Heavy Metal Index
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Two closed unmarked feeding bottles and a sealed container illustrating breastmilk ingredient context.

Heavy metals in Breastmilk

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic and total mercury in breastmilk: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Breastmilk in the HMI library has 1,008 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, Be, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, S, Th and Tl from 17 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, Danuta Katrynska, Piotr Jedziniak · 2024Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureScientific Reports 14:8140Read source →3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →4Di Gangi, Joseph · 1997Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéGreenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006Read source →5Freire C, Iribarne-Durán L M, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-López L, Peña-Caballero M, Hurtado J-A, Alvarado-González N E, Fernández M F, Peinado F M, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N · 2022Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in SpainInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthRead source →6Borhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi, Kiomars Sharafi, Samaneh Nakhaee · 2023The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milkScientific Reports 13:20756Read source →

Breastmilk overview

Breastmilk in the HMI library has 1,008 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, Be, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, S, Th and Tl from 17 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, Danuta Katrynska, Piotr Jedziniak · 2024Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureScientific Reports 14:8140Read source →3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →4Di Gangi, Joseph · 1997Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéGreenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006Read source →5Freire C, Iribarne-Durán L M, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-López L, Peña-Caballero M, Hurtado J-A, Alvarado-González N E, Fernández M F, Peinado F M, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N · 2022Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in SpainInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthRead source →6Borhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi, Kiomars Sharafi, Samaneh Nakhaee · 2023The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milkScientific Reports 13:20756Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported total arsenic in breastmilk, as sold from 1 result in 1 reporting region, with subgroup medians below 16 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the breastmilk came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as breastmilk

This page covers breastmilk, as sold (1,008 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, Danuta Katrynska, Piotr Jedziniak · 2024Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureScientific Reports 14:8140Read source →3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →4Di Gangi, Joseph · 1997Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéGreenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006Read source →5Freire C, Iribarne-Durán L M, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-López L, Peña-Caballero M, Hurtado J-A, Alvarado-González N E, Fernández M F, Peinado F M, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N · 2022Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in SpainInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthRead source →6Borhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi, Kiomars Sharafi, Samaneh Nakhaee · 2023The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milkScientific Reports 13:20756Read source →

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of breastmilk

The table holds every extracted breastmilk result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 1,008 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, Danuta Katrynska, Piotr Jedziniak · 2024Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureScientific Reports 14:8140Read source →3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →4Di Gangi, Joseph · 1997Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéGreenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006Read source →5Freire C, Iribarne-Durán L M, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-López L, Peña-Caballero M, Hurtado J-A, Alvarado-González N E, Fernández M F, Peinado F M, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N · 2022Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in SpainInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthRead source →6Borhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi, Kiomars Sharafi, Samaneh Nakhaee · 2023The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milkScientific Reports 13:20756Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

32 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 0 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 8 values from 3 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →7Nassir I M, Al-Sharify A N, Baiee H A · 2018Determination of Nickel Concentration in the Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers Living In Hilla CityJournal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied SciencesRead source →8Klein L D, Breakey A A, Scelza B, Valeggia C, Jasienska G, Hinde K · 2017Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United StatesPLOS ONERead source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of breastmilk, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Breastmilk findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
159 findings · 10 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldDi Gangi 1997Chicago; item 51996–1997sample value.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023median.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023geometric mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023min.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023max.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 25th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 75th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 95th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), P52023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022min.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022max.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024mothers with detectable milk Pb2021–2022mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024mothers with milk Pb below LOQ (imputed LOD/2)2021–2022mean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023all samples (228 samples, 39 donors)Collection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Animal oil intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Animal oil intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Canned food intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Canned food intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Cephalopod intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Cephalopod intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Crab intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Crab intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Drinking water source: no tap waterCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor dietCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Drinking water source: tap water onlyCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Egg intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Egg intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Large fish (shark, marlin, tuna, oilfish) intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor dietCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Non-fat/low-fat milk intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Non-fat/low-fat milk intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Seafood intake: lessCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Seafood intake: moreCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shellfish intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shellfish intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shrimp intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shrimp intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Vegetable oil intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Vegetable oil intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Viscera (offal) intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Viscera (offal) intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Whole-fat milk intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Whole-fat milk intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Contact with house dust without mask: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Contact with house dust without mask: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Cosmetic use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Cosmetic use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Incense use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Incense use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Lipstick use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Lipstick use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habitCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habitCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Passive smoker: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Passive smoker: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Regular medicine use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Regular medicine use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Supplementary nutrition: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Supplementary nutrition: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 25 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 25 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 26 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 26 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 27 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 27 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 28 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 28 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 29 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 29 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 30 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 30 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 31 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 31 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 32 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 32 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 33 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 33 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 34 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 34 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 35 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 35 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 36 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 36 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 37 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 37 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 38 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 38 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 39 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 39 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 40 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 40 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
98 findings · 9 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldDi Gangi 1997Chicago; item 51996–1997sample value.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023<=2 children2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023>2 children2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023Age <30 years2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023Age >=30 years2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023all 256 lactating women2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023employed mothers2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023far (>500 m) from a main waste disposal2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023far (>500 m) from a paint shop2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023far (>500 m) from an industrial area2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023high household income2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023infant age <6 months2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023infant age >=6 months2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023less frequent cosmetics use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023less frequent hair-dye use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023less frequent vitamin use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023low household income2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023more frequent (daily/almost daily) cosmetics use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023more frequent (usual) vitamin use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023more frequent hair-dye use2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023near (within 500 m) a main waste disposal2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023near (within 500 m) a paint shop2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023near (within 500 m) an industrial area2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023no peeling/chipping house paint2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023non-smokers2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023peeling/chipping house paint at home2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023refugee camp residence2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023rural residence2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023school-level education2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023smokers2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023unemployed mothers2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023university education2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldinfant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource‑limited country Ramzi Shawahna 2023urban residence2020–2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023median.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023geometric mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023min.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023max.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 25th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 75th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 95th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), P52023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022not detected.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statednot detected.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statednot detected.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statednot detected.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statednot detected.
84 findings · 9 studies
Breastmilk, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldCarignan et al. 20159 mothers, milk collected infant age 2-7 weeks2012–2013median.
Breastmilk, as soldCarignan et al. 20159 mothers, milk collected infant age 2-7 weeks2012–2013not detected.
Breastmilk, as soldCarignan et al. 20159 mothers, milk collected infant age 2-7 weeks2012–2013max.
Breastmilk, as soldCarignan et al. 20159 mothers, milk collected infant age 2-7 weeks2012–2013percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldCarignan et al. 20159 mothers, milk collected infant age 2-7 weeks2012–2013percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023median.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023geometric mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023min.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023max.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 25th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 75th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 95th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), P52023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022min.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022max.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
134 findings · 8 studies
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013all samples, 18 mothers, days 15-902002–2005mean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018max.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldFreire et al. 2022Human breast milk2015–2018percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023median.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023geometric mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023min.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209)2023max.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 25th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 75th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), 95th percentile2023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMoon et al. 2025all samples, Korea cohort (n = 209), P52023percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022min.
Breastmilk, as soldNaspolini et al. 2024all mothers, Sao Paulo2021–2022max.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023all samples (228 samples, 39 donors)Collection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Animal oil intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Animal oil intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Canned food intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Canned food intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Cephalopod intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Cephalopod intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Crab intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Crab intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Drinking water source: no tap waterCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor dietCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Drinking water source: tap water onlyCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Egg intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Egg intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Large fish (shark, marlin, tuna, oilfish) intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor dietCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Non-fat/low-fat milk intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Non-fat/low-fat milk intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Seafood intake: lessCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Seafood intake: moreCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shellfish intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shellfish intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shrimp intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Shrimp intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Vegetable oil intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Vegetable oil intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Viscera (offal) intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Viscera (offal) intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Whole-fat milk intake: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor diet, Whole-fat milk intake: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Contact with house dust without mask: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Contact with house dust without mask: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Cosmetic use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Cosmetic use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Incense use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Incense use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Lipstick use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Lipstick use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habitCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habitCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Passive smoker: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Passive smoker: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Regular medicine use: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Regular medicine use: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Supplementary nutrition: noCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023donor habit, Supplementary nutrition: yesCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013all samples, 18 mothers, days 15-902002–2005Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 15 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 30 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 45 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 60 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 74 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 75 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 76 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013day 90 of lactation2002–2005Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldAssessment During the First Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha & Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa & Eloisa Dutra Caldas 2013per-mother mean over the period (18 mothers)2002–2005Basis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 25 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 25 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 26 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 26 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 27 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 27 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 28 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 28 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 29 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 29 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 30 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 30 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 31 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 31 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 32 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 32 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 33 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 33 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 34 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 34 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 35 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 35 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 36 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 36 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 37 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 37 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 38 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 38 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 39 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 39 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 40 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldFatima et al. 2024mothers aged 40 yearsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
1 finding · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldY-C et al. 2023all samples (228 samples, 39 donors)Collection date unreportednot detected.
42 findings · 3 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018all 68 lactating mothers, 1-6 weeks postpartum2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018bottled-water drinkers2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018living far from street2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018living near industrial area2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018living near street/highway (<200 m)2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018mothers aged 16-20 y2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018mothers aged 21-25 y2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018mothers aged 26-30 y2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018mothers aged 31-35 y2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018mothers aged 36-40 y2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018non-smoking mothers2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018normal BMI2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018not living near industrial area2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018obese BMI2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018overweight BMI2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018river-water drinkers2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018rural residence2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018smoking mothers (incl. passive)2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018tap-water drinkers2012mean.
Breastmilk, as soldNassir et al. 2018urban residence2012mean.
40 findings · 3 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
11 findings · 2 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), single detected sample2018–2020sample value.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
22 findings · 2 studies
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
60 findings · 6 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (minimum); 1,300 µg/kg (maximum); 350 µg/kg (percentile); 740 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (minimum); 1,000 µg/kg (maximum); 410 µg/kg (percentile); 770 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 70 µg/kg (minimum); 12,000 µg/kg (maximum); 240 µg/kg (percentile); 610 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 200 µg/kg (minimum); 1,000 µg/kg (maximum); 360 µg/kg (percentile); 900 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldDurovic et al. 2017mothers, Subotica Hospital, January 20132013mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
32 findings · 4 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 110 µg/kg (minimum); 630 µg/kg (maximum); 210 µg/kg (percentile); 390 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 180 µg/kg (minimum); 480 µg/kg (maximum); 210 µg/kg (percentile); 350 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (minimum); 570 µg/kg (maximum); 180 µg/kg (percentile); 310 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (minimum); 520 µg/kg (maximum); 220 µg/kg (percentile); 290 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldDurovic et al. 2017mothers, Subotica Hospital, January 20132013mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
59 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020min.
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020max.
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 20 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), single detected sample2018–2020sample value.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023all mothers, e-waste recycling area (Luqiao, Taizhou)2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of female infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021median.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021mean.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021min.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021max.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldChen et al. 2023mothers of male infants, Taizhou e-waste area2021percentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
28 findings · 3 studies
Breastmilk, as soldDurovic et al. 2017mothers, Subotica Hospital, January 20132013mean.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017all four populations pooled, N = 702012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Argentina (Qom women), n = 212012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Namibia (Himba women), n = 62012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017Poland (Mogielica villages), n = 232012–2013Basis not statedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldKlein et al. 2017United States (Boston area), n = 202012–2013Basis not statedmax.
4 findings · 1 study · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 30 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 20 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 30 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 20 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
4 findings · 1 study · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 190,000 µg/kg (minimum); 350,000 µg/kg (maximum); 260,000 µg/kg (percentile); 310,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 190,000 µg/kg (minimum); 350,000 µg/kg (maximum); 240,000 µg/kg (percentile); 310,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 210,000 µg/kg (minimum); 380,000 µg/kg (maximum); 250,000 µg/kg (percentile); 305,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 220,000 µg/kg (minimum); 350,000 µg/kg (maximum); 250,000 µg/kg (percentile); 340,000 µg/kg (percentile)
4 findings · 1 study · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 400,000 µg/kg (minimum); 630,000 µg/kg (maximum); 460,000 µg/kg (percentile); 530,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 400,000 µg/kg (minimum); 560,000 µg/kg (maximum); 440,000 µg/kg (percentile); 540,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 370,000 µg/kg (minimum); 780,000 µg/kg (maximum); 450,000 µg/kg (percentile); 530,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 390,000 µg/kg (minimum); 660,000 µg/kg (maximum); 450,000 µg/kg (percentile); 600,000 µg/kg (percentile)
16 findings · 2 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 18,000 µg/kg (minimum); 43,000 µg/kg (maximum); 26,000 µg/kg (percentile); 34,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 19,000 µg/kg (minimum); 40,000 µg/kg (maximum); 25,000 µg/kg (percentile); 36,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 16,000 µg/kg (minimum); 46,000 µg/kg (maximum); 27,500 µg/kg (percentile); 36,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 23,000 µg/kg (minimum); 40,000 µg/kg (maximum); 26,000 µg/kg (percentile); 34,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Active smoker (n=24)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023All participants (n=100)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Non-smoker control (n=57)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldMansouri et al. 2023Passive smoker (n=19)Collection date unreportedpercentile.
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
4 findings · 1 study · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 41,000 µg/kg (minimum); 400,000 µg/kg (maximum); 69,000 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 41,000 µg/kg (minimum); 170,000 µg/kg (maximum); 65,000 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 33,000 µg/kg (minimum); 220,000 µg/kg (maximum); 79,500 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 51,000 µg/kg (minimum); 420,000 µg/kg (maximum); 64,000 µg/kg (percentile); 110,000 µg/kg (percentile)
4 findings · 1 study · 16 spread figures folded in
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 90,000 µg/kg (minimum); 160,000 µg/kg (maximum); 100,000 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023during the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 90,000 µg/kg (minimum); 130,000 µg/kg (maximum); 99,000 µg/kg (percentile); 120,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the 2019/20 fire period (all samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 87,000 µg/kg (minimum); 200,000 µg/kg (maximum); 100,000 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Breastmilk, as soldBeyene et al. 2023outside the fire period (paired samples), detected samples2018–2020median.Same samples: 77,000 µg/kg (minimum); 180,000 µg/kg (maximum); 110,000 µg/kg (percentile); 130,000 µg/kg (percentile)
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
10 findings · 1 study
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmedian.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmean.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmin.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedmax.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Breastmilk, as soldBzikowska-Jura et al. 2024Poland, Warsaw, all 30 mothersCollection date unreportedpercentile.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI breastmilk Pb reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Pb reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference375000375000375000
Alternative weighting375000375000375000

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Di Gangi 19971100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Di Gangi 1997 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-aa51bce04522:ac8d302eb445

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Cd reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Cd reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference293002930029300
Alternative weighting293002930029300

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Di Gangi 19971100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Di Gangi 1997 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-163e901cfaff:5a969dd350ac

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk tAs reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk tAs reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤16≤16≤16
Alternative weighting≤16≤16≤16

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-a30d5ef697ed:bac0221c36b9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Al reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Al reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference680680680
Alternative weighting680680680

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20231100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-31cc233143fc:589e5a18b3c0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Cu reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Cu reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference450555615
Alternative weighting450555615

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-745eda20afde:452763197518

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Fe reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Fe reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference245275305
Alternative weighting245275305

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-a16a248c16f5:0db1d974d4e8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Mn reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Mn reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference101010
Alternative weighting101010

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20232100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-ef1dbc12b700:ad4985e47f3f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Se reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Se reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference101015
Alternative weighting101015

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-dea701e3c6c5:26260c3b17a5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Ca reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Ca reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference268000275000288000
Alternative weighting268000275000288000

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-238253b75a05:2472a8b29425

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk K reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk K reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference485000495000505000
Alternative weighting485000495000505000

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-6fd4880b6b42:436874e35de4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Mg reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Mg reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference295003100032000
Alternative weighting295003100032000

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-b6fe7ee726b4:790527fe5a7d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk Na reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk Na reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference850009300096500
Alternative weighting850009300096500

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-e33ebc1bcead:d70c9c1d16ad

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI breastmilk S reference · Breastmilk, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI breastmilk S reference · Breastmilk, as sold. Breastmilk, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference113000120000123000
Alternative weighting113000120000123000

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Beyene et al. 20234100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for breastmilk, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Beyene et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for breastmilk, as sold on this basis in the completed breastmilk ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:breastmilk-6aee94c46d58:93957281f810

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach breastmilk

No study in the library compared breastmilk from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for Cu in breastmilk, as sold pools 4 subgroup units from 1 sampling family, with a median of 555 µg/kg and a middle half spanning 450 (lower quartile) and 615 µg/kg (upper quartile).9Tesfalidet Beyene, Graeme R. Zosky, Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. McDonald, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Jay C. Horvat, Anne E. Vertigan, Joe Van Buskirk, Geoffrey G. Morgan, Edward Jegasothy, Ivan Hanigan, Vanessa E. Murphy, Megan E. Jensen · 2023The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthmaInternational Breastfeeding JournalRead source → For Fe in breastmilk, as sold, the reference median was 275 µg/kg, with a middle half from 245 to 305 µg/kg across 4 units.9Tesfalidet Beyene, Graeme R. Zosky, Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. McDonald, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Jay C. Horvat, Anne E. Vertigan, Joe Van Buskirk, Geoffrey G. Morgan, Edward Jegasothy, Ivan Hanigan, Vanessa E. Murphy, Megan E. Jensen · 2023The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthmaInternational Breastfeeding JournalRead source → For Se in breastmilk, as sold, the reference median was 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from 10 to 15 µg/kg across 4 units.9Tesfalidet Beyene, Graeme R. Zosky, Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. McDonald, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Jay C. Horvat, Anne E. Vertigan, Joe Van Buskirk, Geoffrey G. Morgan, Edward Jegasothy, Ivan Hanigan, Vanessa E. Murphy, Megan E. Jensen · 2023The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthmaInternational Breastfeeding JournalRead source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for breastmilk

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing breastmilk for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit.

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying breastmilk

No maximum level for metals in breastmilk was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from breastmilk

No source in the library converted breastmilk concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names breastmilk was decided on its content: 17 occurrence extracted, 17 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Breastmilk FAQs

What heavy metals are found in breastmilk?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ba, Be, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, S, Th and Tl in breastmilk, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, Danuta Katrynska, Piotr Jedziniak · 2024Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureScientific Reports 14:8140Read source →3Chen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, Kido T, Lin Y, Feng H, Jung CR, Sun XL, Lou J · 2023Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaGeoHealthRead source →4Di Gangi, Joseph · 1997Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéGreenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported total arsenic in breastmilk, as sold from 1 result in 1 reporting region, with subgroup medians below 16 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants’ exposureAgnieszka Bzikowska-Jura, Aleksandra Wesolowska, Piotr Sobieraj, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Aleksandra Filipek, Maciej Durkalec, et al. · Scientific Reports 14:8140 · 2024 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58683-7Peer-reviewed
  3. Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Evidence From an E-Waste Area in ChinaChen C, Ma C, Li Q, Hang JG, Shen J, Nakayama SF, et al. · GeoHealth · 2023 · doi.org/10.1029/2023GH000897Peer-reviewed
  4. Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace ExposéDi Gangi, Joseph · Greenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006 · 1997 · eric.ed.govNGO
  5. Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in SpainFreire C, Iribarne-Durán L M, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-López L, Peña-Caballero M, et al. · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · 2022 · doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113914Peer-reviewed
  6. The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milkBorhan Mansouri, Nammam Ali Azadi, Kiomars Sharafi, and Samaneh Nakhaee · Scientific Reports 13:20756 · 2023 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48012-9Peer-reviewed
  7. Determination of Nickel Concentration in the Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers Living In Hilla CityNassir I M, Al-Sharify A N, and Baiee H A · Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences · 2018 · doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v26i8.1672Peer-reviewed
  8. Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United StatesKlein L D, Breakey A A, Scelza B, Valeggia C, Jasienska G, and Hinde K · PLOS ONE · 2017 · doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183367Peer-reviewed
  9. The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthmaTesfalidet Beyene, Graeme R. Zosky, Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. McDonald, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Jay C. Horvat, et al. · International Breastfeeding Journal · 2023 · doi.org/10.1186/s13006-023-00550-8Peer-reviewed

Sources

Browse Breastmilk Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every breastmilk record in the library: 17 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

No related ingredient links are listed for this page.

Referenced by

Graph View