Investigation of Combined Toxic Metals, PFAS, Volatile Organic

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• (https://creativecommons.org/ mortality (1,2). It was estimated that about 13.4% of the global population is affected by
• 15% of the adult population, or more than one in seven individuals (5). The condition
• is slightly more common in females (14%) compared to males (12%). Prevalence is no-
• tably higher among those aged 65 and older (34%), as opposed to 12% in the 45–64 age
• group and 6% in the 18–44 age group. Additionally, non-Hispanic Black adults experi-
• ence a higher prevalence (20%) than non-Hispanic Asian (14%) or non-Hispanic white
• adults (12%), while about 14% of Hispanic adults are affected. Alarmingly, up to 90% of
• accounting for about 75% of cases globally. Diabetes damages renal blood vessels and
• of 2 (LOD/ 2) to minimize estimation bias (38).
• (60%) and a testing set (40%). The WQSR model also adjusted for potential confounders,
• Descriptive statistics and participant characteristics are detailed in Table 1. The de-
• Table 1. (a) Descriptive statistics of Exposure and Outcome Variables, (b) Demographic Characteristics
• Variables Description Frequency Mean Percentage 95% CI
• Table 2. Posterior Inclusion Probabilities for the influence of toxic metals and essential elements
• HierarchicalBKMR (Table 3) extends standard BKMR by incorporating a grouped
• Table 3. Hierarchical BKMR results for eGFR. PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOA: perfluo-
• covariates statistically controlled. The shaded gray regions denote 95% credible intervals.
• Figure 2. Estimated univariate exposure–response relationships and corresponding 95% credible
• range, while the second exposure is fixed sequentially at the 25th (red), 50th (green),
• and 75th (blue) percentiles. All remaining exposures were held constant at their median
• and their corresponding 95% credible intervals were obtained at the 25th (red), 50th (green),
• Figure 4. Estimated single-exposure effects with 95% credible intervals showing the change in eGFR
• 95% credible intervals.
• when all predictors are fixed at the 50th percentile (median). Adjusted for diabetes, alcohol use,
• alcohol, PGMEA, and related compounds ≥324 ppb-year had a significantly elevated eGFR
• risk (adjusted OR = 3.41; 95% CI: 1.14–10.17). These findings demonstrate that chronic

Methods (brief)

• mass spectrometry with a dynamic reaction cell (ICP-DRC-MS). Blood samples (0.25 mL),
• collected in metal-free EDTA tubes, were diluted 1:50 with an alkaline reagent containing
• ium, and tellurium), and analyzed using the PerkinElmer ELAN DRC II ICP-MS system
• chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE HPLC–MS/MS). Analyses were
• 75 µm Carboxen/PDMS fiber (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) and a CTC PAL autosampler
• used for quantification. Blood samples (10 mL) were incubated at 40 ◦ C, and a 75 µm
• tosampler. VOCs were thermally desorbed at 250 ◦ C into the gas chromatograph inlet and
• below the limit of detection (LOD) were substituted with LOD divided by the square root
• of 2 (LOD/ 2) to minimize estimation bias (38).
• i. During every bootstrap iteration, a new resampled dataset was created by randomly
• weights are averaged for all bootstrap samples to produce the ultimate WQSR index.
• tative of the NHANES sampled population rather than as nationally weighted estimates.
• Lastly, although NHANES data was collected in the U.S. population, the results
• Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26, 223–257. (CrossRef)

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.