Overview
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Key numbers
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- CAZyme repertoire. High-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) uncovered novel lineages (< 95% ANI
- weighted doses of > 17 kJ/m2), and low mean annual pre- documented systems, located at 4670 m a.s.l and features
- cipitation ranging from 76 to 195 mm/year (mean annual high NaCl concentrations, alkaline pH, and pink shore-
- typically range from 35 to 40 g/L, favoring halophilic taxa biogeochemical pathways, and recovery of metagenome-
- strategies that enable survival under multiple simultane- trophoresis (1% agarose gel), and DNA concentration was
- Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics observed in the potential ecological guilds or functionally related groups
- NaCl (%) 7 5 10.6 1 Andean saline lakes
- COD (mg O₂/L) 2,789 3,876 2,207 551 lower concentration of 1% w/v. All lakes were alkaline,
- Dissolved Oxygen 0.9 0.7 2.8 0.1 with pH values between 8.1 and 10.6 (Table 1).
- Cadmium (mg/L) 0.211 0.259 0.339 0.227 microbial degradation of organic matter and the subse-
- Lead (mg/L) 3.917 0.167 3.917 0.792 quent release of CO2, which reacts to form bicarbonate,
- Total Iron (mg/L) 2.21 1.07 1.291 1.51 thereby increasing water alkalinity. In LH, this alkalinity
- Lithium (mg/L) 3,157 579 3,672 289.6 indicative of localized anoxic conditions. The lake also
- Potassium (mg/L) 3,788 4,214 8,754 206 and arsenic (34.5 mg/L), which likely act as selec-
- Zinc (mg/L) 0.024 0.12 0.09 0.015 tive pressures for microorganisms with metal- resis-
- Arsenic (mg/L) 34.5 ND 21.8 ND
- Mercury (mg/L) 0.129 0.067 0.159 0.096
- Selenium (mg/L) 5.76 ND 6.38 ND
- Nitrates (mg/L) 108.5 12.39 51 12.52
- Calcium (mg/L) 6,947 1,323 7,425 1,385
- (mg/L) very high organic matter content (BOD5: 1080 mgO2/L),
- Sulfates (mg/L) 63,333 530 26,250 856 suggesting intense microbial degradation processes.
- BOD₅, biochemical oxygen demand (5 days); COD, chemical oxygen demand; The presence of manganese (26.3 mg/L) and magne-
- lular polymeric substances (EPS) production by native Finally, LMK presented lower sulfate (856 mg/L) and
- microorganisms (Fig. 1C–D) (49). Furthermore, the com- chloride (2503 mg/L) concentrations compared with
- with low oxygen levels, suggests active anaerobic metab- (0.096 mg/L). Despite generally milder salinity condi-
- porting sulfur-cycling microbial communities (50). vated salt concentrations, ranging from 1 to 11% (w/v),
- (3672 mg/L), along with elevated sodium (30,780 mg/L) ter inflows from adjacent wetlands, highlighting the het-
- and potassium (8754 mg/L), creating an extremely hyper- erogeneous physicochemical landscape of the system.
- protection in extreme environments. CE1 enzymes, contamination from ~ 2% and almost ~ 25% (Fig. 7A,
- which catalyze the deacetylation of complex carbohy- Table S1). Two MAGs (MAG02 and MAG03) were high-
- drates, further support active modification and recycling quality (> 90% completeness, < 5% contamination) and
- of structural polysaccharides. In contrast, LC and LH had showed average nucleotide identity (ANI) < 95% to their
- relatives: the red line marks the species-level ANI threshold (95%). D Completeness of KEGG energy metabolism modules encoded by each MAGs. E
- low average nucleotide identity (ANI = 70.4%). However, Discussion
- 85.6%. Similarly, the moderate completeness of MAG07 philic and haloalkaliphilic taxa (54–57). Laguna Colorada
- zhouxiangella and Roseinatronobacter with < 95% ANI osmotic, oxidative, and metal stresses, with implications
Methods (brief)
- microbial life in Andean saline ecosystems and under- Scientific). DNA samples were sent to Omega Bioservices
- Liquid and solid samples were collected in 250 mL glass ers and filtered to eliminate low-quality sequences using
- tometer (Chase). Multiple subsamples were collected at QUAST v5.3.0 (34).
- tive composite samples for metagenomic sequencing. In Binning and recovery of metagenome‑assembled
- total, six pooled samples were generated: two each from genomes (MAGs)
- procedures were standardized to surface sediments asso- samples were concatenated and binned with MaxBin
- All water and sediment samples were collected in pre- (37). Resulting bins were refined with DAS Tool v1.1.7
- tures during transport. After collection, samples were omy Database release R207. dRep v3.4.2 (41) was used to
- Physicochemical analysis of the samples
- sampled lakes based on their co-occurrence patterns, independent of
- metabolism: relative abundance of KEGG-annotated genes assigned to energy-metabolism modules, normalized within each sample; diversity is shown
- dbCAN; values are normalized within samples. (C) CAZyme families: aggregated abundance by CAZy family (GH, GT, CE, PL, AA, CBM)
- sodium by chemical modification/graphite furnace atomic absorption spec- 53. Zhao D, Zhang S, Xue Q, Chen J, Zhou J, Cheng F, et al. Abundant taxa and
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