Industry Heavy Metals-Contaminated Soils Using a Sorghum

Overview

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Key numbers

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ISSN 1693-6590
http://journal3.uad.ac.id/index.php/spektrum
Batagatawa 820102, Nigeria
Received April 9, 2024 Bioengineering through microbially-assisted phytoremediation (MAP) is
in greenhouse experiments. The bioremoval of HMs in individual (0.05-
10 g/L Cr, 0.04-1 g/L Cu, 0.08-1 g/L Pb and 0.02-1 g/L Zn) and mixed
mesocosms was studied over 8 weeks, in multiple replicates, with positive
The results confirmed an overall bioremoval of 66.67% of the HMs.
ANOVA: p = 0.64); with 69.48% of Zn, 67.46% of Cu, 63.34% of Cr and
58.33% of Pb bioremoved. The final residual HMs were within limits set
high relative atomic mass and a density of more than 5 or 7.5 g/cm3, such as chromium, arsenic,
194 ISSN 1693-6590
copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and manganese, among others (Mahuta et al., 2021). Multiple
environment (Babar et al., 2021; Stofejova et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2021). Industrialisation and
metals in the environment (Anbuganesan et al., 2024). Moreover, HMs are among the four priority,
commonest and most hazardous pollutants globally (Riko & Darma, 2024; Ortiz & Pena, 2021). In
dumps, automobile garages, and agricultural soils (Stathatou et al., 2022; Umar et al., 2020b). In
the environment (Kinuthia et al., 2020; Nemati et al., 2024); and their release/accumulation initiates
toxicity to the living spectrum: plants, animals, and microorganisms (Umar et al., 2020a; Borah et
al., 2023). Thus, they pose a direct threat to environmental sustainability (Haque et al., 2022).
removal from surface/ground water and contaminated soils (Qasem et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2024).
the best technique for HMs removal thus being bioremediation (Yunusa & Umar, 2021; Dianadar &
Etemadifar, 2024), specifically Microbially-Assisted Phytoremediation (Yang et al., 2020).
stabilize’ environmental pollutants (Sierra et al., 2021). MAP remains the state of the art in terms of
abilities of plants (Jain & Tembhurkar, 2024; Li et al., 2024).
the area, in fact, Nigeria is the 2nd highest producer of Sorghum bicolor globally, and it produced
6.57 million tonnes of sorghum in 2020 (Shahbandeh, 2021). Secondly, it is a fast-growing plant
classified as a high accumulator, capable of generating up to 120 to 150 tonnes ha-1 (May et al., 2020).
bioethanol, bioelectricity generation, and use of burnt Sorghum ash as fertilizer (Silva et al., 2021).
biofuels (De Jesus Ferreira et al., 2023). Its high genetic diversity, possession of numerous cultivars
valorization research and applicable in nonfood contexts (Perlein et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020). It
allowing the plant to regrow (May et al., 2020). The plant is also adaptable to and tolerates wide
requirements (Badamasi et al., 2020); tolerates various forms of stress (Balasubramanian et al.,
2021), including tolerance to heat, drought, and salinity (Boechat et al., 2020). It can tolerate up to
6.8 and 4.5 deciSiemens per meter (dS m−1) of soil and water salinity, respectively, as measured by
the electrical conductivity of the dissolved ions (Yukun et al., 2021; Calone et al., 2020).
shoots (Osman et al., 2023). The plant had also been reported to effectively carryout
ISSN 1693-6590 195
extracted from soils, sediments or water in the shoot regions (Moreira et al., 2021).
earlier experiments (Riko et al., 2022). Thereafter, mesocosms simulating the heavy metals content
selected HMs (Singh et al., 2022; Gagnon et al., 2020). The design is summarized in Fig. 1. and Fig.
2, and the detailed composition of each mesocosm was stated in Table 1.

Methods (brief)

2.1. Research Design, Sample Collection and Processing
Negative control Soil sample + high concentrations of heavy metals (2.5 g of Cr, 1
Autoclaved soil samples + high concentrations of heavy metals
Negative control 3/ Autoclaved soil sample + heavy metals (2.5 g of Cr, 1 g Cu, 1g Pb
Soil sample + plants, no heavy metals, 1st batch
Positive control Autoclaved soil sample + plants, no heavy metals
Soil sample + plants, no heavy metals, 2nd batch
rirrik’a/rirritsa/mota) and the soil samples used in this study were collected through composite
2021). Both the rhizospheric soil and the sandy soil predominant in the study area were collected in
collected and placed in a clean polythene bag (Stofejova et al., 2021), and taken to the microbiology
samples were dried, mixed thoroughly, sieved using a metal sieve of 0.5 mm pore diameter, and
immediately transported to the lab for further analyses. Additionally, the pH of the collected soil
samples was measured by preparing a slurry in a 1:10 solid to liquid phase ratio of (2g of soil in 20
phytoremediation, centre = measuring the stem girth of the plants; c = digesting the soil samples for AAS;
bottom left = AAS machine, right = SpectrAA software for AAS analyses
Fig. 3. Map of Riko village, from where the cultivar and soil samples were collected
2.3. Measuring the Residual Heavy Metals Contents: Sample Digestion and Atomic Absorption
In accordance with the chronosequential nature of this research, soil samples from the

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised