REVIEW ON THE RECENT SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TOXIC HEAVY

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• ISSN online: 2616-1370
• ISSN print: 2645 - 2944
• 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University P.M.B 2218 Dutsin-ma Road Katsina,
• INTRODUCTION economic revolution of the last 50 years, humans have
• water and soil pollution (Yang et al., 2018). In addition, liquid world population and the use of chemical substances to
• fields contain highly harmful elements such as persistent and Randall, 2016). However, the balance between the
• al., 2019). The deposition of certain pollutants in agricultural pollutants have become a global phenomenon. Heavy metals
• Figure 1: The Flow of Heavy Metals Through Food Chain (Kumar et al., 2019)
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 353
• consumers. Many challenges must be overcome to maintain a (typically greater than 5 g/cm³) and include a variety of
• Figure 2: Sources of Hazardous Heavy Metal
• Heavy Metals drinking water. According to ATSDR (1999), Gilman et al.,
• According to John (2002) and Pain (2008), heavy metals are (2001), and the EPA (2008), heavy metal toxicity can cause
• 8.65 g/m3, lead 11.34 g/m3, and mercury 13.546 g/m3 are a liver, kidney, and other essential organs. Cancer may also
• runoff. While the majority of heavy metals are toxic, some are (WHO, 2004). When they come into touch with the human
• development of connective tissues, bone, and blood 2000; Calkins, 2009).
• Edvardo et al., (2005), cadmium and lead are non-essential the environment as a result of fast expansion and urbanization
• elements that can enter the body through food, sediments, and (Gupta et al., 2019; Shrivastava et al., 2019). These metals
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 354
• 2019). When consumed or inhaled in excess of prescribed contamination is one of the major obstacles that researchers
• Table 1: Harmful Effects of some Toxic Heavy Metals on Plants and Humans
• As Seed germination and seedlings height Cardiovascular, neurologic and Abbas et al., 2018
• nutrient use efficiency and reduced shoot dysfunction Loi et al., 2018
• decrease in plant sugar, starch, amino including asthma and pneumonia 2008
• biomass reduction in garlic. and cancer of the respiratory tract 2017
• Pb Reduction in germination percentage; Kidney failure, affect CNS and Hussain et al., 2013
• monitoring programs will be increasingly vital to address In a research conducted by Kalagbor et al., (2014),
• yielded higher concentrations, especially for Co (10× higher)
• these toxic compounds from different substrates, such as wet (Tuzen et al. (2004), Soylak et al. (2004), Guang et al. (2008).
• Table 2: Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) (Kalagbor et al., 2014)
• Pb 20.6–47.2 68.2–196
• Ni 24.0–38.8 138–276
• According to Koki et al. (2019), the levels of heavy metals are below WHO limits (no health risk), and the metal Cd is
• (Cd, Fe, Zn, and Cu) in sweet potatoes (Ipomea Batatas) and not detected (ND) in both (WHO, 2011). Zn > Fe in sweet
• yams (Dioscorea SPP) followed the following trends: Zn > potatoes; yam has the greatest value of Fe (7.35 mg/kg). The
• Fe > Cu > Cd and Fe > Zn > Cu > Cd. Tarauni Market in study modified the digesting process from Divya et al. (2015).
• Table 3: Metal concentrations (mg/kg) (Koki et al., 2019)
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 355
• Citrullus colocynthis (egusi), Irvingia wombolu (ogbono), & Cu (higher in the wet season), and Fe (0.442 ± 0.092 mg/g
• Ebonyi) were the three staple foods that Anukwuorji et al. 2007), the study concurred with studies that indicated high Pb
• (2020) evaluated for heavy metal contamination (Zn, Pb, Cu, values in foods sold across certain Nigerian markets (e.g.,
• and Fe). Three seasons were sampled: wet, harmattan, and Nkansah & Amoako, 2011).

Methods (brief)

• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS)
• REVIEW ON THE RECENT SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TOXIC HEAVY
• This review critically assesses conventional and emerging sample preparation techniques for analyzing toxic
• Keywords: Heavy metals, Food contamination, Sample preparation, Wet ashing, Dry ashing, QuEChERS,
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 353
• REVIEW ON THE RECENT SAMPLE PRE… Lawal and Akilu FJS
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 354
• REVIEW ON THE RECENT SAMPLE PRE… Lawal and Akilu FJS
• neurological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal issues. Efficient greatly impacted by decisions made about sample strategy,
• sample preparation is necessary in order to appropriately homogenization, digesting techniques, and solvent selection.
• The continuous analysis of heavy metals is essential for digestion, dry digestion, but most of the procedure are
• The core objective is to critically evaluate wet and dry sample ashing yields higher metal recovery due to limitations of dry
• Kano, Nigeria, is where the samples were gathered. All levels
• FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 9 No. 9, September, 2025, pp 353 – 358 355
• REVIEW ON THE RECENT SAMPLE PRE… Lawal and Akilu FJS
• and cassava chips sampled in open markets across five states in cassava) were found in Harmattan. In contrast to research
• and Fe). Three seasons were sampled: wet, harmattan, and Nkansah & Amoako, 2011).
• dry. Aqua regia was used to digest the samples (HNO₃:HCl, Using samples taken from Aliero, Kebbi State, Magajiet al.,

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.