north of Iran: A public health risk analysis, Toxicology Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in Commercial and traditional olive oil (n=30: 12 commercial, 18 traditional) and corn oil (n=30: 18 commercial, 12 traditional)… (n=60) |
| 5 | Chetima et al. 2024. Activated carbons from open air and microwave-assisted impregnation of cotton and neem husks efficiently decolorize neutral cotton oil, Heliyon | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Chetima and colleagues prepare activated carbons (ACs) from neem and cotton husks by phosphoric-acid impregnation followed by carbonization, comparing 6… |
| 6 | Elder et al. 2024. culture of antiquity and later times, starting with the mythological, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 7 | MSMM et al. 2024. Physicochemical characterization and determination of trace metals in different edible fats and oils in Bangladesh: Nexus to human health, Heliyon 10(18):e37606 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | BD Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Co occurrence in Thirty edible fats and oils bought in local markets in Dhaka, Chattogram, Cumilla, and Feni, Bangladesh: 10 soybean… (n=30) |
| 8 | S-T et al. 2024. Determination, distribution, and health risk assessment of 12 heavy metals in various edible oils in Taiwan, JSFA Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TW tAs, Pb, Cd, Ni, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ba occurrence in 12 types of refined commercial edible oils (n=25 samples) and 12 types of unrefined (cold-pressed/virgin) commercial edible oils… (n=50) |
| 9 | Meharg 2024. Exposure and Health (2024) 16:715–726, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 10 | Mehri et al. 2024. A probabilistic health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in edible vegetable oils consumed in Hamadan, Iran, BMC Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, tAs, Fe, Zn occurrence in Traditional and industrial edible vegetable oils (peanut, sunflower, olive, sesame) from Hamadan, western Iran, 2022; n=20 traditional +… (n=40) |
| 11 | Placxedes et al. 2024. Spent Bleaching Earth: Synthesis, Properties, Characterisation, and Application, Journal of Sustainability Science and Management | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Narrative review of published literature on spent bleaching earth (SBE) synthesis, properties, characterisation, and application. No primary measurements;… |
| 12 | years 2024. barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results, Peer-reviewed article | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 13 | Yohannes et al. 2024. Analysis of heavy metals and minerals in edible vegetable oils produced and marketed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, BMC Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | ET Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in Edible vegetable oils (Niger seed, mixed oil, soybean, sunflower) from Gondar City markets, Northwest Ethiopia; May–July 2021; locally… (n=17) |
| 14 | Barca et al. 2023. A comprehensive review on infant, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 15 | Bodur et al. 2023. Spray assisted preconcentration method combined with HPLC - Continuous flow hydride generation - FAAS for inorganic arsenic speciation in olive oil samples, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR iAs occurrence in Two olive oil samples supplied from the local market in Istanbul, Turkiye; real-sample results were non-detect for arsenite/arsenate… (n=2) |
| 16 | Famurewa et al. 2023. Comparative assessment of different coconut oils: Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses of pesticide residues, toxic heavy metals, and associated contents, Measurement: Food | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NG/PK Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Ni, Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Be, Ag, Mo, Se, Au occurrence in Three coconut oil samples sold or produced for the Nigerian market: one imported oil and two locally produced… (n=3) |
| 17 | User manual: EU Ecolabel 2023. Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this, Peer-reviewed article | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 18 | González-Torres et al. 2023. Comparative Study of the Presence of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetable Oils, Applied Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU/CN Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Sb occurrence in Systematic literature review: 35 vegetable oil types from 24 countries; studies published 2015–2022; n=64 studies synthesized (n=64) |
| 19 | Nazari et al. 2023. Impacts of Heavy Metals in Seed Crops and Oil Seed on Human Health: A Threat to Food Safety — Review, Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 15(2), 106-124 | 2023 | Review | global/IR tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, Ni, Cr occurrence in Review of published literature on heavy metals in oilseeds and vegetable/seed oils globally; no primary data collection |
| 20 | Scutarasu et al. 2023. Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Global Situation, Health Risks and Reduction Methods, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IR/CN/GR Pb, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cr, tHg, Al, Cu, Zn occurrence in Narrative literature review covering heavy metals in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy, meat, edible oils, wine, and… |
| 21 | Enemuor et al. 2021. Heavy metals and microbial contamination of palm oil produced and sold at some markets in Kogi East Area, Kogi State, Nigeria, African Journal of Microbiology Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, Cr, Pb, tAs, Cu, Fe occurrence in Thirty traditionally processed palm oil samples purchased from ten sellers each at Ankpa, Anyigba, and Idah markets in… (n=30) |
| 22 | Goli et al. 2021. The effect of chelating agents including potassium tartrate and, Peer-reviewed article | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 23 | Rounizi et al. 2021. The chemical composition and heavy metal content of sesame oil produced by different methods: A risk assessment study, Food Science & Nutrition | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, tAs, Zn, Cu occurrence in sesame seed plus Ardeh, virgin, and refined sesame oil preparations; Table 5 Pb values retained over conflicting narrative text. |
| 24 | Sadighara et al. 2021. The organotin contaminants in food: Sources and methods for detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer reviewed review | JP/IT/CL Sn occurrence in Systematic review and meta-analysis of published food-matrix organotin studies; 123 database records were screened, 9 studies were selected,… |
| 25 | Alrajhi et al. 2020. Concentration of Trace Metals in Some Major Edible Oils of Riyadh, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | SA Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Pb, tAs, Se occurrence in 54 edible vegetable oil samples (soybean, palm, and olive oils) from Riyadh supermarkets. |
| 26 | Olafisoye et al. 2020. Synthetic antioxidants and metallic elements as additives/contaminants in virgin palm oil, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Al, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Virgin palm oil samples from fifteen plantation locations in southern Nigeria, including NIFOR/substation and other southern-state oil-palm areas. (n=15) |
| 27 | Properties et al. 2020. Catello Pane, Aldo Tava and Cristina Bignami, Peer-reviewed article | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 28 | Samuel et al. 2020. Variations on the physiochemical, microbiological and selected heavy metals of different palm oil samples sourced from Galadima, Tarauni, Sabon-Gari, Yan-Kura of Kano State and samples from Kogi and Edo States of Nigeria, Chemical Sciences Journal | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, tAs, tHg, Pb occurrence in Palm oil samples collected in triplicate from Galadima, Tarauni, Sabon-Gari, and Yan-Kura markets in Kano State, plus Kogi… (n=18) |
| 29 | Article. 2019. distinct size-dependent properties led to the development of, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 30 | APPROVED: May doi: ./j.efsa.. 2019. Occurrence data of nickel in feed and animal exposure, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 31 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 32 | Luka et al. 2019. Investigation of trace metals in different varieties of olive oils from northern Cyprus and their variation in accumulation using ICP-MS and multivariate techniques, Environmental Earth Sciences | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CY Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, tAs, Ni occurrence in Fifteen olive-oil observations from northern Cyprus, including oils from olives harvested from the ground, olives harvested directly from… (n=15) |
| 33 | Nitrogen et al. 2019. on RC silage. This study compared two RC silages which when ensiled had contrasting PPO activities (RC+ and RC−) against a control of, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 34 | Products et al. 2019. Concentration of Total Mercury in Convenience Fish, Peer-reviewed article | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 35 | Ziarati et al. 2019. Determination of Toxic Metals Content in Iranian and Italian Flavoured Olive Oil, Acta Technologica Agriculturae | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | IR/IT Pb, Cd, Ni, tAs occurrence in Commercial olive oil samples (non-flavoured and flavoured: fungi, aroma vegetables, pepper) purchased from Lombardy, Italy and Tehran, Iran… (n=480) |
| 36 | Contamination et al. 2018. Timothy D. Scheibe and David C. Mays, Peer-reviewed article | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 37 | Tesfaye et al. 2016. Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Level of Some Selected Metal in Edible Oils, Advances in Chemistry | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | ET Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Four branded edible-oil samples purchased around the Merkato commercial center in Ethiopia: two imported palm-oil samples and two… (n=4) |
| 38 | Acar 2012. Evaluation of cadmium, lead, copper, iron and zinc in Turkish dietary vegetable oils and olives using electrothermal and flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Grasas y Aceites | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn occurrence in 53 vegetable oil samples (8 soybean, 12 sunflower, 8 flower-seed, 8 nut, 8 corn, 9 olive) and 70… (n=123) |
| 39 | Ashraf 2012. Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Varieties of Vegetable Oils Consumed in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Health Risk Assessment of Local Population, Asian Journal of Chemistry (Uncorrected Proof) | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | SA Pb, Cd, tAs, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn occurrence in 161 edible vegetable oil samples (32 corn, 28 sunflower, 21 soybean, 19 sesame, 17 rapeseed, 17 peanut, 27… (n=161) |
| 40 | Surface 2012. When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper, Peer-reviewed article | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 41 | Zhu et al. 2011. Health risk assessment of eight heavy metals in nine varieties of edible vegetable oils consumed in China, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Pb, tAs occurrence in 109 commercial edible vegetable oil samples purchased from Chinese supermarkets during 2009-2010: 13 soybean, 12 corn, 14 peanut,… (n=109) |
| 42 | Pehlivan et al. 2008. Determination of some inorganic metals in edible vegetable oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Grasas y Aceites | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn occurrence in 17 edible vegetable oil samples from Turkish food markets: soybean, hazelnut, almond, natural olive, riviera olive (3 types),… (n=17) |
| 43 | Chen et al. 2001. Determination of arsenic in edible fats and oils by focused microwave digestion and atomic fluorescence spectrometer, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis | 2001 | Peer-reviewed | TW tAs occurrence in Twenty-one market samples of edible fats and oils in Taiwan, including peanut oil, sesame oil, olive oil, sunflower… (n=21) |
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