Zinc is an essential nutrient whose main health question in the cited evidence is deficiency, while zinc smelting raises zinc together with cadmium and lead in nearby soil, grain and people.
- Role: An essential trace element; in animal studies deficiency lowers growth, bone enzyme activity and offspring vaccine responses.
- Main exposure: Staple grains, beans, bread, breast milk and infant formula, supplements, and soil, water and crops near zinc smelters.
- Key distinction: Low zinc status and contamination are separate questions; milling, rice polishing and low-cadmium rice breeding can each lower the zinc that reaches food.
This page draws on 31 peer-reviewed studies and 1 other cited source. The complete citation list is at the bottom of the page.
Overview
This page carries zinc as cross-metal context for an index of toxic metals. Zinc is an essential trace element, and the cited papers treat it mainly as a nutrient whose shortfall causes harm: after iron deficiency, zinc deficiency is described as the most common micronutrient deficiency in developing countries 1. Serum zinc fell through pregnancy and breast milk zinc fell over early lactation in Enugu, Nigeria, and serum zinc in Lagos children was below the reference range the authors cite, lowest during sickle cell painful crisis 2 3.
Zinc also travels with toxic metals. Around a zinc smelter in Guizhou, China, zinc rose together with cadmium, lead and copper in irrigation water, soil, forage, grain and the hair and blood of residents, and all four fell with distance from the smelter 4. In rice, the transporter gene that moves cadmium into grain also moves zinc, so a mutant with less grain cadmium also had less grain zinc 5.
Toxicology
Deficiency in animal studies
Rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (analyzed at 0.3 mg/kg, against 35.1 mg/kg in the adequate diet) ate less and reached a final body weight of 219.7 g, compared with 347.8 g in zinc-adequate rats 6. Alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma, liver, kidney and small intestine was lower in deficient rats than in rats pair-fed the adequate diet, which the authors read as an effect of zinc deficiency rather than of reduced food intake 6.
In mice, a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy reduced the offspring’s antibody and T-cell responses to hepatitis B vaccination, even though offspring serum zinc no longer differed by six weeks of age 7. Zinc supplementation in the last week of pregnancy restored maternal serum zinc but did not fully restore the offspring antibody response 7.
Excess and co-exposure
The cited toxicology chapter attaches zinc as an essential-metal-with-toxicity-potential node, covering zinc transport, essentiality, deficiency, high-dose toxicity, metal fume fever, neuronal toxicity, and pancreatic toxicity context 8. It is a toxicology source, not a food occurrence dataset.
Residents near the Guizhou smelter had hypochromic microcytic anemia, lower serum antioxidant capacity and lower serum protein than controls, which the authors attribute to heavy metal contamination in general, with cadmium and lead given the main role 4. That design cannot separate any zinc effect from cadmium and lead effects. The cited evidence does not establish a dietary zinc intake at which harm begins.
Typical exposure routes
Diet
Plant-based diets built on cereals and legumes are described as poor in bioavailable zinc because phytate inhibits zinc absorption 1. In one Iranian flatbread, the phytate to zinc molar ratio was 10.83 in plain bread and 1.41 or 2.52 in breads made with zinc-fortified flour 1. Infants receive zinc from breast milk or formula 9 2.
Supplements
Three multivitamin tablets bought in Spain contained 1.55, 2.84 and 15.12 mg of zinc per tablet, close to their nominal contents 10. In an American clinic sample, people with autism received zinc picolinate daily for at least eight weeks, and plasma zinc rose 11.
Industrial sources
Near the Guizhou smelter, the authors identify airborne dispersion of smelter particles and the use of smelter wastewater to irrigate pastures and farmland as sources of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in soil 4.
Soil measurements without crop data
One Nilore, Islamabad soil characterization reported zinc of 26.73 µg/g by bulk elemental analysis (Table 2). The source does not state a wet/dry basis or replicated uncertainty. This is a local soil result; it does not measure food occurrence or crop transfer 12.
Fourteen industrial-zone soils near Arzew had zinc mean 147.36 mg/kg, median 137.56 mg/kg and maximum 285.7 mg/kg. The mapped surface extends above 400 mg/kg, a separate graphical result that does not replace observed extrema. These are air-dried soil summaries, with no measured crop uptake (Table 2; Figure 3) 13.
Skin contact
One study reports zinc findings in market-purchased clays used for topical sun protection in Durban, South Africa 14. The measurements concern dried and ground material from a limited local sampling frame. They do not establish zinc concentrations in formulated sunscreen, release to skin or absorbed dose.
Biomarker studies
A multicentric case-control study reports urinary metal biomarkers and early-puberty associations in girls recruited across six Spanish hospitals during 2018 to 2022 15. The source keeps case and control summaries, detection frequencies and observational effect estimates separate. A single urine measurement and case-control sampling cannot establish exposure before puberty onset, causality, or a particular consumer-product source.
Food sources
The measured food values below come from small product sets, experiments or one contaminated area. None is a market survey, so none describes typical zinc levels in a food category.
| Study / location | Material / design | Metal species | Value (units and basis) | n | Interpretation / limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 Spain | Soluble cocoa, one product, flame AAS | total zinc | 57.90 ± 1.00 µg/g, dry weight | 1 product, triplicate | Method-application example; agrees with wet digestion (55.41 µg/g) |
| 21 Spain | Soluble coffee, two products | total zinc | 33.27 ± 0.68 and 53.18 ± 0.68 µg/g, dry weight | 2 products, triplicate | Two products only; no brand or origin detail |
| 18 Guizhou, China, smelter area vs control county | Corn, rice and wheat grain from local farmland, dried | total zinc | Corn 27.14 vs 17.14; rice 33.53 vs 13.57; wheat 35.46 vs 15.46 mg/kg, dry weight (mean ± SE) | not stated | Affected-area grain higher than control (P < 0.01); one farm area |
| 17 Isfahan, Iran | Taftoon bread, plain and made with zinc sulfate fortified flour | total zinc | 1.35, 5.72 and 10.10 mg/100 g | trial loaves | Basis not stated; fortified with 50 or 100 mg zinc per kg flour |
| 22 Norway, growth chamber | Wheat grain selected for imaging | total zinc | 42 to 99 mg/kg | 6 grains | Pot trial; grains chosen for high zinc |
| 23 Spain, experimental lines | Wild-type rice embryo and endosperm | total zinc | 102 ± 2 and 21 ± 1 µg/g, dry weight | not stated in text | Endosperm is what remains after polishing |
| 24 Brazil | Six common bean cultivars, raw | total zinc | 33.8 to 43.1 mg/kg, dry basis | 6 cultivars, triplicate | Research cultivars, not market beans |
| 24 Brazil | Same cultivars after four home cooking methods | total zinc | Grains 25.3 to 38.8; broth 0.8 to 16.1 mg/kg, dry matter | 6 cultivars, triplicate | Most zinc stays in the grain |
| 25 Tehran, Iran | Breast milk at 2 months; two infant formula brands | total zinc | 2.95 ± 0.77 mg/L (milk); 3.98 ± 0.25 mg/L (formula) | 30 mothers; 2 brands | Difference not significant; two brands cannot describe the market |
| 26 Enugu, Nigeria | Breast milk from day 0 to 3 through day 13 to 15 | total zinc | 71.52 ± 4.06 falling to 54.18 ± 3.44 µg/dL | 10 to 22 per interval | Cross-sectional by lactation day |
Foods named in these studies: cocoa, coffee, corn, rice, wheat, bread made from wheat flour, beans including black beans, breast milk and infant formula. In the Guizhou smelter area, sheep muscle and liver also carried more zinc than control animals (141.13 vs 113.56 and 233.93 vs 137.79 mg/kg, dried tissue) 4.
Nahavand farm study: evidence limitations
A Nahavand farm study states sugar-beet biomass zinc greater than 3,400 mg/kg dry weight, while its crop panel has an axis ending near 600 mg/kg. The discrepancy remains unresolved; the high value is not silently reassigned to soil. Whole aerial biomass cannot establish sugar-beet-root concentrations (Results p10; Figure 3) 16.
Banat soil-nettle-snail study
A Banat field study reports a soil-to-nettle zinc correlation of 0.93 (P<0.01) across its field sites (Table 1) 17. Figure 2 shows differing zinc burdens in snail foot and hepatopancreas. The soil measurement is a dilute-nitric-acid extract, and tissue concentrations are dry-weight values from pooled wild snails. Neither the correlation nor the graphical concentration estimates establish zinc levels in consumer foods.
Ganga freshwater-fish study: qualified evidence
A River Ganga basin fish study reports 32.41 ± 2.55 µg/g zinc in L. rohita gill, rather than C. catla gill as stated in its abstract (Table 4) 18. The abstract’s 4.77 ± 0.34 µg/g example is a lead result in C. reba gill, not zinc. Table values retain their explicit tissue assignment and unresolved wet/dry basis; neither gill result is a muscle-food observation.
Additional geographic evidence
The survey compares nine elements in medicinal plant materials collected in disturbed and control environments in Russia’s Voronezh region during 2015 to 2020 19. The reported ranges preserve tissue and environmental setting; the paper also proposes regional background means across species. Supports geographic and tissue-specific contamination evidence for botanical raw materials and environmental attribution hypotheses. It does not measure finished supplements or isolate an individual polluter’s causal contribution.
Premna latifolia leaves collected in three Andhra Pradesh villages had different reported elemental concentrations 20. Village-specific values are preserved as local leafy-vegetable evidence; the paper supplies no replicate counts or uncertainty estimates. Supports geographic variation in six elements in a specific wild edible leaf. It does not establish nutritional adequacy, safety, or a regional market distribution. The source’s characterization of aluminum as an essential nutrient is not adopted.
Celery roots and garden soils from 26 households in a historically polluted Romanian area showed wide cadmium and lead variation in 2021 to 2022 21. Soil results use dry weight, while edible celeriac results use fresh weight; these paired measurements preserve a legacy-contamination pathway without assigning sole liability to any facility. Supports historical industrial-burden and present edible-root occurrence evidence. Celery here is celeriac, not stalk celery; the product category is root/tuber vegetables. Geographic sampling is targeted to a polluted area and is not a national market sample.
The study analyzes metal contamination patterns across two historic Romanian mining areas and a reference area 22. The PCA study reproduces vegetable concentrations and male hazard quotients from an earlier 2011 study; these remain linked secondary observations rather than additional independent samples. Supports legacy mining and tissue/region differences. Parsley root and leaf remain distinct, as do carrot root and leaf. The fresh-matter food table is retained with cohort linkage so that a reanalysis cannot inflate the evidence pool. Source THQ rankings are model results, not clinical outcomes.
Regulatory limits
None of the cited papers states a regulatory maximum level for zinc in food, water or feed. The values they do state are nutritional or clinical reference points, each quoted from other literature:
- A recommended dietary allowance of 8 mg/day for adult women, against which Iranian trial participants were eating 60 to 70% from diet 1.
- WHO phytate to zinc molar ratio categories: 15 or more for low, 5 to 15 for moderate and under 5 for high zinc bioavailability 1.
- A normal serum zinc range of 0.75 to 1.0 mg/L 23, and an international normal range of 50 to 150 µg/dL 3.
- A whole blood zinc normal range of 3.1 to 9.8 mg/L, taken from a study of Swedish adolescents 24.
- Labeling thresholds under which a food is a zinc source at 22.5 mg/kg and high in zinc at 45 mg/kg; the paper does not name the jurisdiction 25.
The trial authors conclude that fortifying flour with 50 to 100 mg zinc per kg was effective for zinc-deficient women; that is a study conclusion, not a regulatory standard 1.
Testing
Most of the cited studies measured total zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-MS or ICP-OES:
- A flow injection flame AAS method with ultrasound-assisted water dissolution gave a zinc detection limit of 0.03 µg/mL in solution and agreed with conventional wet acid digestion for cocoa and coffee (paired t-test 0.92 against a critical value of 2.57) 10.
- Whole blood zinc by ICP-MS had a detection limit of 0.22 µg/L and 110.1% recovery against a whole blood reference material 24.
- Wheat grain zinc by ICP-OES was checked against wheat flour reference material SRM 1567a with relative standard deviation under 5% 26; rat tissue analysis reported 97.3 ± 8.0% zinc recovery from bovine liver SRM 1577b 6.
- Zinc distribution within grains was mapped by scanning X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation ICP-MS, showing zinc concentrated in the germ, crease and aleurone of wheat 26 and in the rice embryo 27.
Several clinical papers report zinc with no reference material or recovery data 2 3. One prints plasma zinc in mg/dL, a unit that is not physiologically plausible for the values shown 11. Another reports a median serum zinc of 692.30 µg/L while stating that no patient was outside a normal range of 0.75 to 1.0 mg/L 23. Results also come in different matrices and units (serum in µg/dL or µg/L, whole blood and urine in mg/L, foods on a dry basis), so they cannot be compared directly.
Microbiome effects
The cited evidence does not establish an effect of dietary zinc on the gut microbiome. The one paper that groups people by gastrointestinal disease reports plasma zinc and copper by clinical subgroup and does not measure gut microbes 11.
Vulnerable populations
- Pregnant and lactating women. In Enugu, mean serum zinc fell from 109.75 µg/dL in non-pregnant controls to 85.57 µg/dL in the third trimester, and breast milk zinc fell over the first two weeks of lactation 2.
- Infants. Breast milk at two months in Tehran averaged 2.95 mg/L, and two formulas averaged 3.98 mg/L 9. In mice, zinc deficiency during pregnancy weakened the offspring’s vaccine response 7.
- Children. Whole blood zinc averaged 5.21 mg/L in 911 rural Chinese children aged 6 to 12, and the middle zinc tertile was associated with elevated triglycerides 24. Urinary zinc in Shaanxi children did not differ between those with and without Kashin-Beck disease 28. In Lagos, serum zinc was 26.3 µg/dL in children with sickle cell anemia during painful crisis, 38.4 µg/dL in steady state and 42.7 µg/dL in controls 3.
- Women with low zinc status. Iranian women with serum zinc of 70 µg/dL or less had dietary zinc intakes of about 5 to 6 mg/day 1.
- Kidney transplant recipients. Serum zinc did not differ by mycophenolate mofetil treatment in 115 Polish recipients 23.
- People with autism. In one clinic sample plasma copper was higher than in controls and zinc slightly but not significantly lower 11.
- Residents near zinc smelters. Hair and blood zinc, cadmium and lead were higher in residents next to a Guizhou smelter than in a control county 4.
Mitigation
Mitigation for zinc runs in two directions: keeping enough zinc in food where intake is low, and removing zinc and other metals where contamination is the problem.
Raising zinc in food
- Fortification. One month of bread made from zinc-fortified flour raised serum zinc in deficient women from about 65 µg/dL to 86.8 and 78.73 µg/dL in the two fortified groups, with no change in controls 1.
- Agronomic practice. Soil plus foliar zinc and iron with a single nitrogen dose raised wheat grain zinc by 46% in a pot trial 26. Genetic changes to metal chelator synthesis raised rice endosperm zinc up to 2.5-fold in experimental lines 27.
- Milling and polishing. White wheat flour made mainly from endosperm, with bran discarded, is described as worsening iron and zinc malnutrition because zinc concentrates in the embryo and aleurone 26. Polishing rice removes the embryo, which in wild-type seeds held 102 µg/g zinc against 21 µg/g in the endosperm 27.
- Cooking. Home cooking of beans kept most zinc in the grains, with up to 16.1 mg/kg dry matter in the broth; the authors recommend eating grains with broth 25.
- Breeding trade-off. A rice allele that lowers grain cadmium also lowered grain zinc, and the mutant was sensitive to zinc-deficient conditions 5.
Remediation and agronomic evidence for contamination
This laboratory paper tests aloe leaf powder for zinc and sodium adsorption 29. It is retained as remediation literature with serious quantitative limitations: negative zinc concentration estimates and a reported 500% sodium removal invalidate the paper’s efficacy claims as treatment evidence. Documents an attempted biosorption approach and a reproducibility gap. It cannot support validated percentage removal, potable-water safety or aloe-based treatment efficacy. Sodium data are auxiliary diagnostics.
A 2015 Rostov-region field experiment measured copper, zinc and lead in beetroot and potato grown on artificially metal-amended chernozem 30. Adding mineral fertilizer reduced several crop concentrations relative to the metal-only treatment, while yield responses differed between crops. Supports crop-specific agronomic mitigation and soil-to-crop transfer evidence. Artificially amended experimental crops are not a market-occurrence distribution. Paper limit comparisons remain secondary context.
Column washing of Bangalore-area industrial sludge removed substantially more metals with hydrochloric acid plus EDTA than with distilled water 31. This is a remediation experiment relevant to sludge contamination pathways, with no measurements in food or a demonstrated safe land-application endpoint. Supports laboratory washing and contaminant-transport comparisons. Metal-rich leachate still requires management; the study does not establish agricultural reuse or field-scale safety.
The review covers vegetable-associated metal exposure assessment and microbial/agronomic risk-management approaches 32. Chinese and Russian case-study values are secondary reports; they remain traceable to the cited studies and are not counted as new independent occurrence samples. Supports exposure-method and remediation literature discovery. Bacterial effects can increase as well as decrease uptake depending on organism, metal and plant; the review does not establish a universal inoculant intervention. Secondary model outputs are not contemporary health or certification thresholds.
Open questions
- No cited paper states a regulatory maximum level for zinc in food, water, feed or infant formula; compositional limits for infant formula mentioned elsewhere on this page are not stated in any paper cited here.
- The cited evidence does not establish a dietary intake at which zinc excess becomes harmful, or how zinc interacts with copper status at high intakes.
- No cited paper measures dietary zinc effects on the gut microbiome.
- None of the food measurements is a market survey; typical zinc levels in cocoa, coffee, grains, bread, beans and infant formula remain unestablished by this evidence.
- No cited paper estimates population dietary zinc intake from measured food levels; the intake figures available come from 24-hour recalls and food composition tables.
- Low mean serum zinc in all three Lagos groups, including controls, cannot be separated from possible method bias because analytical quality control is not reported.
- Whether low-cadmium rice alleles can be paired with adequate grain zinc in the field is unresolved.
Frequently asked questions
Is zinc a heavy metal contaminant I should worry about in my food?
No. Zinc is an essential nutrient, not one of the toxic metals at the center of food-contamination concern. The Heavy Metal Index treats zinc only as cross-metal context, because its primary food-safety question is nutritional adequacy (whether enough is present) rather than contamination (whether too much unwanted contaminant is present).
Why does a heavy-metals index even have a zinc page if zinc isn’t a contaminant?
Zinc shows up alongside the toxic-metal analytes in elemental-survey data, since many ICP-MS multi-element methods report zinc as part of the standard analyte set. Some toxicology sources on cadmium and lead also discuss zinc as a competing-uptake or co-toxicity context. When a source’s metals list includes zinc next to toxic metals, the source routing attaches it to this page and the values are recorded for completeness.
Can you have too much zinc, or is more always better?
Zinc’s effects are dose-dependent. Adequate intake supports immune function, wound healing, and child growth, while insufficient intake produces deficiency syndromes prevalent in some populations. High-dose chronic intake, however, can cause copper deficiency, immune impairment, and gastrointestinal effects. The toxicology source Ufelle & Barchowsky 2021 also covers high-dose contexts such as metal fume fever and neuronal and pancreatic toxicity.
How is zinc regulated in infant formula and baby food?
For infant formula and baby food, zinc is handled through compositional requirements rather than contamination limits, meaning the concern is whether enough zinc is present rather than whether too much is. EU compositional rules for infant formula set minimum and maximum zinc levels per 100 kcal, and FDA rules are similar. The Index does not synthesize zinc compositional adequacy, since that work belongs to pediatric-nutrition references.
Does the Heavy Metal Index tell me whether my food has enough zinc?
No. The Index addresses the presence of unwanted contaminants, not the sufficiency of essential nutrients, so zinc adequacy falls outside its scope. Questions about whether a food provides enough zinc belong to pediatric-nutrition and other nutrition references rather than to a heavy-metals-in-food index.
What remains uncertain
The zinc evidence cited here is mostly about status and supply, not contamination. The food values come from a handful of products, pot trials, experimental rice lines, research bean cultivars and one smelter-affected farm area, so they show how zinc varies with processing, agronomy and pollution but do not describe what consumers typically eat.
The human data are small clinical or regional samples measured in different matrices and units, often without reported quality control, and several papers contain internal inconsistencies in units, group labels or sample counts. Associations with pregnancy stage, sickle cell crisis, metabolic markers or autism cannot be read as causal.
Animal studies show harm from zinc deficiency, but the cited evidence gives no dose for harm from excess zinc in food, and around smelters any zinc effect cannot be separated from cadmium and lead.
Sources
- Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23) (2021; textbook-chapter): toxicology overview covering zinc essentiality, deficiency and high-dose toxicity.
- Synthetic phenols, metal(loid)s and early puberty in Spanish girls (2026; peer-reviewed): urinary metal biomarkers in a case-control study.
- Clays from Durban for cosmetic applications (2024; peer-reviewed): zinc in market clays used on skin.
- Electrokinetic remediation of hexavalent chromium from soil (2008; peer-reviewed): single local soil zinc value.
- Soil, water and crop metal pathways in the Nahavand Plain (2026; peer-reviewed): unresolved sugar-beet biomass zinc value.
- Heavy metal(loid)s in petrochemical-complex surface soils, Algeria (2019; peer-reviewed): industrial-zone soil zinc summaries.
- Heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain (2012; peer-reviewed): soil-to-nettle zinc correlation.
- Heavy metals in River Ganga basin fish (2019; peer-reviewed): fish gill zinc with an abstract correction.
- Heavy metals in Voronezh medicinal plant raw materials (2023; peer-reviewed): geographic and tissue variation in botanical materials.
- Aloe vera powder for metal removal from wastewater (2022; peer-reviewed): attempted zinc biosorption with invalid efficacy figures.
- Beetroot and potato on metal-contaminated chernozem (2017; peer-reviewed): agronomic effects on crop zinc, copper and lead.
- Removal of heavy metals from industrial sludge by soil washing (2019; peer-reviewed): laboratory sludge washing.
- Trace elements in Premna latifolia leaves (2024; peer-reviewed): village-level element values in a wild leafy vegetable.
- Metals in soil and celery root, Sibiu County (2022; peer-reviewed): legacy contamination in celeriac (cadmium and lead).
- Risk of heavy metal accumulation in vegetable crops (2021; peer-reviewed): exposure methods and risk-management approaches.
- PCA of vegetable food chain pollution in old mining areas (2012; peer-reviewed): secondary analysis of mining-area vegetables.
- 40 elements in powdered infant formulas (2021; peer-reviewed): listed infant formula element source; not cited in the text above.
- Zinc and Cadmium Compounds (Chapter Seven) (2012; textbook-chapter): listed toxicology source; not cited in the text above.
- Zinc-fortified bread and serum zinc in zinc-deficient women (2012; peer-reviewed): randomized trial with measured bread zinc and phytate ratios.
- Heavy metal contamination near a zinc smelter (2019; peer-reviewed): zinc with cadmium and lead in grain, soil, water, sheep and residents.
- Zinc deficiency, alkaline phosphatase and minerals in rats (2007; peer-reviewed): animal deficiency toxicology.
- Gestational zinc deficiency and offspring vaccine response (2013; peer-reviewed): animal evidence on deficiency in pregnancy.
- Flow injection AAS for iron, manganese and zinc in soluble solids (2012; peer-reviewed): zinc in soluble cocoa, coffee and multivitamin tablets; method performance.
- Nitrogen fertilization and zinc localization in wheat grain (2018; peer-reviewed): agronomic zinc increase and grain distribution.
- Iron and zinc in rice embryo and endosperm (2018; peer-reviewed): embryo versus endosperm zinc and transgenic increases.
- Iron and zinc retention in common beans after home cooking (2012; peer-reviewed): raw and cooked bean zinc and broth losses.
- Zinc and copper in human milk and infant formulas (2010; peer-reviewed): breast milk and two formulas in Tehran.
- Zinc during pregnancy and lactation in Enugu (2011; peer-reviewed): maternal serum and breast milk zinc.
- Serum trace elements in renal transplant recipients (2020; peer-reviewed): serum zinc in kidney transplant patients.
- Whole blood copper, magnesium and zinc in rural Chinese children (2021; peer-reviewed): population whole blood zinc and metabolic markers.
- Urinary selenium and zinc in children from Kashin-Beck disease areas (2022; peer-reviewed): three years of urinary zinc.
- Plasma copper and zinc in autism before and after zinc therapy (2011; peer-reviewed): clinic sample with unit and count inconsistencies.
- Serum zinc and painful crisis in children with sickle cell anemia (2011; peer-reviewed): low serum zinc in Lagos children.
- Ionomic screening of a mutagenized Bangladeshi rice population (2026; peer-reviewed): linked low grain zinc and cadmium in a rice mutant.
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Effect of Consuming Zinc-fortified Bread on Serum Zinc and Iron Status of Zinc-deficient Women: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical TrialPeer-reviewed
- Zinc Concentration during Pregnancy and Lactation in Enugu, South-East NigeriaPeer-reviewed
- Relationship between Painful Crisis and Serum Zinc Level in Children with Sickle Cell AnaemiaPeer-reviewed
- The effect of heavy metal contamination on humans and animals in the vicinity of a zinc smelting facilityPeer-reviewed
- Ionomic Screening of BRRI dhan84 Mutagenized Population Identifies Candidate Genes Underlying High Arsenic and Low Zinc/Cadmium AccumulationPeer-reviewed
- Zinc deficiency negatively affects alkaline phosphatase and the concentration of Ca, Mg and P in ratsPeer-reviewed
- Gestational Zinc Deficiency Impairs Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Vaccination in Offspring MicePeer-reviewed
- Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth EditionTextbook
- Zinc and copper concentrations in human milk and infant formulasPeer-reviewed
- A Green Analytical Method Using Ultrasound in Sample Preparation for the Flow Injection Determination of Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in Soluble Solid Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption SpectrometryPeer-reviewed
- Increased Copper in Individuals with Autism Normalizes Post Zinc Therapy More Efficiently in Individuals with Concurrent GI DiseasePeer-reviewed
- LABORATORY SCALE ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOILPeer-reviewed
- Spatial contamination and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s in surface soils from a petrochemical complex in the north-eastern region of AlgeriaPeer-reviewed
- Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of clays from Durban (South Africa) for applications in cosmeticsPeer-reviewed
- Association of exposure to synthetic phenols and metal(loid)s with early puberty in Spanish girls: a multicentric case–control studyPeer-reviewed
- Soil–water–crop pathways of heavy metal contamination and human health risks in intensive smallholder farms of the Nahavand Plain, IranPeer-reviewed
- Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chainPeer-reviewed
- Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: Possible human health risks evaluationPeer-reviewed
- Study of Peculiarities of Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Medicinal Plant Raw Materials of Synanthropic Flora of Voronezh RegionPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of a Wild Leafy Vegetable (Premna latifolia Roxb.) Samples for Essential Trace Elements using ICP - MS TechniquePeer-reviewed
- HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN SOIL AND CELERY ROOT (APIUM GRAVEOLENS L.) HARVESTED FROM THE POLLUTED AREAS IN SIBIU COUNTY, CENTRAL ROMANIAPeer-reviewed
- Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areasPeer-reviewed
- Serum Selenium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper Concentrations in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Mycophenolate MofetilPeer-reviewed
- Association of whole blood copper, magnesium and zinc levels with metabolic syndrome components in 6-12-year-old rural Chinese children: 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health SurveyPeer-reviewed
- Iron and zinc retention in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after home cookingPeer-reviewed
- Zinc and Iron Concentration as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization and Their Localization in Wheat GrainPeer-reviewed
- Iron and Zinc in the Embryo and Endosperm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seeds in Contrasting 2’-Deoxymugineic Acid/Nicotianamine ScenariosPeer-reviewed
- The Status of Selenium and Zinc in the Urine of Children From Endemic Areas of Kashin-Beck Disease Over Three Consecutive YearsPeer-reviewed
- Efficacy Of Aloe Vera Powder in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Waste WaterPeer-reviewed
- Yield Assessment of Beetroot and Potato, Cultivated on Ordinary Chernozem Contaminated with Heavy MetalsPeer-reviewed
- Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Sludge Using Soil Washing TechniquePeer-reviewed
- Assessment of the Risk of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Vegetable CropsPeer-reviewed
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