Toxicology Reports 6 (2019) 472–481

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Department of Zoology and Environmental Science Gurukula Kangari Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, 249404, India
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India
Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Bioaccumulation of Uttar Pradesh, India. The Cu concentration was found at Varanasi (4.58 mg/l), Allahabad (2.54 mg/l), and
Mirzapur (2.54 mg/l). Pb was recorded 0.54, 0.62, 0.85, and 0.24 mg/l at Kanpur, Allahabad, Mirzapur, and
Varanasi, respectively. The Cd concentration was recorded 0.54, 0.68, 0.78, and 0.85 mg/l at Kanpur, Allahabad,
except Kanpur. However, Zn was observed under the permissible limits (15 mg/l) at all sampling sites. In case of
Zn ranked the highest quantity, which was found in ﬁsh tissues with the concentration of 32.41 ± 2.55 μg/g in
the gill of C. catla and 4.77 ± 0.34 μg/g in the gill C. Reba. The metals followed the magnitude order of
1. Introduction (40%) is mostly treated (3). The maximum volume of wastewater is
system, contributes > 43% (861,452 km2) of the cumulative catchment industrial wastes (9,10), sewage eﬄuent (11), agricultural runoﬀ, and
area. With an average annual running water potential of 525.02 Bm3 domestic wastes (12–14). However, the pedological processes also
yr−1 (Billion cubic meters per year), which comes from all major Indian serve as the sources of pollutants, especially heavy metals that may
river basins (1), this river contributes substantially to Indian civiliza- appear due to the weathering of rocks through surface runoﬀ water
plankton and Periphyton (1099 taxa), Zooplanktons (299 taxa), zoo- In addition, leachate from dumping sites can also cause surface
(2). Pollution, especially caused by partially treated and untreated lutants are persistent due to their non-biodegradability and long bio-
waste, is the major threat to the river biodiversity. Partially treated and logical half-life, e.g., heavy metals (21–23). The distribution of heavy
untreated waste is discharged into the river through about 36 Class-I metals in water, sediments, and ﬁsh plays a key role in forming sources
towns and 14 Class-II towns. 2723.3 MLD (Millions of litter per day) of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem (24,25). Pollution
wastewater is generated from these towns out of which 1208.8 MLD from domestic and industrial wastes is high at Kanpur and Allahabad,
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).
P.K. Maurya, et al. Toxicology Reports 6 (2019) 472–481
and Varanasi. 2.2. Collection of samples
per capita ﬁsh consumption has risen to above 20 kg year−1 (26). Most 2.2.1. Water samples
of the people who live near banks of river are dependent on the ﬁsh as A total of 60 water samples were collected seasonally during the
sources of protein. In India, annual per capita ﬁsh consumption is year 2016-17, including 20 samples from each season and 5 samples
5–6 kg for the general population and 8–9 kg for ﬁsh-eating population, from each site. The total volume of 1 l water samples was collected in
which is about 50% of global consumption (27). The present inland ﬁsh polyethylene bottles (twice rinsed with deionized water) and stored in
production contributes 6.57 million tonnes. The Ganga River con- an ice box and transported to the laboratory for further analysis.
catla, and C. mrigala ﬁsh species are abundantly found in this river. All 2.2.2. Fish samples
kidney and skeletal damages, neurological disorders, endocrine dis- Allahabad, Mirzapur, and Kanpur during the year 2016-17 (Table 1). A
ruption, cardiovascular dysfunction, and carcinogenic eﬀects (28). total of 28 samples representing seven species from each individual
function (28,29). Copper (Cu) may aﬀect the gastrointestinal, cardio- laboratory, washing was performed with tap water for surface cleaning.
edema and liver damage. Higher Iron (Fe) intake can result in vomiting, were homogenized in a food processor and 200 g of tissue were stored
diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, metabolic acidosis, shock, hypo- at −20 °C.
neuroendocrine changes, and cardiovascular toxicity (30,31).
A Varian AA240 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) with
nace (GTA 120) was used to measure Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in
Zn (213.8 nm and slit 0.5), Pb (283.3 nm and slit 0.5 nm), Cu
(324.75 nm and slit 0.5 nm), Cd (228.8 nm and slit 0.5 nm), and Cr

Methods (brief)

Fish Clupisoma garua, and Mystus tengara) collected from local markets of Varanasi, Allahabad, Mirzapur, and Kanpur
and Varanasi. 2.2. Collection of samples
per capita ﬁsh consumption has risen to above 20 kg year−1 (26). Most 2.2.1. Water samples
of the people who live near banks of river are dependent on the ﬁsh as A total of 60 water samples were collected seasonally during the
sources of protein. In India, annual per capita ﬁsh consumption is year 2016-17, including 20 samples from each season and 5 samples
5–6 kg for the general population and 8–9 kg for ﬁsh-eating population, from each site. The total volume of 1 l water samples was collected in
catla, and C. mrigala ﬁsh species are abundantly found in this river. All 2.2.2. Fish samples
diet. by the local population were collected from local ﬁshermen and dif-
ruption, cardiovascular dysfunction, and carcinogenic eﬀects (28). total of 28 samples representing seven species from each individual
Dietary exposure to various heavy metals has been identiﬁed as a health study site were collected and wrapped in polyethylene bags, then an ice
A Varian AA240 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) with
the samples collected. The purity of standard and acetylene gases was
For the purpose of this study, we collected both ﬁsh and water
Cd, and Cr were measured in peak area mood. The digestions were
samples of upstream to downstream urban and city core of Varanasi,
2.4. Sample digestion
Water: 100 ml of ﬁltered water samples were digested with con-
Peninsular India. The plain occupies the central position of the Indo- the samples were ready for analysis.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised