Tinnitus is a common symptom among adults in the United States. Increasing evidence indicates that prolonged exposure to

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• quartiles of blood lead (odds ratio = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.23–2.16) and cadmium (odds ratio = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02–1.70). Restricted
• Tinnitus is a widespread health issue that affects about 10% to as Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, and Co are essential trace elements that
• 25% of adults worldwide.(1) Recent research has indicated that its play critical roles in various physiological functions. However,
• an essential micronutrient, leading to the common consump- sets (n = 28,981). Participants with unclear tinnitus status
• tion of Se supplements. Its relationship with health is known (n = 6098), missing blood heavy metal data (n = 1717), or
• Gender, n (%) .409 using R software (version 4.5.1; R Foundation for Statistical
• Male 2500 (50.5%) 410 (52.8%) 2090 (50.1%) Computing, Vienna, Austria) and SPSS software (version 27;
• Female 2450 (49.5%) 366 (47.2%) 2084 (49.9%) IBM Corporation, Armonk). Statistical significance was set
• Other Hispanic 577 (11.7%) 84 (10.8%) 493 (11.8%) 2.5. Ethics statement
• Non-Hispanic 1379 (27.9%) 325 (41.9%) 1414 (25.3%)
• Non-Hispanic 1206 (24.4%) 169 (21.8%) 1037 (24.8%) human participants were in accordance with the ethical stan-
• Education, n (%) .001 ments or comparable ethical standards.Informed consent was
• <9th grade 381 (7.7%) 80 (10.3%) 301 (7.2%) obtained from all individual participants included in the study
• 9th–11th grade 584 (11.8%) 107 (13.8%) 477 (11.4%) or their legal guardians.
• University 1382 (27.9%) 153 (19.7%) 1229 (29.4%)
• graduate or The participant characteristics are presented in Table 1. Significant
• Married 2435 (49.2%) 354 (45.6%) 2081 (49.9%) toms. The mean age of the cohort was 43.9 ± 14.4 years, with
• Widowed 155 (3.1%) 40 (45.6%) 115 (2.8%) tinnitus sufferers averaging 49.6 ± 13.4 years and non-sufferers
• Divorced 512 (10.3%) 119 (15.3%) 393 (9.4%) 42.9 ± 14.3 years, indicating a significantly higher mean age in
• Separated 178 (3.6%) 39 (5.0%) 139 (3.3%) the tinnitus group. Male patients outnumbered female patients,
• comprising 52.8% versus 47.2%. Non-Hispanic White individu-
• ≤1 1150 (23.2%) 208 (26.8%) 942 (22.6%) of lower educational attainment (below year 9, years 9–11) and
• 1–3 1992 (40.2%) 316 (40.7%) 1676 (40.2%) lower income (PIR ≤ 1), whereas higher educational attainment
• Smoke, n (%) .001 less prevalent. Regarding lifestyle and health factors, the tinnitus
• Yes 2082 (37.3%) 418 (53.9%) 1664 (39.9%) group exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of smoking his-
• Alcohol use, n (%) .074
• NO 1231 (24.9%) 171 (22.0%) 1060 (25.4%) 3.2. Association between blood heavy metal levels and
• Hypertension, n (%) .001 tinnitus
• No 3432 (69.3%) 443 (57.1%) 2989 (71.6%) Table 2 presents the results of logistic regression analyses
• Diabetes, n (%) .001 examining the association between blood lead, cadmium,
• Yes 581 (11.7%) 131 (16.9%) 450 (10.8%) mercury, selenium, and manganese levels and the odds of
• No 4369 (88.3%) 645 (83.1%) 3724 (89.2%) tinnitus. Our covariate-adjusted model showed a significant
• ≤20 220 (4.4%) 17 (2.2%) 203 (4.9%) and cadmium levels. The average effects of blood mercury
• 20–25 1262 (25.5%) 164 (21.1%) 1098 (26.3%) and selenium levels in the continuous variable model demon-
• 25–30 1572 (31.8%) 247 (31.8%) 1325 (31.7%) strated a positive association with increasing blood mercury
• gesting their potential confounding effects on hearing health. (lowest concentration cohort) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95%
• OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value
• times that of the Q1 group (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02–1.70, of the various statistical models in predicting tinnitus. The primary met-
• threshold of 0.3 μg/dL. Blood mercury levels also exhibited a pro- (P-interaction = .887) or BMI (P-interaction = .191). However,
• nounced nonlinear association with the odds of tinnitus. Below ethnicity showed a significant interaction (P-interaction = .024),
• above 7.54 μg/dL, the odds gradually increased with mercury 95% CI: 1.41–2.24) and other races.
• nonlinear relationship was also observed between blood sele- observed (P-interaction = .044), with stronger effects in females

Methods (brief)

• Cadmium primarily originates from industrial emissions representative sample of participants from the US popula-
• ing disorders and tinnitus.(12) However, excessive oral intake White, non-Hispanic Black, and other races), were collected
• readily accumulates in the central and peripheral nervous sys- tus. A key strength of this study is its large sample size and
• ing auditory processing abnormalities, which may represent hearing data were collected by trained personnel, ensuring

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Tin

Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.