Heavy metals in Wheat flour

Quick read

Wheat flour in the HMI library has 705 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, Rb, S and Sr from 29 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and total mercury and others, in 705 results from 29 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the wheat flour was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}

Wheat flour overview

Wheat flour in the HMI library has 705 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, Rb, S and Sr from 29 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in wheat flour, flour or meal from 521 results in 2 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 10 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, wheat flour, flour or meal had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 3 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024) to 150 µg/kg (Caridi et al. 2021).^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium, 4 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 6.56 µg/kg (Zhang et al. 2025) to 42 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024).^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{7Zhang Q, Dou W, Wang Z, Xu X, Jiang T · 2025Safety Risk Assessment and Classification of Cadmium in Grain Processing ProductsFoods 2025, 14(11), 1882Read source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the wheat flour came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as wheat flour

This page covers wheat flour in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: wheat flour, flour or meal (677 results) and wheat flour, as sold (28 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of wheat flour

The table holds every extracted wheat flour result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 705 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

84 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 177 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 20 values from 7 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →}^{8Asadi Touranlou F, Ghasemi S, Gholian Aval M, Hashemi M, Tavakoly Sany SB · 2025Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast IranPLoS ONE 20(7): e0327652Read source →}^{9Liang G, Gong W, Li B, Zuo J, Pan L, Liu X · 2019Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}^{10Noori SMA, Zadehdabagh R, Najafi N, Tishezan L, Zerehpoush M, Mousavi Jazayeri SMH, Hashemi M, Tavakoly Sany SB · 2022Measurement of the Toxic Trace Elements in Commercial Wheat Flours: Potential Health Risk via Dietary IntakeJournal of Chemical Health Risks 12(4), 713-724Read source →}^{11Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Hardisson A, Martín V, Revert C, Fernandes PJP, Lopes DJH, Paz-Montelongo S · 2023Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the AzoresBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}^{12wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City Zuoyin Zhu, Wenbo Guo, Haisheng Cheng, Hanke Zhao, Jie Wang, Mohamed F. Abdallah, Xinli Zhou, Hulong Lei · 2024mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize,Peer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{13Rubio-Armendáriz C, Paz S, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Gomes Furtado V, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A · 2021Toxic Metals in Cereals in Cape Verde: Risk Assessment EvaluationInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3833Read source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of wheat flour, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

688 of 688 findings · 30 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Wheat flour findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

103 findings · 20 studies · 7 spread figures folded in
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported wheat flour2017Dry weight	range.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAsadi et al. 2025	all samples, five Mashhad regions2020Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all samples 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 4 µg/kg (minimum); 245 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 220 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 60 µg/kg (minimum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealBossou et al. 2021	BohiconCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealBossou et al. 2021	CotonouCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealBossou et al. 2021	Cotonou and Parakou combinedCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealBossou et al. 2021	ParakouCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCantoral et al. 2024	Cereals (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCantoral et al. 2024	Cereals (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 5.8 µg/kg (minimum); 33.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Azores marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhu et al. 2024	all samples2021–2022Basis not stated	mean.
8 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO1999–2001As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2002–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2002As sold / fresh	median.

112 findings · 20 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2018–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio-Armendáriz et al. 2021	all wheat flour samples2017–2019As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	all 20 provinces (national average)2023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Beijing province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Fujian province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Guangdong province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Guangxi province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Hebei province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Heilongjiang province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Henan province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Hubei province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Hunan province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Inner Mongolia province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Jiangsu province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Jiangxi province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Jilin province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Liaoning province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Ningxia province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Qinghai province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Shaanxi province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Shanghai province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Sichuan province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhang et al. 2025	Zhejiang province/city, national sampling 2023-20242023–2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ethiopian wheat flour2017Dry weight	range.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported wheat flour2017Dry weight	range.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all samples 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	all seasons 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 1 µg/kg (minimum); 60 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Autumn, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 2 µg/kg (minimum); 30 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Spring, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 5 µg/kg (minimum); 110 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Summer, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20162016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20172016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter 20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 3 µg/kg (minimum); 60 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealNoori et al. 2022	Winter, 2016-20182016–2018Dry weight	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCantoral et al. 2024	all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCantoral et al. 2024	all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 23.6 µg/kg (minimum); 33.4 µg/kg (maximum)
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Wheat flour, flour or mealJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Azores marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhu et al. 2024	all samples2021–2022Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.

52 findings · 9 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2014–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2023As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (LB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (UB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhu et al. 2024	all samples2021–2022Basis not stated	mean.
5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.

5 findings · 3 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (LB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (UB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013As sold / fresh	median.

2 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017As sold / fresh	median.

13 findings · 7 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / fresh	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAsadi et al. 2025	all samples, five Mashhad regions2020Dry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Azores marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio et al. 2023	Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhu et al. 2024	all samples2021–2022Basis not stated	not detected.
6 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.

55 findings · 10 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio-Armendáriz et al. 2021	all wheat flour samples2017–2019As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ethiopian wheat flour2017Dry weight	range.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported wheat flour2017Dry weight	range.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

45 findings · 10 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio-Armendáriz et al. 2021	all wheat flour samples2017–2019As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealZhu et al. 2024	all samples2021–2022Basis not stated	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2002As sold / fresh	median.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.

33 findings · 3 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

57 findings · 6 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I-5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V-5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAltwaiq et al. 2019	cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C1), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F0, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F1, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F2, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F3, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F4, origin Germany (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F5, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F6, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F7, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F8, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F9, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F10, origin UAE (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F11, origin Kuwait (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F12, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F13, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F14, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F15, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F16, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F17, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F18, origin Russia (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F19, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F20, origin India (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F21, origin Iraq (domestic), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F22, origin France (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F23, origin Italy (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F24, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F25, origin Iran (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealWahab et al. 2023	flour sample F26, origin Türkiye (imported), Sulaimani marketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

34 findings · 6 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I-5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V-5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

28 findings · 4 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I-5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V-5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

35 findings · 7 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I-5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (1I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (2I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (3I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (4I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	imported flour (5I), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V-5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (1V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (2V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (3V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (4V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealKrasniqi et al. 2026	locally produced flour (5V), retail markets, Peja2024As sold / fresh	sample value.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	eight Ethiopian samples (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR), pooled2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Imported2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Kakaba (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Local (Wolaita zone (SNNPR) local variety)2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Mossobo2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Obontu (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Ogolcho2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Selam (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Tay (Western Gojjam, Amhara (Adet Agricultural Research Center);2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealAlemu et al. 2022	Yerer (Arsi zone, Oromia (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research2017Dry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample XCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample YCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealIkwebe et al. 2024	flour sample ZCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample X, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Y, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealTutuwa et al. 2023	flour sample Z, JalingoCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealSlepecka et al. 2017	ecologicalCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021	retail flour type S7, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

5 findings · 1 study
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Wheat flour, flour or mealRubio-Armendáriz et al. 2021	all wheat flour samples2017–2019As sold / fresh	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Wheat flour, flour or mealErtl et al. 2018	retail samples, AustriaCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	4.9–4.95 (bounded)	10
Alternative weighting	≤4	4.9–4.95 (bounded)	10

11 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	8	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-18fc893c687c:693a17f06cb7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight. Wheat flour, flour or meal; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤38.5	≤73
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤38.5	≤73

11 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alemu et al. 2022	7	50%
Ertl et al. 2018	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-e3c8b419c0df:ba054bbfee6c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Pb reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤12.4	≤20	5–40 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤12	≤20	≤39.2

42 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	42	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-d5f12ce54852:95d4dc3d7b2f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Cd reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Cd reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	21.8	34.5	43
Alternative weighting	21.8	34.5	43

23 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	20	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-5de57468a96d:1b9555ba1879

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Cd reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Cd reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤17.5	18.8–20 (bounded)	21–23.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤18	19–20 (bounded)	21–23 (bounded)

32 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	32	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-5f0d2543d330:3f2d2fc867d7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour tAs reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour tAs reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3.5	1.75–6.8 (bounded)	3.5–40 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤3.5	1.75–6.8 (bounded)	3.5–40 (bounded)

15 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	12	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-24e9786244fe:2afaae7cd344

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour tAs reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour tAs reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤6.5	≤16.5	≤28.2
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤18.3	≤28.2

21 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	21	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-ce8c4f497399:8feaefb9320c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour iAs reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour iAs reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤13.6	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤13.6	≤20

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-108ddda2cbb6:3c626b3f4f2f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour iAs reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour iAs reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	7	7	7
Alternative weighting	7	7	7

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-637ad97051bf:ab474985c030

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour DMA reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour DMA reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤16	≤18	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤16	≤18	≤20

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-9c433e0c941a:8f64537227c4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.285	≤0.69	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤0.285	≤0.69	≤1

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-2876d30d420a:34f184680435

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight. Wheat flour, flour or meal; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2	≤6	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤2	≤6	≤10

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Asadi et al. 2025	1	50%
Ertl et al. 2018	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-d90a44e2028e:3dfdb43ec56d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour tHg reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤2	0.49–5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤2	0.2–5 (bounded)

22 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	22	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-11a33c24e781:567e305da18f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Ni reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Ni reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	91	110	130
Alternative weighting	91	110	130

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-0408ddac1d09:bee3aa88905d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Cr reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Cr reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-655f9c5afaae:d2ab4336ec9c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Sn reference · Wheat flour, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Sn reference · Wheat flour, as sold. Wheat flour, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤60	≤60	≤60
Alternative weighting	≤60	≤60	≤60

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, as sold on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-4347b07603b9:314c4376016e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Sb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Sb reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight. Wheat flour, flour or meal; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ertl et al. 2018	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ertl et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ertl et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-ceb8a3623ccf:ab7e52d4be2c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour U reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour U reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-191619244a5a:9d45fb62edce

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour U reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour U reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal, dry weight. Wheat flour, flour or meal; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ertl et al. 2018	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ertl et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ertl et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-74e0556dd746:d706644e6949

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Cu reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Cu reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1590	1810	1920
Alternative weighting	1590	1810	1920

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Krasniqi et al. 2026	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Krasniqi et al. 2026 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Krasniqi et al. 2026

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-699c45fbc1ea:5721602377d1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Fe reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Fe reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	7170	13800	19900
Alternative weighting	7170	13800	19900

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Krasniqi et al. 2026	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Krasniqi et al. 2026 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Krasniqi et al. 2026

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-a448d70a824a:171ab420d0f2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Mn reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Mn reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	4060	4430	5870
Alternative weighting	4060	4430	5870

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Krasniqi et al. 2026	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Krasniqi et al. 2026 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Krasniqi et al. 2026

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-e3a8b97da787:d38dcbbf4795

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI wheat flour Zn reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI wheat flour Zn reference · Wheat flour, flour or meal. Wheat flour, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	6480	11800	17300
Alternative weighting	6480	11800	17300

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Krasniqi et al. 2026	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for wheat flour, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Krasniqi et al. 2026 is the only compatible sampling family for wheat flour, flour or meal on this basis in the completed wheat flour ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Krasniqi et al. 2026

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:wheat-flour-160b71eea9dd:987feb6ac307

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach wheat flour

No study in the library compared wheat flour from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in wheat flour, flour or meal pools 11 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of between 4.9 and 4.95 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and 10 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} For lead in wheat flour, flour or meal, the reference median was below 38.5 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 4 to below 73 µg/kg across 11 units.^{6Alemu A, Teshome E, Yohannes M · 2022Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaJournal of Nutritional ScienceRead source →}^{14Ertl K, Goessler W · 2018Grains, whole flour, white flour, and some final goods: an elemental comparisonEuropean Food Research and Technology 2018, 244: 2065-2075Read source →} For lead in wheat flour, as sold, the reference median was below 20 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 12.4 to between 5 and 40 µg/kg across 42 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, wheat flour, flour or meal had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in PAHO (22.7 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (23.8 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted wheat flour, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 12 µg/kg, against 20 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 15 groups of wheat flour ranged from 29 µg/kg (Autumn 2016) to 87 µg/kg (Autumn 2017); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{10Noori SMA, Zadehdabagh R, Najafi N, Tishezan L, Zerehpoush M, Mousavi Jazayeri SMH, Hashemi M, Tavakoly Sany SB · 2022Measurement of the Toxic Trace Elements in Commercial Wheat Flours: Potential Health Risk via Dietary IntakeJournal of Chemical Health Risks 12(4), 713-724Read source →} In another study, cadmium across 20 groups of wheat flour ranged from 6.56 µg/kg (Heilongjiang province/city, national sampling 2023-2024) to 22.7 µg/kg (Henan province/city, national sampling 2023-2024); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{7Zhang Q, Dou W, Wang Z, Xu X, Jiang T · 2025Safety Risk Assessment and Classification of Cadmium in Grain Processing ProductsFoods 2025, 14(11), 1882Read source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for wheat flour

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing wheat flour for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 4 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 50 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (Liang et al. 2019) to 300 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{9Liang G, Gong W, Li B, Zuo J, Pan L, Liu X · 2019Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying wheat flour

No maximum level for metals in wheat flour was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from wheat flour

No source in the library converted wheat flour concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names wheat flour was decided on its content: 29 occurrence extracted, 29 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Wheat flour FAQs

What heavy metals are found in wheat flour?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, Rb, S and Sr in wheat flour, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source →}^{4Krasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, Pehlivani K · 2026Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketInternational Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026)Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in wheat flour, flour or meal from 521 results in 2 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 10 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in wheat flour?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, wheat flour, flour or meal had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in PAHO (22.7 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (23.8 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in wheat flour is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 6 results from 3 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{15EFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, Gómez Ruiz JA · 2021Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA JournalRead source →}^{16European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 5 µg/kg (EFSA 2021) to 12.5 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014).^{15EFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, Gómez Ruiz JA · 2021Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA JournalRead source →}^{16European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationCaridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, et al. · Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/app11083646Peer-reviewed
Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Safety of White Wheat Flour: A Comparative Analysis of Local and Imported Products in the Kosovo MarketKrasniqi Z, Elshani A, Trajkovska B, and Pehlivani K · International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) 16(2): 193-198 (2026) · 2026 · doi.org/10.31407/ijees16.226Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in wheat flour and health risk assessment among consumers in EthiopiaAlemu A, Teshome E, and Yohannes M · Journal of Nutritional Science · 2022 · doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.70Peer-reviewed
Safety Risk Assessment and Classification of Cadmium in Grain Processing ProductsZhang Q, Dou W, Wang Z, Xu X, and Jiang T · Foods 2025, 14(11), 1882 · 2025 · doi.org/10.3390/foods14111882Peer-reviewed
Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast IranAsadi Touranlou F, Ghasemi S, Gholian Aval M, Hashemi M, and Tavakoly Sany SB · PLoS ONE 20(7): e0327652 · 2025 · doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327652Peer-reviewed
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaLiang G, Gong W, Li B, Zuo J, Pan L, and Liu X · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2019 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060909Peer-reviewed
Measurement of the Toxic Trace Elements in Commercial Wheat Flours: Potential Health Risk via Dietary IntakeNoori SMA, Zadehdabagh R, Najafi N, Tishezan L, Zerehpoush M, Mousavi Jazayeri SMH, et al. · Journal of Chemical Health Risks 12(4), 713-724 · 2022 · doi.org/10.22034/jchr.2021.1935256.1354Peer-reviewed
Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the AzoresRubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Hardisson A, Martín V, Revert C, Fernandes PJP, et al. · Biological Trace Element Research · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03643-xPeer-reviewed
mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize,wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City Zuoyin Zhu, Wenbo Guo, Haisheng Cheng, Hanke Zhao, Jie Wang, Mohamed F. Abdallah, et al. · Peer-reviewed article · 2024 · doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134695Peer-reviewed
Toxic Metals in Cereals in Cape Verde: Risk Assessment EvaluationRubio-Armendáriz C, Paz S, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Gomes Furtado V, González-Weller D, Revert C, et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3833 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073833Peer-reviewed
Grains, whole flour, white flour, and some final goods: an elemental comparisonErtl K and Goessler W · European Food Research and Technology 2018, 244: 2065-2075 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1007/s00217-018-3117-1Peer-reviewed
Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, and Gómez Ruiz JA · EFSA Journal · 2021 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6380Government
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Wheat flour Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every wheat flour record in the library: 29 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

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EFSA

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Heavy metals in Wheat flour

Wheat flour overview

What counts as wheat flour

Heavy metal contamination profile of wheat flour

How metals reach wheat flour

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for wheat flour

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing wheat flour for metals

Buying and verifying wheat flour

Exposure from wheat flour

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Wheat flour FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View