Beer in the HMI library has 476 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 22 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →5Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beersCiência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, 23(2): 285-289Read source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 476 results from 22 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →
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Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the beer was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →
Beer overview
Beer in the HMI library has 476 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 22 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →5Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beersCiência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, 23(2): 285-289Read source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in beer, as sold from 5,381 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1 to 1.65 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In the US Total Diet Study, beer, as sold had a median lead result below 1 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →
Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 2 µg/kg (Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013) to 8.2 µg/kg (Dabeka et al. 1995).7The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →8Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source → For cadmium, 2 studies with the basis not stated reported means and medians from 0.1 µg/kg (Dabeka et al. 1995) to 1.4 µg/kg (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022).8Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source →9Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentWHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA)Read source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the beer came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as beer
This page covers beer in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: beer, as sold (470 results) and beer, canned (6 results).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →5Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beersCiência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, 23(2): 285-289Read source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Heavy metal contamination profile of beer
The table holds every extracted beer result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 476 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source →5Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beersCiência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, 23(2): 285-289Read source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
3 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 6 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded.
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of beer, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 101 findings from 10 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
452 of 452 findings · 26 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
96 findings · 10 studies · 5 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2015 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2015 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2000–2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2009–2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 0.7 µg/kg (minimum); 5.7 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | all samplesCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | all samplesCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, aluminum canCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, glass bottleCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, industrial plantCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, rural plantCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 1: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 2: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 3: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 4: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 5: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 6: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 7: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 8: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 9: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 10: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 11: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 12: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 13: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 14: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 15: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 16: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 17: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 18: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 19: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 20: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 21: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 22: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 23: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 24: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 25: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 26: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 27: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 28: company BCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 29: company BCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 30: company BCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 31: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 32: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 33: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 34: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 35: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 36: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 37: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 38: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 39: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 40: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 41: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 42: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 43: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 44: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 45: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 46: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 47: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 48: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 49: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 50: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 51: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 52: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 53: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 54: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 55: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 56: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 57: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 58: company FCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 59: company FCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 60: company FCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 61: company GCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 62: company GCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 63: company HCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Dark beerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Light beerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020 | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.8 µg/kg (minimum); 5.6 µg/kg (maximum); 23.9 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
99 findings · 11 studies · 3 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2005 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2019 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO1999–2018 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2014 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2014 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | all samplesCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | all samplesCollection date unreported | range. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, aluminum canCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, glass bottleCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, industrial plantCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Beer, rural plantCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 1: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 2: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 3: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 4: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 5: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 6: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 7: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 8: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 9: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 10: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 11: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 12: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 13: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 14: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 15: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 16: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 17: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 18: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 19: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 20: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 21: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 22: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 23: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 24: company ACollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 25: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 26: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 27: company ACollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 28: company BCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 29: company BCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 30: company BCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 31: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 32: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 33: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 34: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 35: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 36: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 37: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 38: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 39: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 40: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 41: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 42: company CCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 43: company CCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 44: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 45: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 46: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 47: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 48: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 49: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 50: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 51: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 52: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 53: company DCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 54: company DCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 55: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 56: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 57: company ECollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 58: company FCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 59: company FCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 60: company FCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 61: company GCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 62: company GCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Brazilian retail beer sample 63: company HCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Dark beerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSoares et al. 2003 | Light beerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020 | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EMRO2013Dry weight | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.08 µg/kg (minimum); 0.37 µg/kg (maximum); 1.61 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022 | GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
79 findings · 8 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2023 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2013–2023 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2017 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2009–2014 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 2.4 µg/kg (minimum); 3.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldUS Food and Drug Administration 2016 | all samples (FDA 2013)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
73 findings · 7 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2020–2021 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 0.9 µg/kg (minimum); 2.7 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldUS Food and Drug Administration 2016 | all samples (FDA 2013)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012 | all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
11 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Beer, as soldUS Food and Drug Administration 2016 | all samples (FDA 2013)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
11 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Beer, as soldUS Food and Drug Administration 2016 | all samples (FDA 2013)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 | Beverages: Beer2012–2013Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
11 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2009–2015 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 2003 | Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000 | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 2003 | Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000 | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 6 µg/kg (maximum); 1.5 µg/kg (percentile); 2 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2009–2010 | median. | ||
11 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012 | mean.Same samples: 7.1 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012 | percentile. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012 | mean.Same samples: 21 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012 | percentile. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
20 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 5.9 µg/kg (minimum); 17.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldReczajska et al. 2005 | all samples (domestic market)2001 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldReczajska et al. 2005 | all samples (domestic market)2001 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldReczajska et al. 2005 | all samples (domestic market)2001 | range. | ||
| Beer, as soldReczajska et al. 2005 | all samples (domestic market)2001 | percentile. | ||
| Beer, as soldReczajska et al. 2005 | recovery-test sample, unspiked2001 | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
6 findings · 4 studies | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldWang et al. 2020 | Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated | mean. | ||
6 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1998 | median. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 2.6 µg/kg (minimum); 81.6 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
6 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B1, expiry 20142014 | mean. | ||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B1, expiry 20152014 | mean. | ||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B2, expiry 20142014 | mean. | ||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B2, expiry 20152014 | mean. | ||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B3, expiry 20142014 | mean. | ||
| Beer, cannedTarigan et al. 2016 | brand B3, expiry 20152014 | mean. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 1 collection regions2018–2020 | median. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Beer, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 30.4 µg/kg (minimum); 57.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Beer, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Beer, as soldOkafor et al. 2022 | drinking joints, Club Road, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | pooled TDS sample2014–2016 | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Beer, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 21_1282014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
HMI beer Pb reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Pb reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤2.15 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤4 |
59 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 55 | 33% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 33% |
| Spungen et al. 2024 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-56977f8f3dd5:26c2f2e7679d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Cd reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Cd reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
60 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 56 | 33% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 33% |
| Spungen et al. 2024 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-a4b178f6d2ce:c7b6a6051920
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Cd reference · Beer, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI beer Cd reference · Beer, as sold, dry weight. Beer, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 109 | 109 | 109 |
| Alternative weighting | 109 | 109 | 109 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-2fb70e15eda2:0670725e7c8c
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer tAs reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer tAs reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3 | 3–5 (bounded) | 5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3 | 3–5 (bounded) | 5 |
36 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 32 | 33% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 33% |
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-f3865e86b367:e57396257643
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer iAs reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer iAs reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1.2 | ≤3 | 1.34–6 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1.2 | ≤3 | 1.34–6 (bounded) |
7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 7 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-611cf88ac841:21e2c304b287
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer tHg reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer tHg reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤0.05 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤0.05 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
25 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 20 | 33% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 33% |
| Dabeka et al. 2003 | 2 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-bfd3e01dae52:3479a15e7e63
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer MeHg reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer MeHg reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤100 | ≤100 | ≤100 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤100 | ≤100 | ≤100 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-b7eacf5656d7:dd52dafb22dc
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Ni reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Ni reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-2719f3708aa0:07c47604969f
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Cr reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Cr reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤25 | ≤25 | ≤25 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤25 | ≤25 | ≤25 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-ec7a411e03f5:865a7890e6e2
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Al reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Al reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤236 | ≤236 | ≤236 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤236 | ≤236 | ≤236 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-f3ab2ba199b9:baec85432933
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Sn reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Sn reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1.5 | ≤6.16 | 6.16–10 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1.5 | ≤6.16 | 6.16–10 (bounded) |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-5bb595966c17:f8c18070db98
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer U reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer U reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-cac880575786:6740a7c119b5
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Co reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Co reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1.6 | ≤1.6 | ≤1.6 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1.6 | ≤1.6 | ≤1.6 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-c66776ea37f2:d8c21c628718
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Se reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Se reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3.1 | ≤3.1 | ≤3.1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3.1 | ≤3.1 | ≤3.1 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-49b9bfbff28b:3de3961dc976
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer I reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer I reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Alternative weighting | 15 | 15 | 15 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-0cf9de7c21f7:0a330d7e791b
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Mo reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Mo reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Alternative weighting | 14 | 14 | 14 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-72d49652230c:ce413fd03955
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI beer Sr reference · Beer, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI beer Sr reference · Beer, as sold. Beer, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 83 | 83 | 83 |
| Alternative weighting | 83 | 83 | 83 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for beer, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for beer, as sold on this basis in the completed beer ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beer-ae5f56698338:f4f09fafa2e2
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The result is below a reporting limit, and the range from zero to that limit crosses more than one band.
No medians or sample values exist for this form and metal, so no HMI reference could be built.
The HMI reference for this form has fewer than four units or no measurable spread, below the display minimum.
The result is on a basis (dry weight, or not stated) that no HMI reference for this form uses, so it cannot be placed.
Reporting limits overlap the study comparison, so no direction can be shown.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach beer
No study in the library compared beer from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.
Which forms and regions measured lower
The HMI reference for lead in beer, as sold pools 59 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of below 1 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 1 (lower quartile) and below 2.15 µg/kg (upper quartile).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → For cadmium in beer, as sold, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 1 µg/kg across 60 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →6Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → For total arsenic in beer, as sold, the reference median was between 3 and 5 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 3 to 5 µg/kg across 36 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →10Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachFoodsRead source →
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, beer, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (1.65 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (0.3 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (109 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
In one study, tin across 6 groups of beer ranged from 2,500 µg/kg (brand B3, expiry 2015) to 3,660 µg/kg (brand B1, expiry 2014); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.11Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned BeveragesInternational Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 330-333Read source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.
Mitigation for beer
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing beer for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.5 µg/kg (Dabeka et al. 1995) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →8Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.04 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 500 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 5,520 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying beer
No maximum level for metals in beer was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from beer
No source in the library converted beer concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names beer was decided on its content: 22 occurrence extracted, 22 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Beer FAQs
What heavy metals are found in beer?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl in beer, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →4Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsResearch Square preprint, posted 3 June 2022 (manifest lists the Chemistry Africa version, 10.1007/s42250-022-00477-3)Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in beer, as sold from 5,381 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1 to 1.65 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Which regions report the lowest levels in beer?
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, beer, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (1.65 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (0.3 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (109 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How much of the arsenic in beer is inorganic?
Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 75 results from 7 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →12Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment ReportUS Food and Drug AdministrationRead source →13Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →14The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →15Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →16Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationRead source → Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 1.6 µg/kg (Marín et al. 2018) to 6 µg/kg (US Food and Drug Administration 2016).3Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →12Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment ReportUS Food and Drug AdministrationRead source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsDataset
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
- Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Peer-reviewed
- Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk AssessmentsPreprint
- Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beersPeer-reviewed
- Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Peer-reviewed
- The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsGovernment
- Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Peer-reviewed
- Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentGovernment
- Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachPeer-reviewed
- Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned BeveragesPeer-reviewed
- Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Risk Assessment ReportGovernment
- Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodGovernment
- The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicGovernment
- Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationGovernment
- Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling, September 2013Regulation
Sources
Browse Beer Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every beer record in the library: 22 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.