Toxic Metal Implications on Agricultural Soils, Plants,

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Nkemdinma Uche-Okereafor 3 , Tendani Sebola 3 and Vuyo Mavumengwana 4
• 1 Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
• and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
• 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
• Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
• 3 Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland
• Park 2006, South Africa; nucheokereafor@gmail.com (N.U.-O.); tendanisebola@rocketmail.com (T.S.)
• 4 South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology
• metals that emanate from various industrial, agricultural, domestic and technological processes (1).
• industrial, domestic effluents and geogenic activities (2). Environmental degradation is a common
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2204; doi:10.3390/ijerph17072204 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2204 2 of 24
• industrial operations (3,4).
• metals (2). Natural phenomena such as weathering and volcanic eruptions have been observed to
• be sources of toxic metal pollution (3,4), while metal processing in refineries, coal burning in power
• processing plants are some of the important industrial sources (1,2). Environmental degradation
• metal-based industries (3,4). So far, it has been demonstrated that toxic metals in the environment
• in the long run (5). Mining-related operations generate excessive waste materials in the forms of
• debris and tailings, which are subsequently released into the environment (6). These wastes are
• cadmium, lead, mercury and nickel (7). Due to inadequate skills, technology and poor management,
• and animals (8–10). Being noxious and containing carcinogenic metalloids, toxic metals could result in
• well as diabetes (11–13).
• 2. The Description of Mine Tailings and Tailings Dam
• termed mine tailings (14). Often, tailings are of no financial benefits to mining firms. They are
• soil and rock that are removed to gain access to the ore deposits in open pit mines (15,16) and waste
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2204 3 of 24
• of processed ore (18). In recent times, there have been the continued increase in this trend following
• the demand for more minerals and metals (19). Currently, the volume of tailings being produced by
• industries are at an alarming rate of over 173.64 billion tons. The production of these tailings and the
• storage methods for the tailings (20). Processing reagents and characteristics of mine tailings such as
• ground ore, leaving behind unwanted materials or wastes often referred to as tailings (22). As the
• fine texture, which makes them different from the soil (26,27). From a chemical standpoint, gold tailings
• have high salinity and are composed of 6% pyrite with very little organic matter (28). High acidity
• sulphide content (26). In terms of pH values, tailings from Iran were reported to be 7.35 (29) and
• 3.25–6.28 in South Africa (30,31) while, in India, it was 3.48–8.12 (32).
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2204 4 of 24
• after deposition of the tailings need to be established (23). In most cases, the degree of thickening
• occur as a result of varied deposition techniques are identified (33).
• assets, as they determine the level of agricultural productivity (34,35).
• a better understanding of the behaviour of chemicals in the environment (36). Terrestrial ecotoxicology
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2204 5 of 24
• organisms (36,37).

Methods (brief)

• children, it was found that over 30% of the sampled cases had Pb that exceeded the standard home
• 103. Marin, A.R.; Pezeshki, S.R.; Masscheleyn, P.H.; Choi, H.S. Effect of dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) on growth,
• 187. Meeker, J.D.; Rossano, M.G.; Protas, B.; Padmanahban, V.; Diamond, M.P.; Puscheck, E.; Wirth, J.J.
• 194. Plum, L.M.; Rink, L.; Haase, H. The essential toxin: Impact of zinc on human health. Int. J. Environ. Res.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, predatory (tuna, swordfish, shark, king mackerel)
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.