Nutritional qualities and heavy metals accumulation in grains: A study on lowland irrigated

Overview

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Key numbers

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• rice variety grown under three fertilizer input systems: conventional (100% N supply
• Arsenic provided with DOA recommended fertilizer + 25% of N supply with organic fertilizer),
• Conventional system and 50% of N provided with organic fertilizer in dry tropical irrigated lowland systems
• 0.2 ppm), while lead was detected above the permissible level (0.2 ppm). Integrated and
• Rice, as the staple food of the 18.6 million people in Sri Lanka, contributes approximately 18% to the gross
• domestic product. Rice with 12% water, 75-80% starch, and 7% protein (Verma & Srivastav, 2017) levels plays a
• 45% of the total calorie requirement and 40% of the protein requirement of an average Sri Lankan (Weerakoon et
• micronutrient deficiencies (Kuppusamy, Yoon, Kim, Kim, & Lee, 2017). Thus, food is a means through which
• accounts for approximately 50% of the overall use of chemical fertilizers in Sri Lanka. Disproportionate and
• varied from 962 mm to 181.6 mm; mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, were 35.7⁰C
• and 21.6⁰C during the wet and dry seasons Table 1.
• The experiment consisted of three main fertilizer input systems, which were: Conventional: 100% N applied as
• (2015), Integrated: 50% N supply with chemical fertilizer and 25% N supply with organic fertilizer application: T3 :
• Organic: No chemical fertilizer was added and organic manure was applied to satisfy the 50% N amount of the DOA
• the quantity and quality of organic materials used to supply N to both integrated and organic systems Table 2. The
• Table 1. Values of cumulative seasonal rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures and day and night relative hu midity were recorded in th e
• Night RH (%) 90.6 87.4 91.8 89.2 93.1
• Conventional N - 103.5 (Urea 46%) 225 (Urea) N–0 0
• Organic N – 0 (Urea 46%) 0 N – 51.8 12
• significant difference (LSD) method at the 5% probability level.
• fertilizer input system and the season Table 3. Grains of the wet seasons resulted in high moisture content Figure 1
• under conventional drying due to higher cumulative rainfall than in dry seasons Table 1. The inclusion of grains
• grains in all systems was around 12%, which is the accepted standard for long-term storage and to avoid insect
• Table 3. The probability values for the effect of different fertilizer input systems, crop rotation with the season on proximate
• to integrated and organic system Table 3 and Figure 2 and only the dry season of 2019 was low in ash content
• The difference in the ash content between conventional and organic is approximately 1.15% Figure 2, the
• insignificant impact on the ash content, while the dry season of 2019 resulted in ash content lower than 1% Figure
• inputs. The range of ash content in this study is comparable to the value range obtained by Wenela (2013), and
• dependent on fertilizer input systems and seasons Table 3. Protein contents of the rice crop ranged between 7.8–
• 6.7%. Figure 4 shows that the protein content of the Bg300 rice variety was found to be approximately 7.8% (Fari,
• the Table 2, as very similarly explained by Verma and Srivastav (2017). Particularly, the highest level of protein
• resulting in an improvement in the quality of rice grains. Hence, the almost 1% protein gain could be a result of
• input systems was low and similar; thus, fat was not changed by the sole use of mineral or organic inputs Table 3.
• However, the mean fat content of 2.8% was found to be lower than the findings by Prasantha et al. (2014) and
• fertilizer input systems Table 3. Mainly, this difference was attributed to the high fiber content in the dry season of
• 2019, which resulted in more than 1% high fiber content compared to other seasons Figure 6. The potential cause
• and season Table 3. The grain carbohydrate contents were higher in the organic system, and even during the last
• content was more than 70%, which is general for modern rice cultivars; however, compared to conventional and
• integrated organic systems, it resulted in a higher range of 77.6-75.2%. The carbohydrate content might have
• and season, while Fe, Cu, and Zn were changed due to the effect of seasons Table 4. Manganese content ranged
• between 1 and 1.2 mg/kg across nutrient management in fertilizer input systems and Mn content in conventional
• mainly due to high Mn content in the dry season of 2019, which resulted in 1.8 mg/kg) compared to the lowest of

Methods (brief)

• Grounded rice grain samples from five seasons were analyzed separately to determine the proximate
• All five seasonal grounded rice samples were used to determine the micronutrient and heavy metal content of
• the rice grains. We used an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) (iCAP7400 Duo
• intermediate level of Cd compared to the other two systems Figure 13. None of the samples had exceeded the
• (0.2 ppm), according to CODEX STAN 193-1995 Figure 15. However, concerning as content, all samples resulted
• Khamotian, and Atafar (2016) for Indian rice samples, which showed connectivity to the inherent Cd content
• Akinyele, I., & Shokunbi, O. (2015). Comparative analysis of dry ashing and wet digestion methods for the determination of trace
• and heavy metals in food samples. Food Chemistry, 173, 682-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.097
• Slovenica, 105(2), 241-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2015.105.2.07
• Total arsenic, cadmium, and lead determination in Brazilian rice samples using ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Methods

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, predatory (tuna, swordfish, shark, king mackerel)
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic

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