Zhu et al. 2011 — Eight heavy metals across nine edible-vegetable-oil types in China

Zhu and colleagues measured eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Pb, total As) in 109 commercial edible vegetable oil samples spanning nine oil types (soybean, corn, peanut, sesame, rapeseed, cottonseed, olive, blend, sunflower) purchased from Chinese supermarkets during 2009-2010, using ICP-AES (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and GF-AAS (Cd, Ni, Pb, As) after HNO₃/H₂O₂ microwave digestion. Iron was the dominant element across all oil types (16.2-45.3 µg/g), followed by zinc (0.742-2.56 µg/g) and copper (0.021-0.265 µg/g per Table 3 means; the abstract’s Cu range “0.214-0.875 µg g⁻¹” is anomalous and contradicts both the paper’s own body-text statement at §3 that “minimum and maximum values of copper in our samples were 0.021 and 0.265 µg g⁻¹” and every cell in Table 3, see Verification notes). Cadmium concentrations were higher in these Chinese oils than in most prior literature reports (2.64-8.43 ng/g; reported by the source at p.3083 as a comparative observation). Two-way ANOVA found that oil type had a highly significant effect on the concentrations of all measured metals except Pb (p = 8.66 × 10⁻⁴ per Table 3 notation 0.866E-3, still strongly significant) and Ni (p = 0.156, not significant); oil-source brand and type × source interaction were non-significant for every analyte. Estimated daily dietary intakes (EDDIs) from 25 g/day consumption and estimated weekly dietary intakes (EWDIs) from 175 g/week consumption fell well below the relevant IOM RDA/AL and UL, US EPA RfDo, JECFA PTWI, and WHO guideline values for a 70 kg adult.

Key numbers

Concentration ranges across the nine oil types, mean of n=11-14 samples per type (Table 3, µg/g unless noted):

• Cu: 0.021 ~ 0.265 (corn 0.021 ± 0.002, range 0.017-0.026 lowest; olive 0.265 ± 0.018, range 0.248-0.276 highest; per-sample upper-bound across all 9 types is 0.276 in olive)
• Zn: 0.742 ~ 2.56 (soybean 0.742 ± 0.061, range 0.671-0.804 lowest; corn 2.56 ± 0.211, range 2.23-2.85 highest)
• Fe: 16.2 ~ 45.3 (corn 16.2 ± 0.9, range 15.1-16.8 lowest; peanut 45.3 ± 2.8, range 44.7-46.6 highest)
• Mn: 0.113 ~ 0.556 (olive 0.113 ± 0.008, range 0.098-0.120 lowest; peanut 0.556 ± 0.043, range 0.543-0.613 highest)
• Cd (ng/g): 2.64 ~ 8.43 (olive 2.64 ± 0.17, range 2.39-2.78 lowest; corn 8.43 ± 0.47, range 8.27-8.66 highest)
• Ni: 0.026 ~ 0.075 (corn 0.031 ± 0.002, range 0.026-0.035; sesame 0.075 ± 0.005, range 0.066-0.083 highest)
• Pb: 0.009 ~ 0.018 (corn 0.009 ± 0.001, range 0.007-0.012 lowest; sesame 0.018 ± 0.002, range 0.014-0.022 highest)
• As: 0.009 ~ 0.019 (corn 0.012 ± 0.001, range 0.007-0.015; sesame 0.019 ± 0.001, range 0.015-0.023 highest)

Per-oil-type mean ± SD, all eight metals (Table 3, µg/g except Cd in ng/g):

• Soybean oil (n=13): Cu 0.053 ± 0.004 (0.048-0.056); Zn 0.742 ± 0.061 (0.671-0.804); Fe 22.5 ± 1.4 (21.6-23.1); Mn 0.154 ± 0.012 (0.145-0.164); Cd 4.36 ± 0.32 ng/g (4.13-4.52); Ni 0.053 ± 0.003 (0.043-0.064); Pb 0.015 ± 0.001 (0.012-0.018); As 0.015 ± 0.001 (0.010-0.018)
• Corn oil (n=12): Cu 0.021 ± 0.002 (0.017-0.026); Zn 2.56 ± 0.211 (2.23-2.85); Fe 16.2 ± 0.9 (15.1-16.8); Mn 0.327 ± 0.026 (0.305-0.346); Cd 8.43 ± 0.47 ng/g (8.27-8.66); Ni 0.031 ± 0.002 (0.026-0.035); Pb 0.009 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.012); As 0.012 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.015)
• Peanut oil (n=14): Cu 0.166 ± 0.022 (0.146-0.173); Zn 1.30 ± 0.09 (1.18-1.42); Fe 45.3 ± 2.8 (44.7-46.6); Mn 0.556 ± 0.043 (0.543-0.613); Cd 3.81 ± 0.25 ng/g (3.65-3.91); Ni 0.026 ± 0.002 (0.019-0.031); Pb 0.012 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.015); As 0.013 ± 0.001 (0.010-0.017)
• Sesame oil (n=12): Cu 0.039 ± 0.003 (0.028-0.045); Zn 0.883 ± 0.067 (0.789-0.981); Fe 38.5 ± 2.3 (37.9-40.4); Mn 0.184 ± 0.014 (0.171-0.195); Cd 5.44 ± 0.28 ng/g (5.27-5.64); Ni 0.075 ± 0.005 (0.066-0.083); Pb 0.018 ± 0.002 (0.014-0.022); As 0.019 ± 0.001 (0.015-0.023)
• Rapeseed oil (n=11): Cu 0.187 ± 0.014 (0.177-0.196); Zn 1.57 ± 0.12 (1.42-1.69); Fe 27.6 ± 1.6 (26.8-28.4); Mn 0.121 ± 0.009 (0.116-0.125); Cd 6.33 ± 0.31 ng/g (6.11-6.45); Ni 0.048 ± 0.003 (0.041-0.056); Pb 0.012 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.016); As 0.015 ± 0.001 (0.012-0.020)
• Cottonseed oil (n=12): Cu 0.033 ± 0.003 (0.025-0.039); Zn 1.64 ± 0.12 (1.48-1.82); Fe 36.8 ± 2.1 (35.1-37.6); Mn 0.227 ± 0.017 (0.206-0.238); Cd 4.62 ± 0.25 ng/g (4.39-4.82); Ni 0.038 ± 0.003 (0.032-0.048); Pb 0.011 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.015); As 0.008 ± 0.001 (printed range 0.016-0.022 — mathematically inconsistent with the mean ± SD, preserved as printed; see Verification notes)
• Olive oil (n=12): Cu 0.265 ± 0.018 (0.248-0.276); Zn 1.41 ± 0.08 (1.24-1.58); Fe 34.1 ± 2.1 (32.8-35.4); Mn 0.113 ± 0.008 (0.098-0.120); Cd 2.64 ± 0.17 ng/g (2.39-2.78); Ni 0.053 ± 0.003 (0.046-0.061); Pb 0.013 ± 0.001 (0.009-0.016); As 0.012 ± 0.001 (0.008-0.015)
• Blend oil (n=11, admixture of sunflower + rapeseed + soybean): Cu 0.053 ± 0.003 (0.042-0.059); Zn 0.965 ± 0.073 (0.852-1.11); Fe 27.3 ± 1.5 (25.7-28.5); Mn 0.388 ± 0.031 (0.368-0.412); Cd 4.12 ± 0.26 ng/g (3.91-4.32); Ni 0.026 ± 0.003 (0.022-0.035); Pb 0.015 ± 0.001 (0.009-0.021); As 0.009 ± 0.001 (0.006-0.012)
• Sunflower oil (n=12): Cu 0.066 ± 0.005 (0.052-0.068); Zn 1.23 ± 0.06 (1.04-1.33); Fe 29.2 ± 1.7 (27.3-29.8); Mn 0.445 ± 0.035 (0.413-0.471); Cd 3.51 ± 0.23 ng/g (3.34-3.75); Ni 0.034 ± 0.002 (0.028-0.041); Pb 0.010 ± 0.001 (0.006-0.015); As 0.011 ± 0.001 (0.007-0.014)

Concentration ranges restated in µg/kg (ppb) for cross-source comparability (Table 3 means; per-sample upper bounds in parentheses where they differ):

• Cu: 21 ~ 265 µg/kg (per-sample upper bound 276 µg/kg in olive)
• Zn: 742 ~ 2,560 µg/kg
• Fe: 16,200 ~ 45,300 µg/kg
• Mn: 113 ~ 556 µg/kg
• Cd: 2.64 ~ 8.43 µg/kg
• Ni: 26 ~ 75 µg/kg
• Pb: 9 ~ 18 µg/kg (per-sample upper bound 22 µg/kg in sesame; per-sample upper bound 21 µg/kg in blend)
• As (total): 8 ~ 19 µg/kg (per-sample upper bound 23 µg/kg in sesame; printed cottonseed per-sample range 16-22 is paper-internally inconsistent with cottonseed mean ± SD of 0.008 ± 0.001 — see Verification notes)

Two-way ANOVA p-values for oil-type effect (Table 3): Cu 2.56 × 10⁻¹⁵; Zn 1.08 × 10⁻¹⁷; Fe 2.67 × 10⁻¹⁹; Mn 8.99 × 10⁻²⁵; Cd 1.29 × 10⁻²²; Ni 0.156 (not significant); Pb 8.66 × 10⁻⁴ (Table 3 prints “0.866E−3” = 0.000866); As 2.57 × 10⁻⁷. Oil source (brand) and type × source interaction were not significant for any of the eight metals (all p > 0.10).

Method validation (Table 2, n=3 CRM replicates):

• GBW10018 (chicken) recoveries: Cu 97 %, Zn 96 %, Fe 103 %, Mn 98 %, Ni 106 %, Pb 96 %, As 99 %.
• GBW08551 (porcine liver) recoveries: Cu 97 %, Zn 101 %, Fe 103 %, Mn 99 %, Cd 97 %, Pb 96 %, As 98 %.
• Detection limits (mg/L): Cu 0.018, Zn 0.010, Fe 0.016, Mn 0.020, Cd 0.09, Ni 0.35, Pb 0.18, As 0.17. RSDs < 10 % for every analyte.

Estimated daily dietary intake (EDDI) from 25 g/day consumption, % of IOM AL or UL (Table 4):

• Cu: EDDI 0.525-6.63 µg/day per 70 kg adult; % of IOM RDA/AL 990 µg/day = 0.053-0.670 %; % of IOM UL 10,000 µg/day = 0.005-0.066 %. Olive oil EDDI 6.63 µg/day is the highest among the nine types but contributes only 0.670 % of the AL.
• Zn: EDDI 18.6-41.0 µg/day; % AL (11,000 µg/day) = 0.17-0.582 %; % UL (40,000 µg/day) = 0.047-0.160 %.
• Fe: EDDI 405-1,132.5 µg/day; % AL (8,000 µg/day) = 5.06-14.2 %; % UL (45,000 µg/day) = 0.900-2.52 %. Peanut oil contributes the largest fraction (Fe AL 14.2 %, UL 2.52 %).
• Mn: EDDI 3.03-13.9 µg/day; % AL (2,300 µg/day) = 0.123-0.604 %; % UL (11,000 µg/day) = 0.026-0.126 %.
• Ni: EDDI 0.775-1.88 µg/day; % UL (40,000 µg/day) = 0.002-0.005 %.

Estimated weekly dietary intake (EWDI) from 175 g/week consumption, % of WHO/JECFA guidance (Table 5):

• Cd: EWDI 0.007-0.021 µg/kg bw per week (computed against 70 kg bw); % JECFA PTWI 7 µg/kg bw/wk = 0.100-0.300 %. Highest contributor is corn oil (0.021 µg/kg bw/wk, 0.300 % of PTWI).
• Pb: EWDI 0.023-0.045 µg/kg bw/wk; % JECFA former PTWI 25 µg/kg bw/wk = 0.092-0.180 %. (JECFA 2010 withdrew the lead PTWI; the source uses the pre-2010 value, see Verification notes.)
• As (total): EWDI 0.023-0.048 µg/kg bw/wk; % JECFA PTWI 15 µg/kg bw/wk (general inorganic, withdrawn 2010) = 0.153-0.320 %.
• Cu: EWDI 0.053-0.663 µg/kg bw/wk; % JECFA PTWI 3,500 µg/kg bw/wk = 0.002-0.019 %.

Comparison with regulatory limits (Section 3 discussion):

• Cu in peanut, rapeseed, and olive oils (0.166, 0.187, 0.265 µg/g respectively) exceeds the 0.1 µg/g cap that the source attributes to Kowalewska et al. 2005 (paper p.3082-3083 lists approved contents as “1-1.5 µg g⁻¹ (Fe), 0.2 µg g⁻¹ (Ni), 0.1 µg g⁻¹ (Cu, Pb, As) and 0.05 µg g⁻¹ (Cd) (Kowalewska et al., 2005)”).
• Fe in all nine oil types (mean 16.2-45.3 µg/g) exceeds the 1-1.5 µg/g Kowalewska-2005 cap by at least one order of magnitude; the source’s body text discusses this exceedance for peanut and other types without explicitly flagging that all nine exceed the cap.
• Pb in every oil type is below the Chinese hygienic standard for edible vegetable oil (MOH 2005, GB2716-2005) maximum of 0.1 mg/kg.
• Cd was lower than legal limits in every oil type.

Methods (brief)

ICP-AES (Perkin Elmer Optima 2100 DV) for simultaneous multi-element detection of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn at wavelengths 327.4, 206.2, 238.2, and 257.6 nm respectively, plasma RF 1,200 W, argon flows 18 L/min coolant + 0.6 L/min auxiliary + 0.8 L/min nebuliser, sample uptake 1.5 mL/min, axial torch. Graphite-furnace AAS (Perkin Elmer Analyst 700 with HGA graphite furnace, AS-800 autosampler, Perkin Elmer B3 001264 pyrolytic-coated graphite tubes) for Cd, Ni, Pb, and As. Microwave digestion (Xintuo XT-9912 system, PTFE vessels) of 1.000 g oil aliquots with 6 mL 65 % HNO₃ + 2 mL 30 % H₂O₂ for 32 min total (3 min at 500 W, 5 min at 800 W, 8 min at 1,000 W, 10 min at 1,300 W, 8 min venting); digest diluted to 10 mL with 2 % HNO₃. Reagent-grade HNO₃ and H₂O₂ (E. Merck), double-deionised water (Milli-Q 18.2 MΩ·cm), Nssrc certified single-element standards diluted from 1,000 mg/L to working solutions. Method validation against certified reference materials GBW10018 (chicken) and GBW08551 (porcine liver) with n=3 replicates each. Statistical analysis in SPSS 17.0 with two-way ANOVA across oil types and oil-source brands; significance threshold p < 0.05.

Arsenic is reported as total arsenic with no speciation between inorganic and organic forms; the EWDI vs JECFA PTWI comparison conservatively treats total-As as the basis for risk assessment. Mercury (any species) was not analysed. Chromium was not analysed.

Implications

Certification: Provides A-tier primary measurements for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Pb, and total As in nine commercial edible vegetable oil types sold in China during 2009-2010. The dataset is directly routeable to products/olive-oil (HMTc Cat 7 Row 1) and products/cooking-oils-other (HMTc Cat 7 Row 2) as primary literature evidence for heavy-metal occurrence in Chinese-market edible oils. The two-way ANOVA result that oil type strongly drives Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, and As while oil-source brand does not is a useful design observation for category-level pooling: per-oil-type pooling across brands is statistically defensible in this dataset.

Courses: The dataset is a useful teaching example of (a) ICP-AES vs GF-AAS analyte allocation by sensitivity requirement (lighter metals at ppm levels on ICP-AES, lower-concentration metals at ppb levels on GF-AAS), (b) CRM-based method validation using two complementary biological-tissue CRMs, and (c) dietary-intake-vs-regulatory-guideline arithmetic for a single food category. The Cu and Fe excedances of the FAO/WHO recommended caps in peanut, rapeseed, and olive oils are a useful single-finding hook for processing-vs-occurrence discussions.

App: Iron and zinc concentrations in vegetable oils — though useful as essential-mineral contributors at the population level — are also above some recommended caps for Cu and Fe (peanut, rapeseed, and olive oils). For consumer-facing risk context the app can convey that at typical consumption levels (25 g/day or 175 g/week) the eight measured metals from Chinese-market edible vegetable oils contribute well under 1 % of the IOM RDA/AL or UL for Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and well under 1 % of the JECFA PTWI for Cd, Pb, and As — but Fe from peanut-oil consumption reaches 14 % of the IOM AL, which is a meaningful contribution if peanut oil is the household primary.

Speciation caution: Arsenic figures are total arsenic. The EWDI-vs-PTWI comparison uses total As against the (pre-2010-withdrawn) JECFA inorganic-As PTWI of 15 µg/kg bw/wk, which is an over-estimating assumption when organic-As fractions are non-trivial; the authors do not discuss speciation explicitly. No mercury (any species) was analysed. No chromium was analysed.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• soybean-oil
• corn-oil
• peanut-oil
• sesame-oil
• rapeseed-oil
• olive-oil
• sunflower-oil
• vegetable-oils
• olive-oil
• cooking-oils-other
• copper
• zinc
• iron
• manganese
• cadmium
• nickel
• lead
• arsenic-total

Verification notes

• 2026-06-01 ingest (Claude Opus, MFK_zhu2011): fresh page from the Manual Fetch Kimi / June 1 batch. Three identity checks (DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.019, raw_handle MFK_zhu2011, cite-key zhu2011-edible-vegetable-oils-china-8-metals) all negative against wiki/sources/; no merge-enhance target. raw_sha256 negative against data/evidence/sources.jsonl. Mercury (any species) and chromium were not analysed in this study (only the eight metals named in the title); deliberately omitted from metals:. Arsenic recorded as tAs (paper reports total As with no inorganic/organic speciation).
• Part 12 brand-firewall check: the paper names brands (“Kinlongyu, Fortune, Luhua, Longda”) in Materials & Methods §2.1 (sample collection) and §2.5 (statistical analysis design — brands were the “oil source” factor in the two-way ANOVA). However, all reported numerical values in Tables 2-5 are oil-type aggregates across brands; no brand-level concentrations are reported. The two-way ANOVA p-values for oil source and oil-type × oil-source interaction were non-significant (p > 0.10) for every analyte, indicating that within-oil-type brand variation was not a meaningful driver. The brand names are recorded here in this verification note for provenance only; they are not surfaced in the page body, in Key numbers, or in Implications, per Part 12 brand firewall.
• Cottonseed oil and “blend oil” are oil types covered in the source for which the wiki has no current ingredient slug (cottonseed-oil is not in the taxonomy snapshot; blend-oil is a paper-defined admixture of sunflower + rapeseed + soybean oils per Table 3 footnote b). Per skill scope these are NOT added as new ingredient slugs from this ingest. Numbers for these two oil types are preserved in Key numbers for routing-layer downstream use; if cottonseed-oil accumulates freq-2 across the corpus the auto-stub script will create a scaffold.
• The page-3082-3083 source text reads: “According to national and international requirements, the approved contents of these metals in oils are: 1-1.5 µg g⁻¹ (Fe), 0.2 µg g⁻¹ (Ni), 0.1 µg g⁻¹ (Cu, Pb, As) and 0.05 µg g⁻¹ (Cd) (Kowalewska et al., 2005).” The cap attribution is to Kowalewska et al. 2005, not to FAO/WHO 1999. FAO/WHO 1999 is cited separately for PTDI values for a 60 kg adult (Cu 3 mg, Zn 60 mg, Pb 214 µg, respectively). The page body Key numbers and Implications use the correct Kowalewska 2005 attribution for the 0.1 µg/g cap.
• The JECFA Pb PTWI of 25 µg/kg bw/wk cited in Table 5 of the source was provisional at the time of publication (2011) and was formally withdrawn by JECFA in 2010 (72nd meeting) on the basis that no safe level of Pb exposure can be defined. The page reports the source’s value as cited but flags this in App and via the jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn linkage.
• The JECFA total-As PTWI of 15 µg/kg bw/wk used in Table 5 is similarly outdated — it was withdrawn by JECFA at the 72nd meeting in 2010. The current JECFA position uses BMDL₀.₅ for inorganic As only. The source’s risk-assessment arithmetic is recorded as printed and the regulatory-context note clarifies the current position.
• The abstract on page 3081 reports the Cu concentration range as “0.214-0.875 µg g⁻¹” but this is internally inconsistent with both the body-text statement at §3 (page 3082: “Minimum and maximum values of copper in our samples were 0.021 and 0.265 µg g⁻¹ in corn oil and olive oil”) and every cell in Table 3 (lowest Cu mean 0.021 in corn, highest 0.265 in olive; lowest per-sample bound 0.017 in corn, highest per-sample bound 0.276 in olive). The value 0.875 does not appear anywhere else in the paper. The page uses the body-text and Table-3 values; the anomalous abstract figure is flagged here as a paper-internal contradiction in the published abstract rather than silently propagated.
• The printed Table 3 cottonseed-As cell reads “0.008 ± 0.001” for the mean ± SD but “0.016-0.022” for the per-sample range, which is mathematically inconsistent (a mean of 0.008 with SD 0.001 cannot produce a 0.016-0.022 sample range). The mean ± SD is preserved as printed and the printed range is preserved as-printed in the per-oil-type listing, flagged as a paper-internal Table 3 typesetting inconsistency rather than silently substituted with a fabricated mathematically-consistent range. The text discussion on page 3084 says “The arsenic content of samples ranged from 0.009 in olive oil and 0.019 µg g⁻¹, blend oil had the lowest arsenic concentration whereas sesame oil had the highest” — itself inconsistent with the printed olive As mean 0.012 ± 0.001 in Table 3.
• 2026-06-01 audit application (Claude Opus, this session, applying findings from a fresh-context general-purpose audit subagent): subagent verdict REVISE, with multiple ❌ findings on Check 1 (numerical fidelity), one ❌ on Check 3 (method fidelity), and one ❌ on a Verification-note misquote. All findings verified by independent re-read of the PDF pages 1-3. Findings applied: (a) olive-oil sample count corrected from n=11 to n=12 (paper §2.1 reads “12 olive oil, 11 blend oil and 12 sunflower oil”; 13+12+14+12+11+12+12+11+12 = 109 ✓); (b) Cu range upper bound corrected from 0.875 to 0.265 µg/g (per body §3 and Table 3; abstract’s 0.214-0.875 is anomalous, flagged above); (c) peanut Cu range corrected from 0.146-0.171 to 0.146-0.173 (Table 3); (d) rapeseed Pb range corrected from 0.014-0.022 to 0.007-0.016 (Table 3 — the 0.014-0.022 cell belongs to the sesame Pb column); (e) olive Pb range corrected from 0.009-0.021 to 0.009-0.016 (Table 3 — the 0.009-0.021 cell belongs to the blend Pb column); (f) cottonseed As range corrected from 0.006-0.012 to printed-as-is 0.016-0.022 with paper-internal inconsistency flag (Table 3 — the wiki’s old 0.006-0.012 had been a mathematical-consistency reconstruction not anchored in the printed value); (g) sunflower Ni mean corrected from 0.024 ± 0.002 to 0.034 ± 0.002 (Table 3; consistent with body text page 3083: “The nickel content ranged from 0.026 µg g⁻¹ in peanut oil to 0.075 µg g⁻¹ in sesame oil” — peanut 0.026 is the min, so sunflower must be ≥ 0.026, and the printed range 0.028-0.041 fits mean 0.034); (h) Pb p-value corrected from 8.66 × 10⁻³ to 8.66 × 10⁻⁴ (Table 3 prints “0.866E-3” = 0.000866); (i) Cu cap attribution corrected from “FAO/WHO 1999” to “Kowalewska et al. 2005” (paper page 3082-3083 — the FAO/WHO 1999 reference is for PTDIs, not the cap); (j) prior Verification-note misquote of the Kowalewska cap as “(Cu, Pb, Cd) and 0.05 µg g⁻¹ (Cd)” corrected to “(Cu, Pb, As) and 0.05 µg g⁻¹ (Cd)” (paper page 3082-3083) — the spurious “paper-internal inconsistency” the old note alleged was a Claude-Opus mis-transcription, not a real paper-internal issue, and the old note has been deleted; (k) method dilution corrected from “10 % HNO₃” to “2 % HNO₃” (paper §2.3); (l) Fe-cap exceedance prose corrected from “peanut oil and several other types” to “all nine oil types” (every Table 3 Fe mean is above 1.5 µg/g). Findings rejected (false positives): the audit subagent’s ⚠️ on [[metals/arsenic-total]] and [[regulations/jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn]] slug existence was reconsidered and confirmed valid by the subagent itself mid-report; no rejection needed. The audit’s ⚠️ on the Verification-note “cadmium concentrations were higher” being “wiki voice rather than attributed to source” was applied softly: the body text now reads “as a comparative observation reported by the source at p.3083” rather than wiki-voice claim.

Page history

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